论遗产债权人利益的法律保护
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摘要
在遗产继承中如何有效平衡保护继承人和遗产债权人的利益,不仅反映一国继承法的价值取向,也决定着继承法基本制度的设计。我国继承法十分重视遗产继承中继承人的利益保护,并建立了以有限继承为原则的继承制度。但我国继承法对遗产债权人的利益保护则无具体的制度规定。现实生活中,遗产债权人的利益屡屡遭受侵犯,表现形式各种各样,既有被继承人的生前侵权行为,也有继承人、受遗赠人、遗产管理人的违反义务的侵权行为。遗产债权人利益被侵犯的原因既有法律层面的,也有社会层面的。域外对遗产债权人利益的保护形成了较为完善的制度。大陆法系直接继承制度下对遗产债权人利益的保护制度主要有无限继承的推定与适用制度和遗产管理请求权的赋予制度。英美法系则主要通过间接继承制度实现对遗产债权人利益的保护。我国继承法对遗产债权人的利益保护不力,主要表现为实行无条件的限定继承制度不合理,遗产范围界定不周全,选择和放弃继承无明确的期限,遗产债权的受偿顺序规定不明确,遗产债权人利益遭受侵犯缺乏有效法律救济手段。学习和借鉴域外的先进的遗产债权人利益保护制度,我国继承法应改无条件的有限继承制度为有条件的有限继承,完善遗产范围的界定,完善遗产管理制度,引入遗产破产制度,赋予遗产债权人以代位权和撤销权。对遗产债权人的程序保护则包括：启动遗产的诉前保全程序,确定放弃继承的继承人或遗产保管人的被告资格,实行遗产的公示催告程序,建议遗产债权债务诉讼中举证责任的倒置。
The balanced protection to the heirs'and the estate creditors'equity is not only about the national legislative intent, but also about the construction of the basic norm of inheritance law. The limited successive principle has been built in our inheritance law in order to protect the profits of the heirs.But our law of succession make no provision for this.In real life, the interests of the estate creditors were violated with a variety of forms, including violations from the decedent before his death and from the heirs, the legatees, the administrators during the succession.Heritage interests of the creditors are violated because of the legal reason and the social reason. The system of protecting the rights of the estate creditors is perfect in other countries.The choice of succession and the seperation of the heritage are the good ways to protect the estate creditors'profit in Civil law countries.Indirect successive system is an important measure to protect the creditors'rights in Ang-American law countries. There are many problems on the protection of the estate creditors'interests in the law of succession of our country. The principle of restrictive suceession without any condition is unreasonable, the scope of heritage is not well-defined, the choice of succession without a clear deadline is unreasonable, the provision of repayment order of the debt is not clear, there aren't any effective judicial remedies for estate creditors while their interests are violated.We can refer to the foreign law on protecting the estate creditors'profits and modify the unconditionally limited inheritance principle of succession into the restrictive succession with the limited conditions.The scope of the definition of heritage should be perfected, the estate management system should be improved, the introduction of Heritage Bankruptcy is a must.giving the estate creditors the rights of revocation and subrogation is also important.Action to protect the creditors also includes:the preservation of the heritage before the complaint procedure,the determination of the qualified defendant, the public notice of the creditors, the flexible sharing of the burden of proof between the heirs and the creditors.
The balanced protection to the heirs'and the estate creditors'equity is not only about the national legislative intent, but also about the construction of the basic norm of inheritance law. The limited successive principle has been built in our inheritance law in order to protect the profits of the heirs.But our law of succession make no provision for this.In real life, the interests of the estate creditors were violated with a variety of forms, including violations from the decedent before his death and from the heirs, the legatees, the administrators during the succession.Heritage interests of the creditors are violated because of the legal reason and the social reason. The system of protecting the rights of the estate creditors is perfect in other countries.The choice of succession and the seperation of the heritage are the good ways to protect the estate creditors'profit in Civil law countries.Indirect successive system is an important measure to protect the creditors'rights in Ang-American law countries. There are many problems on the protection of the estate creditors'interests in the law of succession of our country. The principle of restrictive suceession without any condition is unreasonable, the scope of heritage is not well-defined, the choice of succession without a clear deadline is unreasonable, the provision of repayment order of the debt is not clear, there aren't any effective judicial remedies for estate creditors while their interests are violated.We can refer to the foreign law on protecting the estate creditors'profits and modify the unconditionally limited inheritance principle of succession into the restrictive succession with the limited conditions.The scope of the definition of heritage should be perfected, the estate management system should be improved, the introduction of Heritage Bankruptcy is a must.giving the estate creditors the rights of revocation and subrogation is also important.Action to protect the creditors also includes:the preservation of the heritage before the complaint procedure,the determination of the qualified defendant, the public notice of the creditors, the flexible sharing of the burden of proof between the heirs and the creditors.
引文
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[28]齐树杰,林兴登.论继承法对债权人利益的保护.厦门大学学报(哲社版),1998，(3)：43
[29]许果.继承法中的遗产研究.[重庆大学硕士论文].重庆：重庆大学,2007,8
[30]刘文.继承法比较研究.北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2004,351
[31]张义华.财产继承中债权人权利的保护.法律适用,2004,(5)：68
[32]戴炎辉,戴东雄.中国继承法.台北：三局书局,1998,224
[33]史尚宽.继承法论.北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000,374
[34]刘悦.中国财产继承法律制度研究.北京：中国海关出版社,2003,190
[35]齐树洁.破产法研究.厦门：厦门大学出版社,2005,1
[36]杜江涌.我国遗产之债保全制度的构想.河北法学,2009,(12)：97
[37]李仕春.民事保全制度研究.北京：中国法制出版社,2005,
[38]陈建文. 论举证责任的倒置.经济与社会发展,2006,(5)：
[2]刘丽萍.继承法.北京：中国人民大学出版社,1998,354
[3]刘春茂.中国民法学.财产继承.北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,1990,107
[4]张玉敏.继承法律制度研究.成都：成都科技出版社,1999,47
[5]张玉敏.财产继承中债权人利益的保护.现代法学,1997,(2)：20
[6]李永燕.浅析遗产破产.太原师范学报,2006,(5)：73
[7]郭明瑞,房绍坤,关涛.继承法研究.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2003,163-164
[8]陈棋炎,黄宗乐,郭振恭.民法继承新论.台北：三民书局,2001,262
[9]张玉敏.中国继承立法立法建议稿及立法理由.北京：人民出版社,2006,69
[10]房绍坤.中国民事立法专论.青岛：青岛海洋大学出版社,1995,316
[11]付琳.浅析财产继承中对债权人利益的保护.法制与社会,2007,(12)：195
[12]陈苇.当代中国民众继承习惯调查实证研究.北京：群众出版社,2008,65
[13]WilliamBstoebuck, DaleWhitman. The Law of Property. Oxford University England Press,1982,205
[14]戴悉.继承法中的债权人利益保护研究：[四川大学硕士学位论文].成都：四川大学,2006,14
[15]杨培景.略论财产继承中的债务清偿.河南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2005,(5)：88
[16]吴霞.略议遗产继承中债权人利益的法律保护.黄山学院学报,2007,(12)：79
[17][美]彼得.哈特.美国法律概论.丁枚译.北京：北京大学出版社,1983,107
[18]Kathryn Venturatos Lotio. The changing concept of family and its effect on Loui Siana Succession law. Loui Siana Law Review, sumlller,2003,128
[19]莫捷惠.论被继承人的债权人利益的实现.法制论坛,2005,(3)：47
[20]Osbore MJ and A rubstein. Bargaining and Markets. San diegon Academic press, 1990,6
[21]王利明.中国民法案例与学理研究(亲属继承篇.侵权行为篇).北京：法律出版社,2003,550
[22]MaryF.Fadford and F.skip Suqanam.p GEORGIA'S NEW PROBATE CODE. Georgin State University. Law Review,1986,326
[23]徐昕.迈向社会和谐的纠纷解决.北京：中国检察出版社,2008,186
[24]Arthur Harkamp etc:Towards a European Civil code and edition. Kluwer Law international,1998,175
[25]刘波,兰平.现行继承制度的缺陷与完善.http://www.lesun.org/rhesis/html, 2010-02-18
[26]史尚宽.继承法论.北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000,311
[27]刘春茂.中国民法学.财产继承.北京：法律出版社,1991,65
[28]齐树杰,林兴登.论继承法对债权人利益的保护.厦门大学学报(哲社版),1998，(3)：43
[29]许果.继承法中的遗产研究.[重庆大学硕士论文].重庆：重庆大学,2007,8
[30]刘文.继承法比较研究.北京：中国人民公安大学出版社,2004,351
[31]张义华.财产继承中债权人权利的保护.法律适用,2004,(5)：68
[32]戴炎辉,戴东雄.中国继承法.台北：三局书局,1998,224
[33]史尚宽.继承法论.北京：中国政法大学出版社,2000,374
[34]刘悦.中国财产继承法律制度研究.北京：中国海关出版社,2003,190
[35]齐树洁.破产法研究.厦门：厦门大学出版社,2005,1
[36]杜江涌.我国遗产之债保全制度的构想.河北法学,2009,(12)：97
[37]李仕春.民事保全制度研究.北京：中国法制出版社,2005,
[38]陈建文. 论举证责任的倒置.经济与社会发展,2006,(5)：