永磁电动机的动力特性与结构优化设计
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摘要
永磁同步电动机具有结构简单、体积小、重量轻、效率高、功率因数高等优点。从70年代末开始,得到了从事电机及其驱动系统研究的学者和研究人员的广泛重视。经过努力,其硬件设计和控制方式在近二十年内得到了大力发展,商用化的产品也己经进入到工业生产等各个领域。
我国油田采油成本高,油田抽油机电机数量多、容量大、年运行时间长、耗电量大。国内外对抽油机电机的节能都很重视,研发新型永磁同步电动机取代传统异步电动机是科研工作者的期望。
针对目前油田中异步电机存在着“大马拉小车”的状况,本文提出了低速大扭矩永磁电机直驱的节能方案。首先对国内永磁同步电动机的发展现状进行调研。在了解了永磁同步电动机的特点及应用的基础上,研究了永磁电机动力特性,提出了外转子的方案设计与结构参数并对关键零部件的机械强度进行了分析。对低速大扭矩永磁同步电机进行了详细的计算,并设计了运行与控制回路。
低速大扭矩永磁同步电动机由于没有高速转动部分,取消了后置齿轮传动,简化了传动机构,提高了整个装置的精度和可靠性,消除了由于齿轮传动引起的噪声和振动,因此这种电机的优越性能引起了科研、生产和使用单位的关注。
可以预见,随着永磁材料和电动机制造价格的降低,相应电力电子器件及高速微处理器的开发,驱动系统理论研究和实践应用的不断完善和提高,永磁同步电动机及其驱动系统将会得到进一步的发展和应用,将逐渐取代现有的普通电励磁电机及其驱动系统。
The permanent magnet synchronous motor has simple structure, small volume, light weight, high efficiency and power factor. Since the 1970s, it has engaged in the research of the motor and drive system of the scholars and researchers. Through efforts, after nearly 20 years, hardware design and control on developing, the product is commercial applications into industrial production fields.
China has the high cost of oil pipeline, oil pumping unit number, large capacity motor, power. The motor of pumping and energy are very seriously, a new generation of permanent magnet synchronous motor is present to replace traditional asynchronous motor of the best choice.
This paper is mainly aiming at the existed in the field induction"big horse-drawn small carts", puts forward low torque permanent magnet motor energy saving solutions. First, permanent magnet synchronous motor development of domestic situation of investigation. Secondly, in the understanding of permanent magnet synchronous motor characteristics and application, and on the basis of the research dynamic characteristics of permanent magnet motor, and puts forward the design and the structural parameters of key parts and the mechanical strength are analyzed.last, low torque of permanent magnet synchronous motor makes a detailed calculation, the operation and control circuit design.
This kind of motor speed rotating parts, because cancelled gear transmission, simplify the transmission mechanism, improving the accuracy and reliability of equipment, eliminates because of gear noise and vibration, so the study of motor caused a scientific research, the production and use of units of the note.
with the permanent magnet material and motor manufacturing prices lower, Corresponding power electronic devices and high-speed development of microprocessors, drive system theory and practice and improving continuously, the permanent magnet synchronous motor and its drive system will be further development and application, in certain situations will gradually replace the existing ordinary excitation motor and the drive system.
我国油田采油成本高,油田抽油机电机数量多、容量大、年运行时间长、耗电量大。国内外对抽油机电机的节能都很重视,研发新型永磁同步电动机取代传统异步电动机是科研工作者的期望。
针对目前油田中异步电机存在着“大马拉小车”的状况,本文提出了低速大扭矩永磁电机直驱的节能方案。首先对国内永磁同步电动机的发展现状进行调研。在了解了永磁同步电动机的特点及应用的基础上,研究了永磁电机动力特性,提出了外转子的方案设计与结构参数并对关键零部件的机械强度进行了分析。对低速大扭矩永磁同步电机进行了详细的计算,并设计了运行与控制回路。
低速大扭矩永磁同步电动机由于没有高速转动部分,取消了后置齿轮传动,简化了传动机构,提高了整个装置的精度和可靠性,消除了由于齿轮传动引起的噪声和振动,因此这种电机的优越性能引起了科研、生产和使用单位的关注。
可以预见,随着永磁材料和电动机制造价格的降低,相应电力电子器件及高速微处理器的开发,驱动系统理论研究和实践应用的不断完善和提高,永磁同步电动机及其驱动系统将会得到进一步的发展和应用,将逐渐取代现有的普通电励磁电机及其驱动系统。
The permanent magnet synchronous motor has simple structure, small volume, light weight, high efficiency and power factor. Since the 1970s, it has engaged in the research of the motor and drive system of the scholars and researchers. Through efforts, after nearly 20 years, hardware design and control on developing, the product is commercial applications into industrial production fields.
China has the high cost of oil pipeline, oil pumping unit number, large capacity motor, power. The motor of pumping and energy are very seriously, a new generation of permanent magnet synchronous motor is present to replace traditional asynchronous motor of the best choice.
This paper is mainly aiming at the existed in the field induction"big horse-drawn small carts", puts forward low torque permanent magnet motor energy saving solutions. First, permanent magnet synchronous motor development of domestic situation of investigation. Secondly, in the understanding of permanent magnet synchronous motor characteristics and application, and on the basis of the research dynamic characteristics of permanent magnet motor, and puts forward the design and the structural parameters of key parts and the mechanical strength are analyzed.last, low torque of permanent magnet synchronous motor makes a detailed calculation, the operation and control circuit design.
This kind of motor speed rotating parts, because cancelled gear transmission, simplify the transmission mechanism, improving the accuracy and reliability of equipment, eliminates because of gear noise and vibration, so the study of motor caused a scientific research, the production and use of units of the note.
with the permanent magnet material and motor manufacturing prices lower, Corresponding power electronic devices and high-speed development of microprocessors, drive system theory and practice and improving continuously, the permanent magnet synchronous motor and its drive system will be further development and application, in certain situations will gradually replace the existing ordinary excitation motor and the drive system.
引文
[1]唐任远.稀土永磁电动机的研究与发展[J].电气技术,2002,10(12):1-4.
[2]宗承云.永磁同步电动机在油田节能中的应用[J].中小型电动机,2001,28(2):100-112.
[3]张耀安.低速永磁电机转子退磁方法[J].微电机,1998,31(6):42-43.
[4]都有为.磁性材料进展[J].物理学报,2000,6(29):35-37.
[5] P. J. Mc Cleer, J. M. Bailey. Five phase trapezoidal back of PM sychonous machines and drives [J]. in Proc. European Power Electron Conf, 2001, 8(4):1-6.
[6]邱克立.永磁电机设计中永磁材料的选用[J].微电机,1999,32(2):123-158.
[7]王继强.高速永磁电机转子设计与强度分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(15):142-143.
[8]葛苏鞍,何静.抽油机电动机运行状态分析[J].油田节能,2000,11(1):35-36.
[9]乔鸣忠,张晓锋,单志超.大功率永磁电动机中永磁体布置的研究[J].中小型电机,2003,30(5):21-25.
[10] Yi Tong, Shigeo Morimoto, Yoji Takeda. Maximum Efficiency Control Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors [J]. IECON'91, 1991, 45(13):283-288.
[11]严岚,贺益康.复合式转子永磁无刷直流电机设计[J].中小型电机,2002,29(2):5-8.
[12]刘新华.永磁同步电动机新型转子槽形设计[J].沈阳工业大学学报,2005,27(3):275-276.
[13] Liuchen Chang. Combined finite element and analytical methods for rotor design of permanent magnet synchronous motors [J]. Electric Machines and Power System, 1998, 26(9):465-476.
[14]左军,朱忠波.永磁同步电机在抽油机负荷中的应用[J].山东科学,2006,19(2):80-82.
[15]赵朝会,朱德明.切向结构永磁同步电机极对数的选择[J].南京航空航天大学学报,2006,38(3):282-283.
[16]苏彦民,谢力华,侯立军.抽油机用稀土永磁同步电动机的研制[J].微电机,2000,33(5):48-48.
[17] Yacine Amara, Jean Lucidarme, Mohamed Gabsi, Michel Lecrivain, A .Hamid Ben Ahmed, and Antoine D. Akemakou. A New Topology of Hybrid Synchronous Machine [J]. Ieee Transactions on Industry Applications, 2001, 37(5):1273-1281.
[18]乔鸣忠,张晓锋,单志超.大功率永磁电机中永磁体布置的研究[J].中小型电机,2003,30(5):21-27.
[19]钱秀英.实心转子永磁电机稳态参数和工作特性的精确计算[J].中小型电机,1999,26(3):7-9.
[20]黄海宏,王海欣.多极永磁同步电动机的研究[J].电气应用,2005,24(1):89-91.
[21]魏静微.轴向磁场盘式永磁直流电动机设计研究[J].微电机,2004,37(2):18-21.
[22] Sung Jun Park , et al . A new approach for minimum 2 torque2 ripple maximum 2 efficiency control of BLDC motor [J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2000,47(2):109-114.
[23]姜殿波.永磁交流发电机的设计方法[J].山东工程学院学报,2000,14(4):25-31.
[24]孙小春,王萍.永磁同步电动机的设计[J].九江学院学报,2004,7(3):28-29.
[25] Marchand C, Pazek A, Optimal Torque Operation of Digitally Controlled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive [J]. IEEE proceeding-B. Electric Power Applications, 2004,10(2): 232-240.
[26]吉井狩野.永磁电机简单的非线性磁分析[J].电气牵引,2006,12(6):41-50.
[27]孔祥浩,张卓然.新型永磁电机的技术创新和市场前景分析[J],新技术新工艺,2007,6(4):19-21.
[28]胡永仙.稀土永磁发电机带整流负载的分析[J].贵州工学院学报,1994,23(4):50-52.
[29] H. Weh, H. Mo sebach, H. May. Design Concepts and Force Generation in Inverter - fed Synch ronousMa2 chines with Permanent Magnet excitation [J]. IEEE Trans. Magnetics, 2000, 15(20):1756-1761.
[30]陈阳生,林友仰.永磁电机气隙磁密的分析计算[J].中国电机工程学报,1994,14(5):17–20.
[31]唐任远.稀土永磁电机的关键技术与高性能电机开发[J].沈阳工业大学学报,2007,27(2):163-170.
[32] C. C.Chan, J.Z. Jiang. A Novel High power density permanent magnet variable-speed motor [J]. IEEE Trans. Energy, 1993, 11(8):297-303.
[33]袁飞雄,李朗如.永磁电机磁钢的最优配置[J].微电机,2004,37(3):54-56.
[34]戴白刃.新型外转子永磁电机的研制[J].常州信息职业技术学院学报,2007,6(3):22-24.
[35]奚碚华,付中泽,潘龙飞,刘春和.直流永磁电机的动态特性[J].中国惯性技术学报,2006,14(4):60-66.
[36] Shigeo Morimoto, Yoji Takeda, Takao Hirasa. Current phase control methods for permanent magnet synchronous motors [J]. IEEE Trans, On PE, 2006, 5(2):133-138.
[37]吴海鹰.永磁电机电磁计算[J].船电技术,2004,10(5):18-22.
[38]尹华杰,何云.永磁电机永磁体的等效模型[J].微电机,2004,37(6):14-17.
[39]郭秋鉴.永磁电机的弱磁性能与电机参数的关系[J].陕西理工学院学报,2005,21(3):60-61.
[40]赵峰.混合动力电动汽车用永磁同步电动机的调速系统研究[D].天津:天津大学,2004.
[41] C·Peter Cho, Barry K. Fussell. Detent Torque and Axial Force Effects in a Dual Air-Gap Axial-Field Brushless Motors [J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1993, 29(6):2416-2418 .
[42]孙绪新,周寿增.稀土永磁电机的开发与应用[J].磁性材料及器件,2005(10):22-26.
[43]牛志钧.永磁电机制造关键工艺浅议[J].电机与控制应用,2007,34(4):59-61.
[44]黄苏融,钱慧杰,张琪,等.现代永磁电机技术研究与应用开发[J].上海大学学报,2006,(1):1-6.
[45] French C, Acarnley P. Direct torque control of permanent magnet drives [R]. IEEE Trans. On IA, Society Annu Meet, 1995, 18(3):199-206.
[46]赵征燕,郭宇.大电机软起动技术现状及展望[J].电气技术,2008,(12):11-14.
[47]王成元,夏加宽.高性能永磁同步电动机主轴伺服系统设计研究[J].北京:中国机械工程,1999,10(3):113-115.
[2]宗承云.永磁同步电动机在油田节能中的应用[J].中小型电动机,2001,28(2):100-112.
[3]张耀安.低速永磁电机转子退磁方法[J].微电机,1998,31(6):42-43.
[4]都有为.磁性材料进展[J].物理学报,2000,6(29):35-37.
[5] P. J. Mc Cleer, J. M. Bailey. Five phase trapezoidal back of PM sychonous machines and drives [J]. in Proc. European Power Electron Conf, 2001, 8(4):1-6.
[6]邱克立.永磁电机设计中永磁材料的选用[J].微电机,1999,32(2):123-158.
[7]王继强.高速永磁电机转子设计与强度分析[J].中国电机工程学报,2005,25(15):142-143.
[8]葛苏鞍,何静.抽油机电动机运行状态分析[J].油田节能,2000,11(1):35-36.
[9]乔鸣忠,张晓锋,单志超.大功率永磁电动机中永磁体布置的研究[J].中小型电机,2003,30(5):21-25.
[10] Yi Tong, Shigeo Morimoto, Yoji Takeda. Maximum Efficiency Control Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors [J]. IECON'91, 1991, 45(13):283-288.
[11]严岚,贺益康.复合式转子永磁无刷直流电机设计[J].中小型电机,2002,29(2):5-8.
[12]刘新华.永磁同步电动机新型转子槽形设计[J].沈阳工业大学学报,2005,27(3):275-276.
[13] Liuchen Chang. Combined finite element and analytical methods for rotor design of permanent magnet synchronous motors [J]. Electric Machines and Power System, 1998, 26(9):465-476.
[14]左军,朱忠波.永磁同步电机在抽油机负荷中的应用[J].山东科学,2006,19(2):80-82.
[15]赵朝会,朱德明.切向结构永磁同步电机极对数的选择[J].南京航空航天大学学报,2006,38(3):282-283.
[16]苏彦民,谢力华,侯立军.抽油机用稀土永磁同步电动机的研制[J].微电机,2000,33(5):48-48.
[17] Yacine Amara, Jean Lucidarme, Mohamed Gabsi, Michel Lecrivain, A .Hamid Ben Ahmed, and Antoine D. Akemakou. A New Topology of Hybrid Synchronous Machine [J]. Ieee Transactions on Industry Applications, 2001, 37(5):1273-1281.
[18]乔鸣忠,张晓锋,单志超.大功率永磁电机中永磁体布置的研究[J].中小型电机,2003,30(5):21-27.
[19]钱秀英.实心转子永磁电机稳态参数和工作特性的精确计算[J].中小型电机,1999,26(3):7-9.
[20]黄海宏,王海欣.多极永磁同步电动机的研究[J].电气应用,2005,24(1):89-91.
[21]魏静微.轴向磁场盘式永磁直流电动机设计研究[J].微电机,2004,37(2):18-21.
[22] Sung Jun Park , et al . A new approach for minimum 2 torque2 ripple maximum 2 efficiency control of BLDC motor [J]. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 2000,47(2):109-114.
[23]姜殿波.永磁交流发电机的设计方法[J].山东工程学院学报,2000,14(4):25-31.
[24]孙小春,王萍.永磁同步电动机的设计[J].九江学院学报,2004,7(3):28-29.
[25] Marchand C, Pazek A, Optimal Torque Operation of Digitally Controlled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive [J]. IEEE proceeding-B. Electric Power Applications, 2004,10(2): 232-240.
[26]吉井狩野.永磁电机简单的非线性磁分析[J].电气牵引,2006,12(6):41-50.
[27]孔祥浩,张卓然.新型永磁电机的技术创新和市场前景分析[J],新技术新工艺,2007,6(4):19-21.
[28]胡永仙.稀土永磁发电机带整流负载的分析[J].贵州工学院学报,1994,23(4):50-52.
[29] H. Weh, H. Mo sebach, H. May. Design Concepts and Force Generation in Inverter - fed Synch ronousMa2 chines with Permanent Magnet excitation [J]. IEEE Trans. Magnetics, 2000, 15(20):1756-1761.
[30]陈阳生,林友仰.永磁电机气隙磁密的分析计算[J].中国电机工程学报,1994,14(5):17–20.
[31]唐任远.稀土永磁电机的关键技术与高性能电机开发[J].沈阳工业大学学报,2007,27(2):163-170.
[32] C. C.Chan, J.Z. Jiang. A Novel High power density permanent magnet variable-speed motor [J]. IEEE Trans. Energy, 1993, 11(8):297-303.
[33]袁飞雄,李朗如.永磁电机磁钢的最优配置[J].微电机,2004,37(3):54-56.
[34]戴白刃.新型外转子永磁电机的研制[J].常州信息职业技术学院学报,2007,6(3):22-24.
[35]奚碚华,付中泽,潘龙飞,刘春和.直流永磁电机的动态特性[J].中国惯性技术学报,2006,14(4):60-66.
[36] Shigeo Morimoto, Yoji Takeda, Takao Hirasa. Current phase control methods for permanent magnet synchronous motors [J]. IEEE Trans, On PE, 2006, 5(2):133-138.
[37]吴海鹰.永磁电机电磁计算[J].船电技术,2004,10(5):18-22.
[38]尹华杰,何云.永磁电机永磁体的等效模型[J].微电机,2004,37(6):14-17.
[39]郭秋鉴.永磁电机的弱磁性能与电机参数的关系[J].陕西理工学院学报,2005,21(3):60-61.
[40]赵峰.混合动力电动汽车用永磁同步电动机的调速系统研究[D].天津:天津大学,2004.
[41] C·Peter Cho, Barry K. Fussell. Detent Torque and Axial Force Effects in a Dual Air-Gap Axial-Field Brushless Motors [J].IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 1993, 29(6):2416-2418 .
[42]孙绪新,周寿增.稀土永磁电机的开发与应用[J].磁性材料及器件,2005(10):22-26.
[43]牛志钧.永磁电机制造关键工艺浅议[J].电机与控制应用,2007,34(4):59-61.
[44]黄苏融,钱慧杰,张琪,等.现代永磁电机技术研究与应用开发[J].上海大学学报,2006,(1):1-6.
[45] French C, Acarnley P. Direct torque control of permanent magnet drives [R]. IEEE Trans. On IA, Society Annu Meet, 1995, 18(3):199-206.
[46]赵征燕,郭宇.大电机软起动技术现状及展望[J].电气技术,2008,(12):11-14.
[47]王成元,夏加宽.高性能永磁同步电动机主轴伺服系统设计研究[J].北京:中国机械工程,1999,10(3):113-115.