多参数电磁流量计及其实现技术的研究
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摘要
电磁流量计是一种利用电磁感应原理进行测量的仪表。作为一种常用的测量导电介质体积流量的计量仪表，从1832年英国科学家法拉地最早提出到现在已经发展了一百多年，经历了多个发展阶段。二十世纪70、80年代电磁流量计在信号处理技术方面取得了重大进展，新的适应不同测量条件的种类被不断的开发出来。由于它本身具有测量精度高、量程比宽、管道压力损失小等特点，使它成为应用广泛的一类流量计，在流量仪表中的占有率不断上升，在工农业生产中发挥着重要作用。
电磁流量计原理上的优点是：当导电性流体在磁场B下流动时，测量电极间的流体感应电势E通过仪表系数K与流体平均流速V具有对应关系。在与磁场强度、管道直径和信号放大器输入阻抗参数相关的仪表系数K不变的假设条件下，具有可由感应电势值直接度量流量值的特点。近几十年来在满足上述假设条件的应用领域中，电磁流量计已成为最典型的流量仪表。
尽管电磁流量计在水计量方面一直是一种首选仪表，但随着环保和给排水等领域流量计量方式的日益增加，不满足上述假设条件的应用需求不断出现。如在给排水、水利、污水排放监测等领域对非满管状态的流量检测需求日益增加。而流体的非满管流动使电磁流量计的仪表系数K成为一个变化值，非满管状态的流量检测需要对流速和液位等多参数进行准确测量。近年来，研究具有多参数测量能力的电磁流量计成为了流量检测领域的研究热点之一。
在研究电磁流量计传感器技术中，可以注意到这样一个重要特点：在仪表的流速信号变送环节中，两个接触流体的测量电极与信号放大处理器组成了一个特有的流体内电势测量回路。论文希望利用这个特点，研究建立附加的测量关系和原理，从而解决对仪表系数K变化状态的检测方法与技术。实现具有多参数测量能力的电磁流量计。
本论文的整个工作直接利用了电磁流量计的测量电极与导电流体直接接触的特点，提出了基于附加激励的参数测量原理，通过在流体内电势测量回路中引入新的激励来建立新的测量方程，展开对多参数电磁流量计的实现方法和技术的研究。
为了全面研究应用附加激励原理来实现多参数测量，论文分别对被动附加激励和主动附加激励两种附加激励模式进行了多参数测量方法的研究。在理论方面，论文研究了电磁流量计电极测量回路的基本信号传输模型，推导了附加激励条件下利用电极测量回路对流体电导进行测量的基本测量方程。在此基础上，论文对两种类型的激励源的来源、特点及作用于电极回路进行测量的模型进行了进一步的研究：(1)建立并推导了两种不同被动附加激励条件下进行电导测量的基本方程，并通过理论分析和试验证明，利用这两种被动附加激励信号可以用来实现电磁流量计的空管检测，据此，论文分别研究了利用这两种被动附加激励信号进行空管检测的数据处理方法及空管检测的判据。(2)根据电极测量回路的特点，研究利用主动附加激励作用于电极进行电导测量的方法和实现技术，建立了主动附加激励条件下的电导测量模型，并推导了测量方程。设计了并给出了利用主动附加激励实现电导测量的工作时序及数据处理方法。利用电导与其它状态参数的关系，实现了电导率测量、空管检测、非满管流量测量，为实现多参数功能的电磁流量计提供理论支撑和实现手段。为实现电磁流量计的多参数测量提供了必要的测量条件。
作为多参数测量的一种重要应用，非满管流量测量需要同时测量流量信号的大小和管道内流体的液位，并进行多参数测量的综合处理。论文在分析总结非满管流动的相关水力学理论的基础上，进行利用长弧形大电极的结构的传感器实现非满管电磁流量计的研究。利用附加激励测量电导的研究成果，研究了非满管流动状态时用电极测量的流体电导与液位之间的模型和测量关系，据此设计了一种非满管电磁流量计，给出了相应的测量时序关系和数据处理方法。
在本文的研究成果的基础上，设计了一种主动附加激励的模块并完成了多参数非满管电磁流量计样机和能够进行非满管流量测量的试验平台，进行了以下验证试验：(1)用传统的双点电极传感器，利用主动附加激励测量方法，进行测量流体电导率的试验和空管检测的试验；(2)利用设计的大电极传感器，与标准的电磁流量计进行了满管流量测量的对比试验；(3)利用设计的大电极传感器进行了非满管流量测量的试验。相关试验证明了本文研究的实用性及方法的可行性。从而在理论和技术上实现了用电磁流量计进行多参数测量。论文最后提出了有待于进一步解决的问题。
论文制作的多参数电磁流量计样机参加了2006年11月上海举办的“中国国际工业博览会”的创新成果区的演示和展出。样机的参数测量指标达到了当前国际同类产品的水平，受到业内人士的关注。
The electromagnetic flowmeter (EMF) based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is a kind of commonly used flowmeter to measure the volumetric flow of conducting fluid. After Michael Faraday proposed this method for the first time in 1832, more than 100 years has passed. Due to great progress in signal processing technique for EMF in the 70's and 80's of 20th century, new types of EMF were developed to adapt different measurement conditions. Because of its prominent advantages, such as high precision, wide measurement range and low pressure loss, the electromagnetic flowmeter is widely used and the market share of EMF is rising constantly. Now the electromagnetic flowmeter is playing an important role in industrial and agricultural production.
The advantageous principle of EMF is described by the following: When conducting fluid passes through a magnetic field B, the induced voltage E, which is directly proportional to the mean velocity V of fluid by instrument coefficient K, is generated between the detection electrodes. Supposed that coefficient K is a constant, which depends upon magnetic field intensity, pipe diameter and amplifier's input impedance, the mean velocity of fluid can be measured directly by E. In recent decades, the EMF has already become the most commonly used flowmeter in the applications that meet above assumptions.
Although EMF is a preferred instrument in environmental protection and water metering applications, with gradually incremental demands in the fields, such as water supply, drainage, irrigation and sewage discharge monitor, etc., the above assumptions may be no longer satisfied. The instrument coefficient K varies when EMF is used in partially filled pipe. Multi parameters, such as fluid level and velocity, are needed to measure accurately. In recent years, EMF with ability to measure multi-parameter has been one of the research focuses in flow measurement field.
In the sensor technology of EMF, such an important characteristic is noticed. In the velocity signal transmitter, a peculiar circuit to measure electric potential in fluid consists of fluid and two detection electrodes contacting the fluid and signal amplifier. The thesis desired to establish additional measurement relation and principle by means of this feather and to solve measurement method and technology when the instrument coefficient K varies. So a novel multi-parameter measurement EMF can be designed.
The feature that electrodes of EMF are directly contacted with the conductive fluid is used in this thesis and a parameter-measuring principle based on additional excitement is also put forward. New measurement equations are established by adding new excitement in the electric potential measurement circuit. The implementation method and technology of multi-parameter measurement EMF is studied in the thesis.
In order to study how to apply the additional excitement principle to realize multi-parameter measurement completely, two types of additional excitement, which are passive model and active model are studied separately in this thesis. In theory study, the fundamental signal transmission model in the measurement circuit of detection electrodes is studied in the thesis and the basic measurement equations to measure fluid conductance are derived under the condition that additional excitation sources act on the measurement circuit. Accordingly, the origin and feature of the two kinds of excitation sources as well as the measurement modal acting on the electrode measurement circuit are discussed further in this thesis: (1) The fundamental equations to measure fluid conductance with these two kinds of passive additional excitation are derived. It is proved by theoretical analysis and experiment that these two kinds of excitation can be used to detect empty pipe. So by these two kinds of passive exciting signal, the criterion of empty pipe detection and data processing method are discussed. (2) According to characteristic of the electrode measurement circuit, the method and corresponding realization technique of active additional excitation which acts on the electrodes to measure fluid conductance are studied. The model of conductance measurement based on active additional excitation is built and measurement equation of fluid conductance is derived. The working time sequencing and data processing method to realize conductance measurement are designed. By virtue of the relation between conductance and other state parameters, conductivity measurement, empty pipe detection and flow measurement for partially filled pipe are realized, so as to provide theory support, realization means and necessary measurement conditions with multi-parameter measurement of EMF.
As a typical application of multi-parameter measurement, both flow and fluid level in partially filled pipe need to be measured simultaneously and multi parameters in the measurement must be processed synthetically.
According to non-pressure pipe hydraulics theory, a novel EMF with an arc-electrode sensor which can carry out flow measurement in partially filled pipe is studied. Based on the result of conductivity measurement using additional excitement technique, a model and relation between fluid conductance measured by arc-electrodes and fluid level are researched when the fluid flowing in partially filled pipe. According to this, a new EMF for flow measurement in partially filled pipe is designed. Time sequencing and data processing methods are provided.
Based on the research results in this thesis, a new active additional excitement module is designed and a novel multi-parameter EMF prototype is implemented. The experiment platform of multi-parameter EMF flow measurement system which can implement flow measurement in partially filled pipe is established. The following functions are verified in this system: (1) Using traditional two dot-electrode type sensor and active additional excitement, the experiments of fluid conductivity measurement and empty detection are carried out. (2) The contrast experiment in fully filled pipe between standard EMF and new EMF with arc-electrode sensor is done. (3) Flow measurement experiment with the arc-electrode sensor in partially filled pipes is done. The practicability and feasibility of this method are proved by relevant experiment. So the multi-parameter measurement in EMF is also realized in theory and technology. Further researches to be done are put forward in the end of the paper.
The multi-parameter EMF designed by this thesis was exhibited and demoed in China Intemational Industrial Fair in November 2006. Its performance reached the current top level in the same area of the world. This novel EMF was paid close attention by insider.
电磁流量计原理上的优点是：当导电性流体在磁场B下流动时，测量电极间的流体感应电势E通过仪表系数K与流体平均流速V具有对应关系。在与磁场强度、管道直径和信号放大器输入阻抗参数相关的仪表系数K不变的假设条件下，具有可由感应电势值直接度量流量值的特点。近几十年来在满足上述假设条件的应用领域中，电磁流量计已成为最典型的流量仪表。
尽管电磁流量计在水计量方面一直是一种首选仪表，但随着环保和给排水等领域流量计量方式的日益增加，不满足上述假设条件的应用需求不断出现。如在给排水、水利、污水排放监测等领域对非满管状态的流量检测需求日益增加。而流体的非满管流动使电磁流量计的仪表系数K成为一个变化值，非满管状态的流量检测需要对流速和液位等多参数进行准确测量。近年来，研究具有多参数测量能力的电磁流量计成为了流量检测领域的研究热点之一。
在研究电磁流量计传感器技术中，可以注意到这样一个重要特点：在仪表的流速信号变送环节中，两个接触流体的测量电极与信号放大处理器组成了一个特有的流体内电势测量回路。论文希望利用这个特点，研究建立附加的测量关系和原理，从而解决对仪表系数K变化状态的检测方法与技术。实现具有多参数测量能力的电磁流量计。
本论文的整个工作直接利用了电磁流量计的测量电极与导电流体直接接触的特点，提出了基于附加激励的参数测量原理，通过在流体内电势测量回路中引入新的激励来建立新的测量方程，展开对多参数电磁流量计的实现方法和技术的研究。
为了全面研究应用附加激励原理来实现多参数测量，论文分别对被动附加激励和主动附加激励两种附加激励模式进行了多参数测量方法的研究。在理论方面，论文研究了电磁流量计电极测量回路的基本信号传输模型，推导了附加激励条件下利用电极测量回路对流体电导进行测量的基本测量方程。在此基础上，论文对两种类型的激励源的来源、特点及作用于电极回路进行测量的模型进行了进一步的研究：(1)建立并推导了两种不同被动附加激励条件下进行电导测量的基本方程，并通过理论分析和试验证明，利用这两种被动附加激励信号可以用来实现电磁流量计的空管检测，据此，论文分别研究了利用这两种被动附加激励信号进行空管检测的数据处理方法及空管检测的判据。(2)根据电极测量回路的特点，研究利用主动附加激励作用于电极进行电导测量的方法和实现技术，建立了主动附加激励条件下的电导测量模型，并推导了测量方程。设计了并给出了利用主动附加激励实现电导测量的工作时序及数据处理方法。利用电导与其它状态参数的关系，实现了电导率测量、空管检测、非满管流量测量，为实现多参数功能的电磁流量计提供理论支撑和实现手段。为实现电磁流量计的多参数测量提供了必要的测量条件。
作为多参数测量的一种重要应用，非满管流量测量需要同时测量流量信号的大小和管道内流体的液位，并进行多参数测量的综合处理。论文在分析总结非满管流动的相关水力学理论的基础上，进行利用长弧形大电极的结构的传感器实现非满管电磁流量计的研究。利用附加激励测量电导的研究成果，研究了非满管流动状态时用电极测量的流体电导与液位之间的模型和测量关系，据此设计了一种非满管电磁流量计，给出了相应的测量时序关系和数据处理方法。
在本文的研究成果的基础上，设计了一种主动附加激励的模块并完成了多参数非满管电磁流量计样机和能够进行非满管流量测量的试验平台，进行了以下验证试验：(1)用传统的双点电极传感器，利用主动附加激励测量方法，进行测量流体电导率的试验和空管检测的试验；(2)利用设计的大电极传感器，与标准的电磁流量计进行了满管流量测量的对比试验；(3)利用设计的大电极传感器进行了非满管流量测量的试验。相关试验证明了本文研究的实用性及方法的可行性。从而在理论和技术上实现了用电磁流量计进行多参数测量。论文最后提出了有待于进一步解决的问题。
论文制作的多参数电磁流量计样机参加了2006年11月上海举办的“中国国际工业博览会”的创新成果区的演示和展出。样机的参数测量指标达到了当前国际同类产品的水平，受到业内人士的关注。
The electromagnetic flowmeter (EMF) based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is a kind of commonly used flowmeter to measure the volumetric flow of conducting fluid. After Michael Faraday proposed this method for the first time in 1832, more than 100 years has passed. Due to great progress in signal processing technique for EMF in the 70's and 80's of 20th century, new types of EMF were developed to adapt different measurement conditions. Because of its prominent advantages, such as high precision, wide measurement range and low pressure loss, the electromagnetic flowmeter is widely used and the market share of EMF is rising constantly. Now the electromagnetic flowmeter is playing an important role in industrial and agricultural production.
The advantageous principle of EMF is described by the following: When conducting fluid passes through a magnetic field B, the induced voltage E, which is directly proportional to the mean velocity V of fluid by instrument coefficient K, is generated between the detection electrodes. Supposed that coefficient K is a constant, which depends upon magnetic field intensity, pipe diameter and amplifier's input impedance, the mean velocity of fluid can be measured directly by E. In recent decades, the EMF has already become the most commonly used flowmeter in the applications that meet above assumptions.
Although EMF is a preferred instrument in environmental protection and water metering applications, with gradually incremental demands in the fields, such as water supply, drainage, irrigation and sewage discharge monitor, etc., the above assumptions may be no longer satisfied. The instrument coefficient K varies when EMF is used in partially filled pipe. Multi parameters, such as fluid level and velocity, are needed to measure accurately. In recent years, EMF with ability to measure multi-parameter has been one of the research focuses in flow measurement field.
In the sensor technology of EMF, such an important characteristic is noticed. In the velocity signal transmitter, a peculiar circuit to measure electric potential in fluid consists of fluid and two detection electrodes contacting the fluid and signal amplifier. The thesis desired to establish additional measurement relation and principle by means of this feather and to solve measurement method and technology when the instrument coefficient K varies. So a novel multi-parameter measurement EMF can be designed.
The feature that electrodes of EMF are directly contacted with the conductive fluid is used in this thesis and a parameter-measuring principle based on additional excitement is also put forward. New measurement equations are established by adding new excitement in the electric potential measurement circuit. The implementation method and technology of multi-parameter measurement EMF is studied in the thesis.
In order to study how to apply the additional excitement principle to realize multi-parameter measurement completely, two types of additional excitement, which are passive model and active model are studied separately in this thesis. In theory study, the fundamental signal transmission model in the measurement circuit of detection electrodes is studied in the thesis and the basic measurement equations to measure fluid conductance are derived under the condition that additional excitation sources act on the measurement circuit. Accordingly, the origin and feature of the two kinds of excitation sources as well as the measurement modal acting on the electrode measurement circuit are discussed further in this thesis: (1) The fundamental equations to measure fluid conductance with these two kinds of passive additional excitation are derived. It is proved by theoretical analysis and experiment that these two kinds of excitation can be used to detect empty pipe. So by these two kinds of passive exciting signal, the criterion of empty pipe detection and data processing method are discussed. (2) According to characteristic of the electrode measurement circuit, the method and corresponding realization technique of active additional excitation which acts on the electrodes to measure fluid conductance are studied. The model of conductance measurement based on active additional excitation is built and measurement equation of fluid conductance is derived. The working time sequencing and data processing method to realize conductance measurement are designed. By virtue of the relation between conductance and other state parameters, conductivity measurement, empty pipe detection and flow measurement for partially filled pipe are realized, so as to provide theory support, realization means and necessary measurement conditions with multi-parameter measurement of EMF.
As a typical application of multi-parameter measurement, both flow and fluid level in partially filled pipe need to be measured simultaneously and multi parameters in the measurement must be processed synthetically.
According to non-pressure pipe hydraulics theory, a novel EMF with an arc-electrode sensor which can carry out flow measurement in partially filled pipe is studied. Based on the result of conductivity measurement using additional excitement technique, a model and relation between fluid conductance measured by arc-electrodes and fluid level are researched when the fluid flowing in partially filled pipe. According to this, a new EMF for flow measurement in partially filled pipe is designed. Time sequencing and data processing methods are provided.
Based on the research results in this thesis, a new active additional excitement module is designed and a novel multi-parameter EMF prototype is implemented. The experiment platform of multi-parameter EMF flow measurement system which can implement flow measurement in partially filled pipe is established. The following functions are verified in this system: (1) Using traditional two dot-electrode type sensor and active additional excitement, the experiments of fluid conductivity measurement and empty detection are carried out. (2) The contrast experiment in fully filled pipe between standard EMF and new EMF with arc-electrode sensor is done. (3) Flow measurement experiment with the arc-electrode sensor in partially filled pipes is done. The practicability and feasibility of this method are proved by relevant experiment. So the multi-parameter measurement in EMF is also realized in theory and technology. Further researches to be done are put forward in the end of the paper.
The multi-parameter EMF designed by this thesis was exhibited and demoed in China Intemational Industrial Fair in November 2006. Its performance reached the current top level in the same area of the world. This novel EMF was paid close attention by insider.
引文
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