神木矿区土壤理化性质与植被状况研究
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摘要
煤炭资源开发在促进区域经济发展的同时,与生态环境的矛盾也日益突出。采矿造成的地表裂缝、塌陷、废水、废渣、粉煤灰等都对周边环境带来了巨大影响,是区域可持续发展和生态环境安全的重大隐患。目前,国内外对矿区生态恢复研究主要集中在塌陷、复垦、煤矸石的环境效应等方面,对未扰动区环境潜在变化研究尚欠缺。本文选择陕北神木矿区凉水井煤矿和四道沟煤矿为代表,同时设置一个对照区,调查分析了矿区周围土壤理化性质、重金属含量、植物群落等环境特征现状,分析了煤炭开采对周边生态环境的影响,主要得出了以下结论:
(1)对矿区土壤基本理化性质研究表明,土壤表层(0～10cm)含水量在7.20%～17.50%之间,平均值为14.44%,四道沟煤矿>对照区>凉水井煤矿,植被群落类型对土壤含水量有较大影响,柠条+沙蒿群落含水量最低,白草群落最高。土壤容重在1.38～1.54 g·cm-3之间,平均值为1.45 g·cm-3,大于自然垒结状态下土壤容重,说明煤矿开采已导致表层土壤压实。矿区土壤养分含量整体处于低级或很低水平,仅个别样点0～10cm层有机质、全磷、速效钾等处于中等水平。土壤pH>9.0,凉水井煤矿pH均为最高,且随深度的加深而增大,说明矿区地下水位下降,土壤有碱化趋势。
(2)利用MS2000激光粒度分析仪测定了神木矿区凉水井煤矿、四道沟煤矿和对照区3个样区60个土样的粒径分布状况,运用土壤体积分形模型计算出土壤颗粒体积分形维数(D),并分析了土壤理化性质与D值之间的关系。结果表明,样区内D值在1.95～2.68之间,平均D值为2.42。3个样区平均D值大小关系为,四道沟煤矿(2.47)>对照区(2.43)>凉水井煤矿(2.33)。D值与粘粒和粉粒含量呈正相关关系,与沙粒含量呈负相关关系,相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。D值与土壤pH值、全磷含量呈极显著正相关,而与有机质、全氮、速效钾含量相关性均未达到显著水平。此外,地面主要植被类型对D值的影响表现为,长芒草地>柠条地>沙打旺地>茵陈蒿地>乔木林地。
(3)通过对矿区土壤水分、养分及颗粒体积分形特征等分析表明,土壤总体质量状况处于该区土壤原始地球化学特征范围内,但某些指标已经发生明显变化,如土壤pH、颗粒组成状况等。地面植被类型对保护和改善土壤环境很大作用,比如草本植物对土壤D值的增加有一定促进作用,在矿区土壤质地改良过程中,应充分利用草本植物的作用。
(4)利用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对煤矿周边土壤重金属污染评价,结果显示,两个煤矿绝大多数样点综合污染指数已达轻度污染程度,单项因子污染指数由大到小顺序为,Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr,其中Cd污染已达中度程度,Zn已达警戒水平,Cu接近警戒水平,而Pb和Cr为清洁水平。
(5)以陕北土壤背景值作为标准对矿区土壤潜在生态风险(RI)进行评价,结果表明,重金属潜在风险指数在104.83～144.75之间,平均值为124.52,处于低风险水平,但最大值已经接近中等风险程度。凉水井煤矿生态风险程度小于四道沟煤矿,RI值分别为115.51和133.53,单项元素的生态风险影响程度由大到小顺序为,Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr,Cd对RI值的贡献最大。四道沟煤矿的重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险程度较凉水井煤矿严重,说明小型煤矿的不合理开采对土壤的污染更明显,即使经过5年时间恢复,重金属含量依然较高。Cd是造成重金属污染和生态风险的主要因子,在矿区土壤环境保护过程中应特别注意。
(6)通过对凉水井煤矿、四道沟煤矿和对照区植被群落分析,141个样方中共出现79种植物,分属于32科65属,其中菊科、豆科、禾本科是样区主要物种。3个样区物种总数情况为凉水井煤矿>对照区>四道沟煤矿,植被群落以草本为主,野生灌木呈零星状分布,天然乔木已基本消失,人工种植的侧柏、小叶杨等树种长势较差,对矿区生态环境保护作用有限。白草、硬质早熟禾、阿尔泰狗娃花等草本植物重要值较大,是矿区植被群落中的优势物种。
(7)植物群落α多样性研究表明,植物生长后期,多样性指数大于前期,且凉水井煤矿和四道沟煤矿的Shannon-Winner指数和Simpson指数差异性显著,说明矿区植被前期生长比较对照区缓慢,后期生长速度较快。β多样性指数结果显示,对照区和凉水井煤矿植被群落相似度更高,说明四道沟煤矿植被恢复还没有达到较好水平。植被群落稳定性研究表明,3个样区植被群落都不稳定,稳定系数大小关系为对照区>凉水井煤矿>四道沟煤矿,物种总关系为数对照区<凉水井煤矿<四道沟煤矿,说明群落稳定性与物种数量不是简单的线性相关。对矿区植被群落特征研究应结合物种特性、多样性、群落结构和干扰因子来研究群落稳定性。
Coal resources development could promote regional economy, and they also damage the local ecological environment. Surface cracks, subsidence, waste water, waste residue, and fly ash caused by mining greatly damaged the surrounding environment. They could bring a significant security risk for regional sustainable development and ecological environment. At home and abroad, ecological restorations of mine area mainly focused on the environmental effects of the collapse, reclamation, and coal gangue. However, there was little research on aspects of environmental potential changes in undisturbed areas. In this study, we selected Si daogou coal mine, Liangshuijing coal mine and a control area to investigate the characteristics of soil physical-chemical properties, heavy metals, and plant community in Shenmu, Northern Shaanxi. In addition, the effect of coal mining on the surrounding ecological environment was also analyzed in the study area. The main conclusions of the study were as follows:
(1) Research for mining area soil basic physical and chemical properties shows that surface soil(0～10cm) moisture content was between 7.20% and 17.50%, with an average of 14.44%, Sidaogou coal mine>control area>Liangshuijing coal mine, Vegetation community types have great influence on soil water content, The highest water content was Caragana korshinskii + Artemisia desterorum community and the lowest was Pennisetum centrasiaticum community. The soil bulk density was between 1.38-1.54 g·cm-3, mean value was 1.45 g·cm-3. More than the state of the natural soil bulk density, indicate that mining cause of surface soil compaction. Mine soil nutrient content in low or extremely low, only a few point surface organic matter, total phosphorus and available potassium in the medium level. Soil pH>9.0, and the pH increased with deepens, Mining ground water levels falling lead to the trend of soil salinization.
(2) In the research Laser particle size analyzer was used to measure the particle size distribution of 60 soil samples from coal mining of Liang shuijing and Sidaogou, and control area. Soil particle volume fractal dimension (D) was obtained with Volume fractal dimension model. In the meantime the relationships between D value and soil physicochemical properties were analyzed. The results showed that D value changed from 1.95 to 2.68 with the average of 2.42. The D average values of the three areas in the sequence of descending was Sidaogou(2.47), control area (2.43)and Liangshuijing(2.33). D value has a significant positive correlation with clay and silt content(P<0.01), but has a significant negative correlation with sand content(P<0.01). There were a significant positive correlation between D value, pH value and total phosphorus content, but organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium content did not have significant correlation with D value. Moreover, the order of D value under different land use types from big to small was Setaria viridis, Setaria viridis, Astragulus adsurgens, Artemisia Capillarys and arbor.
(3) By analyzing the soil moisture, nutrients and particle volume fractal characteristics of the mine area, it showed that the overall quality of the soil was still in range of the soil original geochemical characteristics of this area, however, some indicators have changed significantly such as soil pH, particle composition status and so on. Ground vegetation type played a significant role on protection and improvement of the soil environment, such as the herbaceous plants has some role in promoting the increase of soil D value, so in the process of improving soil texture in the mine area should take full advantage of the herbs.
(4) We uesd Single factor index method and Nemerow Comprehensive Index to assess soil heavy metals contamination in the two mining areas, the result showed that in both mining areas, the majority comprehensive pollution index of samples can reach mild concentration, and the single factor pollution indexes in ascending order were: Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr, the study further indicated that Cd index already reached Medium-polluted degree, Zn index measured up to de-alerting degree, Cu index closed de-alerting degree, Pb and Cr index was at clean level.
(5) The potential ecological risk and pollution degree of the heavy metals in mine soil were evaluated using Hakanson ecological risk index. The results were summarized as follows: The potential ecological risk index was between 104.83 and 144.75, with an average of 124.52, which was at low level, but some of point approach medium level , Individual elements of potential ecological risk descending order is Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr, Heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risk in Sidaogou mine serious than LiangShuijing mine. The irrational exploitation of small mines pollution of the environment is more serious, even after 5 years time to recoverr, heavy metal content is still higher. Cd was the worst of the potential ecological risk genes and should pay particular attention process to soil environmental protection in the mining area.
(6) By survey of vegetation communities for Liangshuijing coal mines, Sidaogou coal mines and control area, There were 79 species found in the 141 sample square, belonging to 32 families, 65genera, which Compositae, Leguminosae, and Gramineae is the kind of main species. The total number of species order is Liangshuijing coal mine>control area> Sidaogou coal mine. Vegetation communities dominated by herbs, wild shrubs were scattered distribution, natural arbor were disappeared. The artificial planting tree species such as Platycladus orientalis and Populus simonii growth poor, It was no favor for mining ecological environment protection, Herb important value bigger such as Pennisetum centrasiaticum, Heteropappus altaicus and Poa sphondylodes is the advantage of vegetation communities mining species.
(7) Theαdiversity of plant communities show that the main diversity index of late period bigger than forepart, Shannon-Winner index and Simpson index were Significantly different in Lianghuijing mine and Sidaogou mine, It indicate that early growth of plant is relatively slow, and growth faster late,βdiversity index shows that control area and Liangshuijing mine vegetation communities that similar degree higher, The Sidaogou mine reclaimed vegetation restoration were not achieved the high level. Studying shows that vegetation communities stability of the three sample areas were unstable, and the stability index was control area>Liangshuijing coal mine>Sidaogou coal mine, however, the relationship of total number species was control areacoal minecoal mine, plant community stability and species that is not a simple linear correlation. So we study the plant community characteristics of the mining area should be combined with vegetation species characteristics, diversity, community structure and other confounding factors.
(1)对矿区土壤基本理化性质研究表明,土壤表层(0～10cm)含水量在7.20%～17.50%之间,平均值为14.44%,四道沟煤矿>对照区>凉水井煤矿,植被群落类型对土壤含水量有较大影响,柠条+沙蒿群落含水量最低,白草群落最高。土壤容重在1.38～1.54 g·cm-3之间,平均值为1.45 g·cm-3,大于自然垒结状态下土壤容重,说明煤矿开采已导致表层土壤压实。矿区土壤养分含量整体处于低级或很低水平,仅个别样点0～10cm层有机质、全磷、速效钾等处于中等水平。土壤pH>9.0,凉水井煤矿pH均为最高,且随深度的加深而增大,说明矿区地下水位下降,土壤有碱化趋势。
(2)利用MS2000激光粒度分析仪测定了神木矿区凉水井煤矿、四道沟煤矿和对照区3个样区60个土样的粒径分布状况,运用土壤体积分形模型计算出土壤颗粒体积分形维数(D),并分析了土壤理化性质与D值之间的关系。结果表明,样区内D值在1.95～2.68之间,平均D值为2.42。3个样区平均D值大小关系为,四道沟煤矿(2.47)>对照区(2.43)>凉水井煤矿(2.33)。D值与粘粒和粉粒含量呈正相关关系,与沙粒含量呈负相关关系,相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。D值与土壤pH值、全磷含量呈极显著正相关,而与有机质、全氮、速效钾含量相关性均未达到显著水平。此外,地面主要植被类型对D值的影响表现为,长芒草地>柠条地>沙打旺地>茵陈蒿地>乔木林地。
(3)通过对矿区土壤水分、养分及颗粒体积分形特征等分析表明,土壤总体质量状况处于该区土壤原始地球化学特征范围内,但某些指标已经发生明显变化,如土壤pH、颗粒组成状况等。地面植被类型对保护和改善土壤环境很大作用,比如草本植物对土壤D值的增加有一定促进作用,在矿区土壤质地改良过程中,应充分利用草本植物的作用。
(4)利用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法对煤矿周边土壤重金属污染评价,结果显示,两个煤矿绝大多数样点综合污染指数已达轻度污染程度,单项因子污染指数由大到小顺序为,Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr,其中Cd污染已达中度程度,Zn已达警戒水平,Cu接近警戒水平,而Pb和Cr为清洁水平。
(5)以陕北土壤背景值作为标准对矿区土壤潜在生态风险(RI)进行评价,结果表明,重金属潜在风险指数在104.83～144.75之间,平均值为124.52,处于低风险水平,但最大值已经接近中等风险程度。凉水井煤矿生态风险程度小于四道沟煤矿,RI值分别为115.51和133.53,单项元素的生态风险影响程度由大到小顺序为,Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr,Cd对RI值的贡献最大。四道沟煤矿的重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险程度较凉水井煤矿严重,说明小型煤矿的不合理开采对土壤的污染更明显,即使经过5年时间恢复,重金属含量依然较高。Cd是造成重金属污染和生态风险的主要因子,在矿区土壤环境保护过程中应特别注意。
(6)通过对凉水井煤矿、四道沟煤矿和对照区植被群落分析,141个样方中共出现79种植物,分属于32科65属,其中菊科、豆科、禾本科是样区主要物种。3个样区物种总数情况为凉水井煤矿>对照区>四道沟煤矿,植被群落以草本为主,野生灌木呈零星状分布,天然乔木已基本消失,人工种植的侧柏、小叶杨等树种长势较差,对矿区生态环境保护作用有限。白草、硬质早熟禾、阿尔泰狗娃花等草本植物重要值较大,是矿区植被群落中的优势物种。
(7)植物群落α多样性研究表明,植物生长后期,多样性指数大于前期,且凉水井煤矿和四道沟煤矿的Shannon-Winner指数和Simpson指数差异性显著,说明矿区植被前期生长比较对照区缓慢,后期生长速度较快。β多样性指数结果显示,对照区和凉水井煤矿植被群落相似度更高,说明四道沟煤矿植被恢复还没有达到较好水平。植被群落稳定性研究表明,3个样区植被群落都不稳定,稳定系数大小关系为对照区>凉水井煤矿>四道沟煤矿,物种总关系为数对照区<凉水井煤矿<四道沟煤矿,说明群落稳定性与物种数量不是简单的线性相关。对矿区植被群落特征研究应结合物种特性、多样性、群落结构和干扰因子来研究群落稳定性。
Coal resources development could promote regional economy, and they also damage the local ecological environment. Surface cracks, subsidence, waste water, waste residue, and fly ash caused by mining greatly damaged the surrounding environment. They could bring a significant security risk for regional sustainable development and ecological environment. At home and abroad, ecological restorations of mine area mainly focused on the environmental effects of the collapse, reclamation, and coal gangue. However, there was little research on aspects of environmental potential changes in undisturbed areas. In this study, we selected Si daogou coal mine, Liangshuijing coal mine and a control area to investigate the characteristics of soil physical-chemical properties, heavy metals, and plant community in Shenmu, Northern Shaanxi. In addition, the effect of coal mining on the surrounding ecological environment was also analyzed in the study area. The main conclusions of the study were as follows:
(1) Research for mining area soil basic physical and chemical properties shows that surface soil(0～10cm) moisture content was between 7.20% and 17.50%, with an average of 14.44%, Sidaogou coal mine>control area>Liangshuijing coal mine, Vegetation community types have great influence on soil water content, The highest water content was Caragana korshinskii + Artemisia desterorum community and the lowest was Pennisetum centrasiaticum community. The soil bulk density was between 1.38-1.54 g·cm-3, mean value was 1.45 g·cm-3. More than the state of the natural soil bulk density, indicate that mining cause of surface soil compaction. Mine soil nutrient content in low or extremely low, only a few point surface organic matter, total phosphorus and available potassium in the medium level. Soil pH>9.0, and the pH increased with deepens, Mining ground water levels falling lead to the trend of soil salinization.
(2) In the research Laser particle size analyzer was used to measure the particle size distribution of 60 soil samples from coal mining of Liang shuijing and Sidaogou, and control area. Soil particle volume fractal dimension (D) was obtained with Volume fractal dimension model. In the meantime the relationships between D value and soil physicochemical properties were analyzed. The results showed that D value changed from 1.95 to 2.68 with the average of 2.42. The D average values of the three areas in the sequence of descending was Sidaogou(2.47), control area (2.43)and Liangshuijing(2.33). D value has a significant positive correlation with clay and silt content(P<0.01), but has a significant negative correlation with sand content(P<0.01). There were a significant positive correlation between D value, pH value and total phosphorus content, but organic matter, total nitrogen and available potassium content did not have significant correlation with D value. Moreover, the order of D value under different land use types from big to small was Setaria viridis, Setaria viridis, Astragulus adsurgens, Artemisia Capillarys and arbor.
(3) By analyzing the soil moisture, nutrients and particle volume fractal characteristics of the mine area, it showed that the overall quality of the soil was still in range of the soil original geochemical characteristics of this area, however, some indicators have changed significantly such as soil pH, particle composition status and so on. Ground vegetation type played a significant role on protection and improvement of the soil environment, such as the herbaceous plants has some role in promoting the increase of soil D value, so in the process of improving soil texture in the mine area should take full advantage of the herbs.
(4) We uesd Single factor index method and Nemerow Comprehensive Index to assess soil heavy metals contamination in the two mining areas, the result showed that in both mining areas, the majority comprehensive pollution index of samples can reach mild concentration, and the single factor pollution indexes in ascending order were: Cd>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr, the study further indicated that Cd index already reached Medium-polluted degree, Zn index measured up to de-alerting degree, Cu index closed de-alerting degree, Pb and Cr index was at clean level.
(5) The potential ecological risk and pollution degree of the heavy metals in mine soil were evaluated using Hakanson ecological risk index. The results were summarized as follows: The potential ecological risk index was between 104.83 and 144.75, with an average of 124.52, which was at low level, but some of point approach medium level , Individual elements of potential ecological risk descending order is Cd>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cr, Heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risk in Sidaogou mine serious than LiangShuijing mine. The irrational exploitation of small mines pollution of the environment is more serious, even after 5 years time to recoverr, heavy metal content is still higher. Cd was the worst of the potential ecological risk genes and should pay particular attention process to soil environmental protection in the mining area.
(6) By survey of vegetation communities for Liangshuijing coal mines, Sidaogou coal mines and control area, There were 79 species found in the 141 sample square, belonging to 32 families, 65genera, which Compositae, Leguminosae, and Gramineae is the kind of main species. The total number of species order is Liangshuijing coal mine>control area> Sidaogou coal mine. Vegetation communities dominated by herbs, wild shrubs were scattered distribution, natural arbor were disappeared. The artificial planting tree species such as Platycladus orientalis and Populus simonii growth poor, It was no favor for mining ecological environment protection, Herb important value bigger such as Pennisetum centrasiaticum, Heteropappus altaicus and Poa sphondylodes is the advantage of vegetation communities mining species.
(7) Theαdiversity of plant communities show that the main diversity index of late period bigger than forepart, Shannon-Winner index and Simpson index were Significantly different in Lianghuijing mine and Sidaogou mine, It indicate that early growth of plant is relatively slow, and growth faster late,βdiversity index shows that control area and Liangshuijing mine vegetation communities that similar degree higher, The Sidaogou mine reclaimed vegetation restoration were not achieved the high level. Studying shows that vegetation communities stability of the three sample areas were unstable, and the stability index was control area>Liangshuijing coal mine>Sidaogou coal mine, however, the relationship of total number species was control area
引文
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