西藏尼玛盆地南部坳陷古近纪沉积记录研究
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摘要
有“世界屋脊”和“第三极”之称的青藏高原,以其独特的地质、地貌特征与形成演化历史成为国内、外地质学界的研究重点。新生代印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞导致青藏高原隆升并且对全球气候、环境产生的重大影响,青藏高原成为全球环境变化与岩石圈演化的理想场所。
本文以“青藏高原重点盆地油气资源战略调查与选区”项目为依托,对发育于班公湖—怒江结合带中段的的尼玛盆地南部坳陷的沉积记录进行了研究,探讨青藏高原腹地新生代陆相盆地的形成演化机制。主要对南部坳陷的地层时代、地质构造背景、沉积相、沉积物源供给及盆地构造—沉积演化进行综合分析研究,取得了几点认识,分别介绍如下:
1.通过与王波明、Kapp、DeCelles等所测剖面及伦坡拉钻井资料进行综合地层对比,重新厘定了尼玛盆地南部坳陷地层的时代。南部坳陷的地层时代为古近纪始新世—渐新世,剖面P01、P02时代为古近纪渐新世,为渐新统丁青湖组;剖面P03下部地层时代为古近纪始新世,为始新统牛堡组,上部地层时代为古近纪渐新世,为渐新统丁青湖组。
2.依据沉积物的岩性、结构、构造、颜色、古生物化石、粒度分析、古流向与沉积组合等综合分析,尼玛盆地南部坳陷古近系地层主要识别出2个沉积相类型:扇三角洲相与湖泊相,扇三角洲可以进一步划分为扇三角洲平原(可划分为辫状河道、河道间湾2个微相)、扇三角洲前缘(可划分为水下分流河道、分流间湾2个微相)、前扇三角洲3个亚相;湖泊相可以划分为滨湖、浅湖、深—半深湖亚相。
3.利用波痕指数与不对称指数,可以把南部坳陷的波痕分为流水波痕与浪成波痕。古流向玫瑰花图显示,南部坳陷的沉积物源主体为南、北向供给、少量为东西向物源供给,这是因为尼玛盆地南部坳陷形成演化受盆地东西向边界断裂的控制。
4.砂岩组分分析显示,南部坳陷西部丁青湖组从剖面P01到P02稳定颗粒单晶石英与石英颗粒总量含量显著较少,而非硅质岩屑、岩屑、火山岩岩屑、变质岩岩屑、长石、碳酸盐岩屑等不稳定组分的含量显著增加;并且坳陷东部牛堡组到丁青湖组也有相似的变化。这种稳定组分的减少、不稳定碎屑的增加的变化与渐新世晚期强烈的构造抬升密不可分。Qm-F-Lt,Qt-F-L三角图解显示,南部坳陷的砂岩颗粒组分落入再旋回造山带,极少量落入再旋回造山带与岩浆岛弧混合带,说明古近纪南部坳陷构造活动整体比较强烈。
5.南部坳陷酸性、中酸性岩浆岩来源的重矿物占14.42%,基性、超基性岩来源的占重矿物含量的23.62%,沉积岩最高占60.96%,变质岩来源的重矿物仅占1%。古水流数据与重矿物组合证明了南部坳陷的主要为南、北向沉积物源,兼有少量其他方向的物源供给。安山岩岩屑来至去申拉安山岩、英安岩组合,而P01湖相沉积中急剧增加的酸性来源的锆石与尼玛盆地北部的早白垩世花岗岩有关。依据各种重矿物纵、横向含量变化、ZTR指数、GZi指数,重矿物变化曲线可以划分为3个明显不同的阶段:不稳定段(I)、极稳定段(II)、极不稳定段(III)。
6.根据沉积相与重矿物演化,可以把南部坳陷的构造、沉积演化划分为4个阶段:构造稳定期(始新世早期)、构造活跃期(始新世晚期)、构造极稳定期(渐新世早期)、构造极活跃期(渐新世晚期)。
As the“roof of the world”and the“third pole”, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with its unique geological, geomorphological features and forming, evolutionary history,become one of research focus in domestic and foreign geological field. Cenozoic collision of Indian plate with the Asian plate led to uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and make significant impact on global climate and environment,the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau become the ideal place for global environmental change and lithospheric evolution.
This Article , based on“oil and gas resources strategical investigation and selection of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Basin”project,make a research on the sedimentary record of south depression of Nyima basin at the middle of Bangong -Nujiang suture zone in order to explore the forming and evolutionary mechanism of Cenozoic continental basins in hinterland of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and Mainly research on stratigraphic age, tectonic setting, sedimentary facies, sedimental supply and comprehensive analysis of tectonic-sedimentary evolution. Accomplishments are introduced as follows:
1. By comprehensive stratigraphic correlation with the measured sections of Wang Boming, Kapp, DeCelles and Lunpola well data, we redetermine the Stratigraphic era of sections in the south depression of Nyima basin. Stratigraphic age of the south depression is of Eocene - Oligocene, age of section P01 and P02 is of Oligocene and their strata should be Dingqing Hu formation; Stratigraphic age of the lower strata of P03 is of Paleogene Eocene and corresponding strata is assigned to Niubao Formation; the upper strata P03 is of Paleogene Oligocene and Oligocene strata is assigned to Dingqing Hu Formation.
2. According to lithology, sedimentary structure, color, fossils, grain size analysis, palaeocurrents and comprehensive analysis of the sedimentary assemblage, we identify two kinds of sedimentary facies:fan delta facies and lacustrine facies of the Paleogene strata in the south depression of Nyima basin. Fan delta can be further divided into fan delta plain (can be divided into braided channels, and interdistributary areas two sedimentary microfacies), fan delta front (can be divided into the underwater distributary channels and undrerwater interdistributary areas two sedimentary microfacies), and Pre-fan delta three subfacies. lacustrine facies can be divided into the shore Lake, shallow lake, semideep-deep lake three subfacies.
3. Using ripple index and the asymmetry index,ripples of south depression can be divided into current and wave ripple marks. Paleocurrent rose diagrams show that the main source of sedimentary supply of south depression from south and north, a small amount of source supply from east and west, because formation and evolution of the south depression of Nyima basin was controlled by the east-west stretching boundary faults.
4.Sandstone composition analysis show that the Dingqing Hu Formation from P01 to P02 in western of south depression , stable particles as single-crystal quartz and total quartz particles were significantly declining, rather than nonsiliceous debris, debris and volcanic rocks debris, metamorphic lithic, feldspar, carbonate debris and other unstable components were significantly increased; and there were similar changes form Niubao to Dingqing Hu Formation in the east of south depression.The changes of reduction of stable components and the increasing of unstable debris are inseparable with late Oligocene tectonic uplift. Qm-F-Lt, Qt-FL triangular diagram show that sandstone componental particles mainly falling into recycling orogenic zone, a very small amount into recycling of orogenic belts and volcanic arc mixing zone, indicating that there were overall more intensive tectonic activities of south depression in the Paleogene.
5. In the south depression, heavy minerals stemming from acid, intermediate magma accounted for 14.42%, basic, heavy minerals of ultrabasic rocks source accounted for 23.62% in the total heavy minerals, source of sedimentary rocks accounted for the highest of 60.96%, source of metamorphic accounted for 1%. Paleocurrent data and heavy mineral assemblages show the sediment major source of the South depression were south and North, plus a small amount of source from other direction. Andesitic debris came from the andsite plus dacite rock assemblage of Qushen La Formation, and the dramatic increasing of zircon of acidic sources in section P01 was in connection with the Early Cretaceous granite in north of Nyima basin. Based on the vertical and horizontal variation of all kinds of heavy minerals, ZTR index, GZi index,curve of heavy minerals can be divided into three distinct phases: unstable segment I, most stable segment II, unstable segment III.
6. According to sedimentary facies and variation of heavy minerals, tectonic and sedimentary evolution in the south depression of Nyima basin can be divided into four phases: the stable tectonic stage (Early Eocene), the strong tectonic stage (late Eocene), the highly stable stage (early Oligocene), the highly active tectonic stage (late Oligocene).
本文以“青藏高原重点盆地油气资源战略调查与选区”项目为依托,对发育于班公湖—怒江结合带中段的的尼玛盆地南部坳陷的沉积记录进行了研究,探讨青藏高原腹地新生代陆相盆地的形成演化机制。主要对南部坳陷的地层时代、地质构造背景、沉积相、沉积物源供给及盆地构造—沉积演化进行综合分析研究,取得了几点认识,分别介绍如下:
1.通过与王波明、Kapp、DeCelles等所测剖面及伦坡拉钻井资料进行综合地层对比,重新厘定了尼玛盆地南部坳陷地层的时代。南部坳陷的地层时代为古近纪始新世—渐新世,剖面P01、P02时代为古近纪渐新世,为渐新统丁青湖组;剖面P03下部地层时代为古近纪始新世,为始新统牛堡组,上部地层时代为古近纪渐新世,为渐新统丁青湖组。
2.依据沉积物的岩性、结构、构造、颜色、古生物化石、粒度分析、古流向与沉积组合等综合分析,尼玛盆地南部坳陷古近系地层主要识别出2个沉积相类型:扇三角洲相与湖泊相,扇三角洲可以进一步划分为扇三角洲平原(可划分为辫状河道、河道间湾2个微相)、扇三角洲前缘(可划分为水下分流河道、分流间湾2个微相)、前扇三角洲3个亚相;湖泊相可以划分为滨湖、浅湖、深—半深湖亚相。
3.利用波痕指数与不对称指数,可以把南部坳陷的波痕分为流水波痕与浪成波痕。古流向玫瑰花图显示,南部坳陷的沉积物源主体为南、北向供给、少量为东西向物源供给,这是因为尼玛盆地南部坳陷形成演化受盆地东西向边界断裂的控制。
4.砂岩组分分析显示,南部坳陷西部丁青湖组从剖面P01到P02稳定颗粒单晶石英与石英颗粒总量含量显著较少,而非硅质岩屑、岩屑、火山岩岩屑、变质岩岩屑、长石、碳酸盐岩屑等不稳定组分的含量显著增加;并且坳陷东部牛堡组到丁青湖组也有相似的变化。这种稳定组分的减少、不稳定碎屑的增加的变化与渐新世晚期强烈的构造抬升密不可分。Qm-F-Lt,Qt-F-L三角图解显示,南部坳陷的砂岩颗粒组分落入再旋回造山带,极少量落入再旋回造山带与岩浆岛弧混合带,说明古近纪南部坳陷构造活动整体比较强烈。
5.南部坳陷酸性、中酸性岩浆岩来源的重矿物占14.42%,基性、超基性岩来源的占重矿物含量的23.62%,沉积岩最高占60.96%,变质岩来源的重矿物仅占1%。古水流数据与重矿物组合证明了南部坳陷的主要为南、北向沉积物源,兼有少量其他方向的物源供给。安山岩岩屑来至去申拉安山岩、英安岩组合,而P01湖相沉积中急剧增加的酸性来源的锆石与尼玛盆地北部的早白垩世花岗岩有关。依据各种重矿物纵、横向含量变化、ZTR指数、GZi指数,重矿物变化曲线可以划分为3个明显不同的阶段:不稳定段(I)、极稳定段(II)、极不稳定段(III)。
6.根据沉积相与重矿物演化,可以把南部坳陷的构造、沉积演化划分为4个阶段:构造稳定期(始新世早期)、构造活跃期(始新世晚期)、构造极稳定期(渐新世早期)、构造极活跃期(渐新世晚期)。
As the“roof of the world”and the“third pole”, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with its unique geological, geomorphological features and forming, evolutionary history,become one of research focus in domestic and foreign geological field. Cenozoic collision of Indian plate with the Asian plate led to uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and make significant impact on global climate and environment,the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau become the ideal place for global environmental change and lithospheric evolution.
This Article , based on“oil and gas resources strategical investigation and selection of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Basin”project,make a research on the sedimentary record of south depression of Nyima basin at the middle of Bangong -Nujiang suture zone in order to explore the forming and evolutionary mechanism of Cenozoic continental basins in hinterland of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,and Mainly research on stratigraphic age, tectonic setting, sedimentary facies, sedimental supply and comprehensive analysis of tectonic-sedimentary evolution. Accomplishments are introduced as follows:
1. By comprehensive stratigraphic correlation with the measured sections of Wang Boming, Kapp, DeCelles and Lunpola well data, we redetermine the Stratigraphic era of sections in the south depression of Nyima basin. Stratigraphic age of the south depression is of Eocene - Oligocene, age of section P01 and P02 is of Oligocene and their strata should be Dingqing Hu formation; Stratigraphic age of the lower strata of P03 is of Paleogene Eocene and corresponding strata is assigned to Niubao Formation; the upper strata P03 is of Paleogene Oligocene and Oligocene strata is assigned to Dingqing Hu Formation.
2. According to lithology, sedimentary structure, color, fossils, grain size analysis, palaeocurrents and comprehensive analysis of the sedimentary assemblage, we identify two kinds of sedimentary facies:fan delta facies and lacustrine facies of the Paleogene strata in the south depression of Nyima basin. Fan delta can be further divided into fan delta plain (can be divided into braided channels, and interdistributary areas two sedimentary microfacies), fan delta front (can be divided into the underwater distributary channels and undrerwater interdistributary areas two sedimentary microfacies), and Pre-fan delta three subfacies. lacustrine facies can be divided into the shore Lake, shallow lake, semideep-deep lake three subfacies.
3. Using ripple index and the asymmetry index,ripples of south depression can be divided into current and wave ripple marks. Paleocurrent rose diagrams show that the main source of sedimentary supply of south depression from south and north, a small amount of source supply from east and west, because formation and evolution of the south depression of Nyima basin was controlled by the east-west stretching boundary faults.
4.Sandstone composition analysis show that the Dingqing Hu Formation from P01 to P02 in western of south depression , stable particles as single-crystal quartz and total quartz particles were significantly declining, rather than nonsiliceous debris, debris and volcanic rocks debris, metamorphic lithic, feldspar, carbonate debris and other unstable components were significantly increased; and there were similar changes form Niubao to Dingqing Hu Formation in the east of south depression.The changes of reduction of stable components and the increasing of unstable debris are inseparable with late Oligocene tectonic uplift. Qm-F-Lt, Qt-FL triangular diagram show that sandstone componental particles mainly falling into recycling orogenic zone, a very small amount into recycling of orogenic belts and volcanic arc mixing zone, indicating that there were overall more intensive tectonic activities of south depression in the Paleogene.
5. In the south depression, heavy minerals stemming from acid, intermediate magma accounted for 14.42%, basic, heavy minerals of ultrabasic rocks source accounted for 23.62% in the total heavy minerals, source of sedimentary rocks accounted for the highest of 60.96%, source of metamorphic accounted for 1%. Paleocurrent data and heavy mineral assemblages show the sediment major source of the South depression were south and North, plus a small amount of source from other direction. Andesitic debris came from the andsite plus dacite rock assemblage of Qushen La Formation, and the dramatic increasing of zircon of acidic sources in section P01 was in connection with the Early Cretaceous granite in north of Nyima basin. Based on the vertical and horizontal variation of all kinds of heavy minerals, ZTR index, GZi index,curve of heavy minerals can be divided into three distinct phases: unstable segment I, most stable segment II, unstable segment III.
6. According to sedimentary facies and variation of heavy minerals, tectonic and sedimentary evolution in the south depression of Nyima basin can be divided into four phases: the stable tectonic stage (Early Eocene), the strong tectonic stage (late Eocene), the highly stable stage (early Oligocene), the highly active tectonic stage (late Oligocene).
引文
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