乐山市城郊经济中的农户借贷与发展城郊农村经济研究
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摘要
城郊经济是介于城市经济与农村经济之间的一种复合型经济,随着经济发展城市规模日益扩大,邻近城市的农村首先受到影响,形成了一个特殊的发展区域,即城郊经济圈,这一区域处于从农村地区到城市地区的过渡阶段,混合着一二三产业,经济活动范围比一般农村广阔,与城市经济联系也比较紧密,并且在我国城郊地带还在随着城市的扩展和辐射不断发展壮大。
党的十七届三中全会从中国特色社会主义事业和全面建设小康社会战略全局出发,描绘了我国农村全面小康建设的宏伟蓝图,制订了新形势下推进农村改革发展的行动纲领。而城郊地带因为靠近城市这个特殊的地理位置,在获取信息和资源方面比较有优势,同时城郊经济体能利用这一优势迅速发展,并且辐射到周围的农村地区,所以城郊经济在带动和促进社会主义新农村建设中起着积极作用,在发展农村经济方面起着桥梁纽带和领头雁作用,研究和发展好城郊经济,特别是城郊农村经济,对于加快新农村建设步伐、统筹城乡经济一体发展有着十分重要的意义。
本文首先定义了城郊型经济的相关概念,从地理位置和经济特点上说明了什么是城郊经济,通过引述众多先行研究者的观点,反映出城郊这一概念在理论界的认识过程,接着结合作者的观点,定义本文将要研究的城郊经济——城郊经济就是指人们在城郊这个具有过渡性质的地域空间载体上的经济活动,泛指城市郊区物质资料的生产、分配、交换和消费等全部经济活动,是一种介于城市经济和乡村经济之间的区域经济,它既是城市经济和农村经济的结合,又是多种部门经济在城郊的结合。然后讨论城郊经济的它的地位与作用,以及城郊经济发展对于城镇化建设的意义。
接下来本文以农村金融的核心问题——农户借贷作为切入点。关于中国农户的借贷行为,国内外学者的研究主要集中在两个方面,一是从中国农户借贷行为的实证分析中得出中国农户借贷行为的特征,二是对影响中国农户借贷行为的因素进行了分析。
本文选取近年来城市区域迅速扩大、城郊地带不断增长的乐山市为例,通过走访城郊不同经济体的农户,问卷调查分析乐山市城郊农户的经济状况和金融需求,对比分析城郊不同区域农户的收入、储蓄方式、储蓄目的、支出用途,以及农户借款的来源、金额、期限、用途,分析乐山市城郊农户借贷的特征。乐山市市中区范围内的农户基本属于城郊农户,从统计数据上看,他们在收入上高于全市农民平均收入,在收入来源上,根据所在区域经济发展重点不同,有些农户以种植作为主要收入来源,有些农户以养殖作为主要收入来源,有些农户以打工作为主要收入来源；在储蓄方面,不同区域的农户有自己的偏好,但是城郊农户早就放弃传统的现金为主的储蓄方式,纷纷把钱存入金融机构,其中以农业银行最受欢迎；城郊农户储蓄的目的大多为了子女教育、养老防老和防备意外,其中他们认为子女教育和养老防老最为重要,而赚取利息这个目的几乎可以忽略,城郊农户也非常不在意银行调整存款利率,这跟传统上对于农户的认识有差异；在支出方面,城郊农户的支出水平也高于全市农民平均水平,并且消费性支出的比例较高,尤其是在子女教育和医疗费用上的支出,占到了农户支出的主要方面；在借贷方面,大部分农户家庭最近三年没有借款经历,但其中部分农户有借款需求,不管有无借款经历,农户还是倾向于向亲友借款,但是在理想条件下,农户都倾向于向银行借款。
本文结合当地发展状况,从农户和金融机构两方面的立场进行分析,试图找出乐山市城郊农户贷款难的原因。农户借款多用于消费性支出,金融机构往往出于资金安全的考虑,不予借款；而金融机构从成本角度和风险控制的角度出发,往往规定需要抵押品,而农村可用来抵押的物品往往估值非常低,在贷款违约的时候变现也比较麻烦,金融机构也不愿意接受这样的物品；从成本的角度考虑,在借款发生前后,金融机构需要作大量的调查工作,付出成本较高,而借款金额往往较少,与城市客户相比,农户实在是缺乏吸引力,所以乐山市农村信用社对农户贷款利率按中国人民银行规定的利率上浮50%-90%,其中对一般农户、一般信用户、组辖内农户、信用户、村级信用户、乡(镇)级信用户分别上浮90%、80%、70%、60%、50%;而乐山市农业银行则基本不对农户贷款。所以尽管在政策上支持新农村建设,增加对“三农”的有效信贷投入,事实上金融机构还是扮演了“抽水机”这样的角色,微观主体的理性选择导致的结果就是客观上农户受到歧视,市场上存在信贷配给现象。
从乐山市的情况来看,基建贷款占各项贷款的比例大部分年份在20%以下,并且呈现逐年下降趋势。从资源配置的产业领域来看,存在着基础性设施与盈利性产业的失调,越来越多的信贷资源流向了盈利产业,而用于农村基础性设施建设比较少,存在着严重的失调,制约了我国农村基础设施的改善。农村基础设施投资时间长,占款多,回收慢,而且盈利低,所以对这方面的投资比率不高。从配置的结构来看,则存在着一定的“非农化倾向”在农村金融机构的贷款余额中,涉农贷款所占的比例较低,农户得到的信贷资源比例远远低于其对国民经济的贡献度。
纵观农村经济的发展情况,我们可以看到,尽管城郊农村对农村经济发展作出了巨大贡献,但是随着农村经济发展日益加快,对金融的需求也日益增加,与之对应的却是由于农村这个身份带来的相对落后的农村金融体系,这就形成了城郊经济社会中的一个突出矛盾。尽管城郊农村有着地缘上、资源上的优势,可是在制度上它仍然属于农村地区,隶属于县——乡——村结构,所以城郊农村在金融资源上也面临着一定的困难,资金短缺仍然是制约农村经济进一步发展和人民生活水平进一步提高的重要障碍。
所以接下来本文分析了城郊农户受到信贷配给的原因。部分研究者将信贷市场上的信息不对称性看做是根本原因,本文认为这只是直接原因,这是本文的创新之处。在银行和农户之间,信息不对称尤其明显——农户对自身的了解远远多于金融机构的信贷员能掌握到的信息,这样导致农户很容易出现道德风险,而金融机构由于信息不充分,在向农户发放贷款的时候容易出现逆向选择,最终金融机构蒙受呆账坏账损失,整体农户的信誉度受到严重影响,导致除了政策性的贷款,金融机构不愿意向农户提供其它贷款服务,而农民也转向民间借贷市场。
深层次的原因则与城郊农户信用意识薄弱,现有的风险分担机制不完善、不能发挥应有作用解决信贷配给问题有关。政策性贷款范围窄、规模小、增长慢,发放不规范,贷款质量和持续性差,支农作用并不明显,大量农村经济发展所急需的农业基建、农业技改、农业综合开发、节水灌溉、山区开发、科技开发的政策性贷款没有提供；农业保险则由于风险高利润低,缺乏专业的机构组织体系,在城郊某些区域中试点执行,,实际效果并不好,没有起到保证农户收入增长和稳定性的作用,在金融机构看来,参与保险的农户的履约还款能力仍然得不到保证。
最后本文就解决信贷配给问题和发展城郊经济方面提出建议。要保证城郊经济健康发展,发挥好示范效应,必须解决目前面临的信贷配给问题,而单纯依靠农民和金融机构,信贷配给问题无法完全解决,所以必须要有政府的支持,做好农村金融基础设施建设,改善涉农信贷市场的信息透明度,完善现有法律制度和信贷信息共享机制,并且通过政策性贷款引导和帮助农民发展生产,转变城郊农民的消费性借款倾向,最终提高经济水平,改善投资融资条件,打击逃废银行债务的行为,提高不良资产收回和处置的效率,让金融机构也更乐于向农民提供资金,这样才能实现经济金融双发展。需要注意的是,政府的支持也应当以尊重市场为前提,前期可以通过政策性金融支持满足农户的借款需求,有效弥补国家财政支农、合作金融和商业性金融的融资需求缺口,促进农村信贷供给的增加和有效资源的再配置；在发展城郊经济方面,可以发挥城郊的区位、交通、市场、资金的优势,扬长避短,调整产业,突出重点,形成特色经济。
对于城郊经济,国内外学者作出了大量的研究,不过前人的研究比较关注经济发达地区或者大城市的城郊地区,而对中西部地区研究较少；对于农户的借贷问题,学者们比较关注广大农村地区,对于城郊农户研究较少,而城郊经济如何发展这个问题,多半是作为农村经济发展或城市经济发展问题的附带研究对象,因此,本文选取西部地区中型城市的城郊地带进行专门研究,意在填补空白,希望能够抛砖引玉。
由于涉农问题的复杂性和本人有限的知识水平,本文对于如何通过解决信贷配给问题,发展城郊经济,也仅仅是提出了一个大概的思路,这个思路是否正确,还有待进一步的研究和改革的实践来验证。对于具体如何立法如何制定政策性金融条款,以及在经济发展金融条件改善后如何及时推出,在将来如何维护好的发展形势,都属于本文的研究空白,后来者可以从这些方面继续研究,最终解决城郊农民的问题,推动新农村建设进程,让广大农民早日奔小康。
城郊经济在国内还属于新生阶段,但它已经以其良好的发展势头受到众多专家学者的关注,不少地方政府也十分注重城郊经济的发展,将城郊作为惠农新政策的试点基地,所以研究城郊经济,发展城郊经济,不仅会促进城市的发展,也会积极推动社会主义新农村建设。
Peri-urban economy is between urban and rural economies and a complex between the economy, with the increasing size of the economic development of urban, close to the city's rural areas first to be affected, forming a special development area, namely, peri-urban economic circle. This region is from rural areas to urban areas in the transition phase, a mixture of 123 industries, the scope of economic activities, in a broader sense, is more closely linked with the urban economy, and in accordance with the urban expansion and radiation continue to grow and develop. Third Plenary Session of the Party's 17 from the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and overall strategy for the overall situation of building a moderately prosperous society, depicting the building of China's rural-round well-off grand blueprint drawn up under the new situation to promote rural reform and development program of action. While peri-urban economy and to promote the building of new socialist countryside plays an active role in suburbs are often close to the city this particular location, access to information and resources that have comparative advantages, while peri-urban economies to take advantage of this advantage of the rapid development of and radiation to the surrounding rural areas, therefore, in the development of the rural economy, the suburban economy has played a role of a bridge bond and leading pack, research and develop peri-urban economy, especially the outskirts of the rural economy and in accelerating the pace of building new countryside, urban and rural the development of economic integration has a very important significance.
Taking an overview of the rural economy and rural finance development, we can see that, despite the rural financial development on the rural economy has made great contributions, but the current increasingly accelerated rural economic development, the demand for rural finance increasing corresponding it is relatively backward rural financial system, which formed the rural economy and society in a prominent contradictions. Although the peri-urban rural areas with geographically and resource advantages, but it remains in the system belongs to the rural areas, belong to county-township-village structure, so the rural outskirts of financial resources is also facing some difficulties, shortage of funds is still that hinders the further development of the rural economy and people's living standards a major obstacle to further improve.
This paper first defines the concepts suburban-based economy, from the geographical location and economic characteristics of the description of what is peri-urban economy, by quoting the views of many prior researchers, reflecting the concept of peri-urban community in the theoretical understanding of the process, and then combined with the author point of view, the definition of this paper will study the suburban economy-peri-urban economy means that people in the suburbs with the transitional nature of this geographical space vector of economic activity, refers to peri-urban areas of material production, distribution, exchange and consumption, and all other economic activities It is a cross between the urban economy and the rural economy, the area between the economy, both urban and rural economies, the combination, but also multi-sectoral economic integration in the suburbs. It then discusses the suburban economy, the status and role, as well as peri-urban economic development, the significance of urban construction.
Next, this paper discusses the core issue of rural finance-household borrowing as a starting point. Lending practices on China's farmers, domestic and foreign scholars, the study focused on two aspects, first, and borrowing from the Chinese farmers to draw empirical analysis of the characteristics of Chinese rural households borrowing Second, Chinese farmers borrowing affect the factors that analyzed.
This paper selected urban areas in recent years, the rapid expansion of the growing peri-urban areas in Leshan City, for example, through visits or peri-urban farmers in different economies, the survey analysis of Leshan City, suburban household's economic situation and financial needs, comparative analysis of income peri-urban farmers in different regions of savings method, savings purpose of expenditure, as well as the source of household borrowing, amount, duration, purpose, analysis Leshan City, suburban farmers lending characteristics. Leshan City in the area within the suburban farmers basically farmers, from the statistics point of view, their income is higher than the city average income of the farmers in the sources of income on the basis of regional economic development where the focus is different, some farmers to plant as a major source of income, some farmers with farming as the main source of income, some farmers in order to work as a major source of income; in savings, farmers in different regions have their own preferences, but the peri-urban farmers have long given up their traditional way of cash-based savings, have money deposited in financial institutions, of which the Agricultural Bank of China's most popular; Peri-urban farmers are mostly for the purpose of saving their children's education, pensions for old age and preparedness for accidents, which they believe their children's education and pension for old age is most important, and earn interest for this purpose can almost be ignored, peri-urban farmers also do not care about banks to adjust deposit rates, which is an traditional knowledge for the farmers there are differences; On the expenditure side, peri-urban households is also higher than the city's level of spending the average farmer, and a higher proportion of consumer spending, especially in the children's education and spending on medical expenses, accounting for key aspects of household expenditure; in lending, Most farmers do not borrow the family experience of the last three years, but some farmers are borrowing needs, regardless of whether the borrower experience, farmers are still inclined to borrow from relatives and friends, but under ideal conditions, farmers tend to borrow from banks.
In this paper, local development status, households and financial institutions from the position of both analysis of Leshan City, trying to find the reasons for peri-urban farmers in getting loans. Farmers borrow more for consumption expenditure, financial institutions, are often because of financial security considerations, not the borrower; while financial institutions, from a cost perspective and the perspective of risk control is often required by the collateral, while the rural areas are often items that can be used to estimate collateral the value is very low, when the realization of loan defaults also more trouble, financial institutions are unwilling to accept such items; from a cost point of view, before and after the loan, financial institutions need to make a lot of investigative work to pay the cost higher, while the loan payments are often smaller in comparison with urban customers, farmers is less attractive, so Leshan City, rural credit Society for farmers loan interest rate floating rates of interest provided by People's Bank of 50%-90%, of which the ordinary farmer, general letter to users, groups, studies on the dangers farmers, the letter users, users believed village and township (town) level, respectively, the letter the user floating 90%,80%,70%,60%,50%; while the Agricultural Bank of Leshan City, farmers are basically wrong loan. Therefore, though the support of the new rural development policy to increase the "three rural" valid credit input, in fact, financial institutions, or acting as a "pump" This kind of role, micro-rational choice of the main result is that farmers are discriminated against an objective, there is the phenomenon of credit rationing on the market.
Judging from Leshan City, infrastructure loans to total loans ratio of 20% or less most of the year, and is showing a declining trend. Industries from the resource allocation point of view, there are basic facilities and profitable industries disorders, a growing number of credit resources to the profitable industry, but for the basic facilities in rural areas is relatively small, there is a serious imbalance, has hampered China's rural infrastructure improvement. Investment in infrastructure in rural areas a long time, accounting for more than models, recovery slow and low profits, so the ratio of investment in this area is not high. From the configuration of the structure, then there is a certain "non-agricultural tendency" in the loan balance of rural financial institutions, the proportion of agriculture-related loans to lower the proportion of households received credit resources is far less than its right the contribution of the national economy.
It then analyzes the peri-urban farmers are credit rationing causes. Some researchers information on the credit markets seen as the root causes of asymmetry in this paper that this is only the direct cause, it is innovations of this article. Between banks and farmers, the information asymmetry is particularly evident-farmers far more than their own understanding of financial institutions, loan officer can grasp the information, so that farmers can easily occur leading to moral hazard, while the financial institutions because of insufficient information, at a time when lending to farmers vulnerable to adverse selection, the ultimate bad bad debt losses suffered by financial institutions, the overall credibility farmers severely affected, resulting in addition to policy loans, financial institutions reluctant to provide other loans to farmers and farmers has also turned to private lending market.
The cause of deep-seated sense of weak credit and peri-urban farmers, the existing risk-sharing mechanisms are inadequate and can not play their due role in resolving the credit rationing issues. Narrow the scope of policy-based lending, small-scale and slow growth, release non-standard, poor loan quality and sustainability, the role of agriculture is not obvious, a large number of rural economic development in much-needed agricultural infrastructure, agriculture, technical innovation, comprehensive agricultural development, water-saving irrigation, mountain development, science and technology development policy loans were not available; agricultural insurance is due to the high risk of low profits, lack of professional institutions and organizations of the system in some areas in the outskirts of the pilot implementation, the actual effect is not good, there is no play to ensure farmers income The role of growth and stability in the financial institutions seem to participate in the performance of insurance repayment ability of farmers are still not guaranteed
Finally, the paper tries to solve the problem of credit rationing and development of peri-urban economic recommendations. The Government may consider starting from a sound financial infrastructure, improve the existing legal system and credit information sharing mechanism to combat evasion of bank debts, reduce administrative intervention, recovery and disposal of non-performing assets to improve the efficiency of the other in order to respect the market as the premise, through policy-oriented financial support to meet the borrowing needs of farmers to effectively compensate for the state's financial support for agriculture, cooperation, financial and commercial financing needs of the financial gap and promoting an increase in the supply of rural credit and the effective re-allocation of resources. Suburbs in the development of the economy, can play a suburban location, transportation, markets, capital advantage, and avoid weaknesses, adjustment of industry focused, the formation of a specialty economy.
Peri-urban economy in the country is also part of new phase, but it has its good momentum of development are the concern of many experts and scholars, many local governments have also paid great attention to peri-urban economic development, will benefit peri-urban agriculture as a pilot base for the new policy, the study suburban economy, developing suburban economy will not only promote development of the city will also actively promote the building of new socialist countryside.
党的十七届三中全会从中国特色社会主义事业和全面建设小康社会战略全局出发,描绘了我国农村全面小康建设的宏伟蓝图,制订了新形势下推进农村改革发展的行动纲领。而城郊地带因为靠近城市这个特殊的地理位置,在获取信息和资源方面比较有优势,同时城郊经济体能利用这一优势迅速发展,并且辐射到周围的农村地区,所以城郊经济在带动和促进社会主义新农村建设中起着积极作用,在发展农村经济方面起着桥梁纽带和领头雁作用,研究和发展好城郊经济,特别是城郊农村经济,对于加快新农村建设步伐、统筹城乡经济一体发展有着十分重要的意义。
本文首先定义了城郊型经济的相关概念,从地理位置和经济特点上说明了什么是城郊经济,通过引述众多先行研究者的观点,反映出城郊这一概念在理论界的认识过程,接着结合作者的观点,定义本文将要研究的城郊经济——城郊经济就是指人们在城郊这个具有过渡性质的地域空间载体上的经济活动,泛指城市郊区物质资料的生产、分配、交换和消费等全部经济活动,是一种介于城市经济和乡村经济之间的区域经济,它既是城市经济和农村经济的结合,又是多种部门经济在城郊的结合。然后讨论城郊经济的它的地位与作用,以及城郊经济发展对于城镇化建设的意义。
接下来本文以农村金融的核心问题——农户借贷作为切入点。关于中国农户的借贷行为,国内外学者的研究主要集中在两个方面,一是从中国农户借贷行为的实证分析中得出中国农户借贷行为的特征,二是对影响中国农户借贷行为的因素进行了分析。
本文选取近年来城市区域迅速扩大、城郊地带不断增长的乐山市为例,通过走访城郊不同经济体的农户,问卷调查分析乐山市城郊农户的经济状况和金融需求,对比分析城郊不同区域农户的收入、储蓄方式、储蓄目的、支出用途,以及农户借款的来源、金额、期限、用途,分析乐山市城郊农户借贷的特征。乐山市市中区范围内的农户基本属于城郊农户,从统计数据上看,他们在收入上高于全市农民平均收入,在收入来源上,根据所在区域经济发展重点不同,有些农户以种植作为主要收入来源,有些农户以养殖作为主要收入来源,有些农户以打工作为主要收入来源；在储蓄方面,不同区域的农户有自己的偏好,但是城郊农户早就放弃传统的现金为主的储蓄方式,纷纷把钱存入金融机构,其中以农业银行最受欢迎；城郊农户储蓄的目的大多为了子女教育、养老防老和防备意外,其中他们认为子女教育和养老防老最为重要,而赚取利息这个目的几乎可以忽略,城郊农户也非常不在意银行调整存款利率,这跟传统上对于农户的认识有差异；在支出方面,城郊农户的支出水平也高于全市农民平均水平,并且消费性支出的比例较高,尤其是在子女教育和医疗费用上的支出,占到了农户支出的主要方面；在借贷方面,大部分农户家庭最近三年没有借款经历,但其中部分农户有借款需求,不管有无借款经历,农户还是倾向于向亲友借款,但是在理想条件下,农户都倾向于向银行借款。
本文结合当地发展状况,从农户和金融机构两方面的立场进行分析,试图找出乐山市城郊农户贷款难的原因。农户借款多用于消费性支出,金融机构往往出于资金安全的考虑,不予借款；而金融机构从成本角度和风险控制的角度出发,往往规定需要抵押品,而农村可用来抵押的物品往往估值非常低,在贷款违约的时候变现也比较麻烦,金融机构也不愿意接受这样的物品；从成本的角度考虑,在借款发生前后,金融机构需要作大量的调查工作,付出成本较高,而借款金额往往较少,与城市客户相比,农户实在是缺乏吸引力,所以乐山市农村信用社对农户贷款利率按中国人民银行规定的利率上浮50%-90%,其中对一般农户、一般信用户、组辖内农户、信用户、村级信用户、乡(镇)级信用户分别上浮90%、80%、70%、60%、50%;而乐山市农业银行则基本不对农户贷款。所以尽管在政策上支持新农村建设,增加对“三农”的有效信贷投入,事实上金融机构还是扮演了“抽水机”这样的角色,微观主体的理性选择导致的结果就是客观上农户受到歧视,市场上存在信贷配给现象。
从乐山市的情况来看,基建贷款占各项贷款的比例大部分年份在20%以下,并且呈现逐年下降趋势。从资源配置的产业领域来看,存在着基础性设施与盈利性产业的失调,越来越多的信贷资源流向了盈利产业,而用于农村基础性设施建设比较少,存在着严重的失调,制约了我国农村基础设施的改善。农村基础设施投资时间长,占款多,回收慢,而且盈利低,所以对这方面的投资比率不高。从配置的结构来看,则存在着一定的“非农化倾向”在农村金融机构的贷款余额中,涉农贷款所占的比例较低,农户得到的信贷资源比例远远低于其对国民经济的贡献度。
纵观农村经济的发展情况,我们可以看到,尽管城郊农村对农村经济发展作出了巨大贡献,但是随着农村经济发展日益加快,对金融的需求也日益增加,与之对应的却是由于农村这个身份带来的相对落后的农村金融体系,这就形成了城郊经济社会中的一个突出矛盾。尽管城郊农村有着地缘上、资源上的优势,可是在制度上它仍然属于农村地区,隶属于县——乡——村结构,所以城郊农村在金融资源上也面临着一定的困难,资金短缺仍然是制约农村经济进一步发展和人民生活水平进一步提高的重要障碍。
所以接下来本文分析了城郊农户受到信贷配给的原因。部分研究者将信贷市场上的信息不对称性看做是根本原因,本文认为这只是直接原因,这是本文的创新之处。在银行和农户之间,信息不对称尤其明显——农户对自身的了解远远多于金融机构的信贷员能掌握到的信息,这样导致农户很容易出现道德风险,而金融机构由于信息不充分,在向农户发放贷款的时候容易出现逆向选择,最终金融机构蒙受呆账坏账损失,整体农户的信誉度受到严重影响,导致除了政策性的贷款,金融机构不愿意向农户提供其它贷款服务,而农民也转向民间借贷市场。
深层次的原因则与城郊农户信用意识薄弱,现有的风险分担机制不完善、不能发挥应有作用解决信贷配给问题有关。政策性贷款范围窄、规模小、增长慢,发放不规范,贷款质量和持续性差,支农作用并不明显,大量农村经济发展所急需的农业基建、农业技改、农业综合开发、节水灌溉、山区开发、科技开发的政策性贷款没有提供；农业保险则由于风险高利润低,缺乏专业的机构组织体系,在城郊某些区域中试点执行,,实际效果并不好,没有起到保证农户收入增长和稳定性的作用,在金融机构看来,参与保险的农户的履约还款能力仍然得不到保证。
最后本文就解决信贷配给问题和发展城郊经济方面提出建议。要保证城郊经济健康发展,发挥好示范效应,必须解决目前面临的信贷配给问题,而单纯依靠农民和金融机构,信贷配给问题无法完全解决,所以必须要有政府的支持,做好农村金融基础设施建设,改善涉农信贷市场的信息透明度,完善现有法律制度和信贷信息共享机制,并且通过政策性贷款引导和帮助农民发展生产,转变城郊农民的消费性借款倾向,最终提高经济水平,改善投资融资条件,打击逃废银行债务的行为,提高不良资产收回和处置的效率,让金融机构也更乐于向农民提供资金,这样才能实现经济金融双发展。需要注意的是,政府的支持也应当以尊重市场为前提,前期可以通过政策性金融支持满足农户的借款需求,有效弥补国家财政支农、合作金融和商业性金融的融资需求缺口,促进农村信贷供给的增加和有效资源的再配置；在发展城郊经济方面,可以发挥城郊的区位、交通、市场、资金的优势,扬长避短,调整产业,突出重点,形成特色经济。
对于城郊经济,国内外学者作出了大量的研究,不过前人的研究比较关注经济发达地区或者大城市的城郊地区,而对中西部地区研究较少；对于农户的借贷问题,学者们比较关注广大农村地区,对于城郊农户研究较少,而城郊经济如何发展这个问题,多半是作为农村经济发展或城市经济发展问题的附带研究对象,因此,本文选取西部地区中型城市的城郊地带进行专门研究,意在填补空白,希望能够抛砖引玉。
由于涉农问题的复杂性和本人有限的知识水平,本文对于如何通过解决信贷配给问题,发展城郊经济,也仅仅是提出了一个大概的思路,这个思路是否正确,还有待进一步的研究和改革的实践来验证。对于具体如何立法如何制定政策性金融条款,以及在经济发展金融条件改善后如何及时推出,在将来如何维护好的发展形势,都属于本文的研究空白,后来者可以从这些方面继续研究,最终解决城郊农民的问题,推动新农村建设进程,让广大农民早日奔小康。
城郊经济在国内还属于新生阶段,但它已经以其良好的发展势头受到众多专家学者的关注,不少地方政府也十分注重城郊经济的发展,将城郊作为惠农新政策的试点基地,所以研究城郊经济,发展城郊经济,不仅会促进城市的发展,也会积极推动社会主义新农村建设。
Peri-urban economy is between urban and rural economies and a complex between the economy, with the increasing size of the economic development of urban, close to the city's rural areas first to be affected, forming a special development area, namely, peri-urban economic circle. This region is from rural areas to urban areas in the transition phase, a mixture of 123 industries, the scope of economic activities, in a broader sense, is more closely linked with the urban economy, and in accordance with the urban expansion and radiation continue to grow and develop. Third Plenary Session of the Party's 17 from the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and overall strategy for the overall situation of building a moderately prosperous society, depicting the building of China's rural-round well-off grand blueprint drawn up under the new situation to promote rural reform and development program of action. While peri-urban economy and to promote the building of new socialist countryside plays an active role in suburbs are often close to the city this particular location, access to information and resources that have comparative advantages, while peri-urban economies to take advantage of this advantage of the rapid development of and radiation to the surrounding rural areas, therefore, in the development of the rural economy, the suburban economy has played a role of a bridge bond and leading pack, research and develop peri-urban economy, especially the outskirts of the rural economy and in accelerating the pace of building new countryside, urban and rural the development of economic integration has a very important significance.
Taking an overview of the rural economy and rural finance development, we can see that, despite the rural financial development on the rural economy has made great contributions, but the current increasingly accelerated rural economic development, the demand for rural finance increasing corresponding it is relatively backward rural financial system, which formed the rural economy and society in a prominent contradictions. Although the peri-urban rural areas with geographically and resource advantages, but it remains in the system belongs to the rural areas, belong to county-township-village structure, so the rural outskirts of financial resources is also facing some difficulties, shortage of funds is still that hinders the further development of the rural economy and people's living standards a major obstacle to further improve.
This paper first defines the concepts suburban-based economy, from the geographical location and economic characteristics of the description of what is peri-urban economy, by quoting the views of many prior researchers, reflecting the concept of peri-urban community in the theoretical understanding of the process, and then combined with the author point of view, the definition of this paper will study the suburban economy-peri-urban economy means that people in the suburbs with the transitional nature of this geographical space vector of economic activity, refers to peri-urban areas of material production, distribution, exchange and consumption, and all other economic activities It is a cross between the urban economy and the rural economy, the area between the economy, both urban and rural economies, the combination, but also multi-sectoral economic integration in the suburbs. It then discusses the suburban economy, the status and role, as well as peri-urban economic development, the significance of urban construction.
Next, this paper discusses the core issue of rural finance-household borrowing as a starting point. Lending practices on China's farmers, domestic and foreign scholars, the study focused on two aspects, first, and borrowing from the Chinese farmers to draw empirical analysis of the characteristics of Chinese rural households borrowing Second, Chinese farmers borrowing affect the factors that analyzed.
This paper selected urban areas in recent years, the rapid expansion of the growing peri-urban areas in Leshan City, for example, through visits or peri-urban farmers in different economies, the survey analysis of Leshan City, suburban household's economic situation and financial needs, comparative analysis of income peri-urban farmers in different regions of savings method, savings purpose of expenditure, as well as the source of household borrowing, amount, duration, purpose, analysis Leshan City, suburban farmers lending characteristics. Leshan City in the area within the suburban farmers basically farmers, from the statistics point of view, their income is higher than the city average income of the farmers in the sources of income on the basis of regional economic development where the focus is different, some farmers to plant as a major source of income, some farmers with farming as the main source of income, some farmers in order to work as a major source of income; in savings, farmers in different regions have their own preferences, but the peri-urban farmers have long given up their traditional way of cash-based savings, have money deposited in financial institutions, of which the Agricultural Bank of China's most popular; Peri-urban farmers are mostly for the purpose of saving their children's education, pensions for old age and preparedness for accidents, which they believe their children's education and pension for old age is most important, and earn interest for this purpose can almost be ignored, peri-urban farmers also do not care about banks to adjust deposit rates, which is an traditional knowledge for the farmers there are differences; On the expenditure side, peri-urban households is also higher than the city's level of spending the average farmer, and a higher proportion of consumer spending, especially in the children's education and spending on medical expenses, accounting for key aspects of household expenditure; in lending, Most farmers do not borrow the family experience of the last three years, but some farmers are borrowing needs, regardless of whether the borrower experience, farmers are still inclined to borrow from relatives and friends, but under ideal conditions, farmers tend to borrow from banks.
In this paper, local development status, households and financial institutions from the position of both analysis of Leshan City, trying to find the reasons for peri-urban farmers in getting loans. Farmers borrow more for consumption expenditure, financial institutions, are often because of financial security considerations, not the borrower; while financial institutions, from a cost perspective and the perspective of risk control is often required by the collateral, while the rural areas are often items that can be used to estimate collateral the value is very low, when the realization of loan defaults also more trouble, financial institutions are unwilling to accept such items; from a cost point of view, before and after the loan, financial institutions need to make a lot of investigative work to pay the cost higher, while the loan payments are often smaller in comparison with urban customers, farmers is less attractive, so Leshan City, rural credit Society for farmers loan interest rate floating rates of interest provided by People's Bank of 50%-90%, of which the ordinary farmer, general letter to users, groups, studies on the dangers farmers, the letter users, users believed village and township (town) level, respectively, the letter the user floating 90%,80%,70%,60%,50%; while the Agricultural Bank of Leshan City, farmers are basically wrong loan. Therefore, though the support of the new rural development policy to increase the "three rural" valid credit input, in fact, financial institutions, or acting as a "pump" This kind of role, micro-rational choice of the main result is that farmers are discriminated against an objective, there is the phenomenon of credit rationing on the market.
Judging from Leshan City, infrastructure loans to total loans ratio of 20% or less most of the year, and is showing a declining trend. Industries from the resource allocation point of view, there are basic facilities and profitable industries disorders, a growing number of credit resources to the profitable industry, but for the basic facilities in rural areas is relatively small, there is a serious imbalance, has hampered China's rural infrastructure improvement. Investment in infrastructure in rural areas a long time, accounting for more than models, recovery slow and low profits, so the ratio of investment in this area is not high. From the configuration of the structure, then there is a certain "non-agricultural tendency" in the loan balance of rural financial institutions, the proportion of agriculture-related loans to lower the proportion of households received credit resources is far less than its right the contribution of the national economy.
It then analyzes the peri-urban farmers are credit rationing causes. Some researchers information on the credit markets seen as the root causes of asymmetry in this paper that this is only the direct cause, it is innovations of this article. Between banks and farmers, the information asymmetry is particularly evident-farmers far more than their own understanding of financial institutions, loan officer can grasp the information, so that farmers can easily occur leading to moral hazard, while the financial institutions because of insufficient information, at a time when lending to farmers vulnerable to adverse selection, the ultimate bad bad debt losses suffered by financial institutions, the overall credibility farmers severely affected, resulting in addition to policy loans, financial institutions reluctant to provide other loans to farmers and farmers has also turned to private lending market.
The cause of deep-seated sense of weak credit and peri-urban farmers, the existing risk-sharing mechanisms are inadequate and can not play their due role in resolving the credit rationing issues. Narrow the scope of policy-based lending, small-scale and slow growth, release non-standard, poor loan quality and sustainability, the role of agriculture is not obvious, a large number of rural economic development in much-needed agricultural infrastructure, agriculture, technical innovation, comprehensive agricultural development, water-saving irrigation, mountain development, science and technology development policy loans were not available; agricultural insurance is due to the high risk of low profits, lack of professional institutions and organizations of the system in some areas in the outskirts of the pilot implementation, the actual effect is not good, there is no play to ensure farmers income The role of growth and stability in the financial institutions seem to participate in the performance of insurance repayment ability of farmers are still not guaranteed
Finally, the paper tries to solve the problem of credit rationing and development of peri-urban economic recommendations. The Government may consider starting from a sound financial infrastructure, improve the existing legal system and credit information sharing mechanism to combat evasion of bank debts, reduce administrative intervention, recovery and disposal of non-performing assets to improve the efficiency of the other in order to respect the market as the premise, through policy-oriented financial support to meet the borrowing needs of farmers to effectively compensate for the state's financial support for agriculture, cooperation, financial and commercial financing needs of the financial gap and promoting an increase in the supply of rural credit and the effective re-allocation of resources. Suburbs in the development of the economy, can play a suburban location, transportation, markets, capital advantage, and avoid weaknesses, adjustment of industry focused, the formation of a specialty economy.
Peri-urban economy in the country is also part of new phase, but it has its good momentum of development are the concern of many experts and scholars, many local governments have also paid great attention to peri-urban economic development, will benefit peri-urban agriculture as a pilot base for the new policy, the study suburban economy, developing suburban economy will not only promote development of the city will also actively promote the building of new socialist countryside.
引文
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[10]何军,宁满秀,史清华：农户民间借贷需求及影响因素实证研究——基于江苏省390户农户调查数据分析,南京农业大学学报,2005年5月。
[11]胡艳华,万江红：鄂西土家族地区农民借贷行为的实证分析——来自T村农民家庭借贷行为的调查,理论月刊,2005年10月。
[12]胡燕京,张娜：对中国农村正规金融低效问题的实证分析,云南经贸学院学报,2006年2月。
[13]胡颖森：中美农业金融体系的对比分析,经济论坛,2005年8月。
[14]姜永穆,纪志耿：农户借贷过程中的非正式制度研究,福建论坛,2006年1月。
[15]姜旭朝、丁昌锋：民间金融理论分析：范畴、比较与制度变迁,金融研究,2004年第8期。
[16]李俊丽,王家传：山东省农户融资行为的实证分析,山东经济,2006年3月。
[17]刘滨,彭友香,汤小平：关于完善我国农村融资形式问题的一些看法,农村经济与科技,2004年7月。
[18]瞿强：经济发展中的政策金融,中国人民大学出版社2000年版。
[19]温伟胜：探讨入世后农村金融发展的方向,南方农村,2004年第4期。
[20]张晓山、何安耐：农村金融转型与创新,山西经济出版社2002年版。
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17周巧云：关于农村金融问题的现实思考,改革与理论,2003年第7期。
[1]白晓燕,李峰：农村金融体系的重构：从金融抑制理论的视角观察,生产力研究,2004年5月。
[2]蔡则祥：县域经济发展与农村金融服务体系重塑,江苏社会科学,2004年第5期。
[3]陈彦,杨夏：市场选择下的农村金融机构的构建,福建金融管理干部学院学报,2005年5月。
[4]程谦：农村金融发展问题探讨,农业经济,2005年7月。
[5]程昆,潘朝顺,黄亚雄：农村社会资本的特征、变化及其对农村非正规金融运行的影响,农业经济问题,2006年6月。
[6]成思危主编：改进与中国：推进中国的农村金融,经济科学出版社2005年版。
[7]方文豪：农户资金借贷特征及其影响因素分析,浙江大学,2005年。
[8]冯兴元：温州市苍南县农村中小企业融资调查报告,管理世界,2004年9月。
[9]韩坚：农村金融组织的比较与重构,贵州社会科学,2006年1月。
[10]何军,宁满秀,史清华：农户民间借贷需求及影响因素实证研究——基于江苏省390户农户调查数据分析,南京农业大学学报,2005年5月。
[11]胡艳华,万江红：鄂西土家族地区农民借贷行为的实证分析——来自T村农民家庭借贷行为的调查,理论月刊,2005年10月。
[12]胡燕京,张娜：对中国农村正规金融低效问题的实证分析,云南经贸学院学报,2006年2月。
[13]胡颖森：中美农业金融体系的对比分析,经济论坛,2005年8月。
[14]姜永穆,纪志耿：农户借贷过程中的非正式制度研究,福建论坛,2006年1月。
[15]姜旭朝、丁昌锋：民间金融理论分析：范畴、比较与制度变迁,金融研究,2004年第8期。
[16]李俊丽,王家传：山东省农户融资行为的实证分析,山东经济,2006年3月。
[17]刘滨,彭友香,汤小平：关于完善我国农村融资形式问题的一些看法,农村经济与科技,2004年7月。
[18]瞿强：经济发展中的政策金融,中国人民大学出版社2000年版。
[19]温伟胜：探讨入世后农村金融发展的方向,南方农村,2004年第4期。
[20]张晓山、何安耐：农村金融转型与创新,山西经济出版社2002年版。
[21]周巧云：关于农村金融问题的现实思考,改革与理论,2003年第7期。
[22]周小川：关于农村金融改革的几点思路,经济学动态,2004年第8期。
[23]翟赵艳、王家传：农村资金短缺：体质性与非体制性成因剖析,山东经济,2004年第7期。
[24]Azzi, Corry F. and Cox, James C. (1976), "A Theory and Test of Credit Rationing:Comment", American Economic Review, Dec,66(5):911-917.
[25]Bester, Helmnt (1987),"The Role of Collateral in Credit Markets with Imperfect Information", European Economic Review,31:887-899.
[26]Cukierman, Alex (1961), "The Horizontal Integration of the Banking Firm, Credit Rationing and Monetary Policy", the Review of Economic Studies, Feb,45(1):165-178.
[27]Santonu Basu:Financial Liberalization and Intervention:A New Analysis of Credit Rationing,2002.
[28]Stiglitz, Joseph E. and Andrew Wess (1981), "Credit Rationing in Markets with Imperfect Information", American Economic Review, Jun, 71(3):392-410.