Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B3生防促生相关基因和内生质粒pBSG3的研究及高效生防工程菌的构建
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摘要
芽孢杆菌好氧或兼性厌氧,产芽孢,广泛存在于自然界中,由于其生长速度快,次生代谢产物丰富,利用价值高以及对人畜安全等优点,被广泛应用于工业、医药和农业中。本实验室早年筛选并开发了芽孢杆菌生防制剂“麦丰宁”,该菌剂的有效成分为芽孢杆菌B3。本研究应用多相分类方法、消减抑制杂交技术、全基因组测序技术和质谱技术对芽孢杆菌B3进行了系统的研究。主要内容包括,1)确定B3菌株的分类地位；2)揭示B3的生防促生机理；3)B3菌株内生隐蔽质粒的研究；4)Harpin蛋白和生防芽孢杆菌相结合的高效生防工程菌的研发。主要研究结果如下：
1.多相分类体系,即将形态、生理生化、脂肪酸分析、分子鉴定等方法相结合,对细菌进行较准确的鉴定。本研究着重采用分子生物学手段将早期实验室分离和经表型鉴定的生防芽孢杆菌进行准确分类。11株生防芽孢杆菌首先进行脂肪酸甲酯(fatty acid methyl ester, FAME)鉴定,接着进行16S rDNA和gyrB基因序列扩增和分析鉴定,同时进行基因组BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析鉴定。综合脂肪酸甲脂鉴定和一系列分子鉴定结果,将11株生防芽孢杆菌鉴定为：短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)1株,蜡样芽孢杆菌组群(Bacillus cereus)2株,解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)4株,萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus)1株,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)3株。“麦丰宁”有效成分芽孢杆菌B3最终被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌。此外,通过基质协助激光解吸附/电离-飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF-MS)技术检测,发现这11株生防菌都能够产生一种或多种抑制真菌的脂肽化合物(如Fengycin和Bacillomycin D)或抑制细菌的聚酮类化合物(如Difficidin, Bacillaene等)。
2.我们应用差减杂交技术、全基因组测序技术和质谱技术以揭示解淀粉芽孢杆菌B3生防和促生的机理。将解淀粉芽孢杆菌B3与不具生防能力的芽孢杆菌模式菌株枯草芽孢杆菌168进行差减杂交,共得到了49个B3特异片段,其中包含了在生防芽孢杆菌中起主要作用的非核糖体肽类抗生素合成酶编码基因片段,同时我们也发现了新的非核糖体合成酶编码基因和一个内生质粒。我们在德国比勒菲尔德大学进行了B3全基因组测序,在此平台上,我们将新发现的非核糖体合成酶基因簇进行了分析和预测,发现其包括7个模块,其中有两个是负责半胱氨酸的缩合,一个是天冬氨酸或酰胺的缩合,另外四个模块没有预测出结果。此外,我们对B3基因组中所有的非核糖体肽类抗生素的合成酶和促生相关基因进行了分析。结果显示,B3中含有8个非核糖体肽合成酶基因簇、1个二肽类抗生素编码基因簇,还有参与生物膜形成和定殖相关基因簇(EPS, PGA operon),以及能够促进植物生长的吲哚乙酸合成关键基因和2,3-丁二醇合成相关基因等。
3.具有良好拮抗和促生作用的Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B3含有一个可以自我复制的内生隐蔽性质粒pBSG3。对该质粒完全测序,结果显示,其大小为8439bp, GC含量40.3%。序列分析和比对显示,pBSG3中含有7个可预测的开放阅读框(ORF),分别是repB3, mobB3, rapQ, phrQ, pgsR和两个未知ORFs (orf1c和orf2)。通过Southern杂交和复制元件的序列分析,最终确定pBSG3采取滚环式复制方式(Rolling-circle mechanism)进行复制,属于滚环式复制质粒家族。基因mobB3的存在预示质粒pBSG3具有在芽孢杆菌群体中可以转移的特性。我们对质粒中的RapQ-PhrQ系统进行了初步的功能研究,该系统参与了芽孢杆菌的孢子形成的过程,RapQ蛋白能够推迟孢子的形成。此外,我们将pBSG3(?)勺部分或全部复制单元克隆到pMD18-T载体,成功开发了穿梭载体pTRD和pTRDS,并进行了两个质粒的稳定性测定。结果显示,pTRDS的结构和分离稳定性都非常好。随后,我们将本实验室的Harpin蛋白编码基因hpa1克隆到质粒pTRDS,并转入了芽孢杆菌OKB105中,利用RT-PCR的方法在RNA水平检测到了hpa1的转录。综上所述,内生质粒pBSG3不但可能是芽孢杆菌种群中遗传物质的交换工具,而且可以被用来开发和利用成为芽孢杆菌研究的克隆、表达载体。
4.本着将具有促生防病效果的Harpin蛋白和产非核糖体肽类抗生素的生防芽孢杆菌相结合的原则,将HpaGxoo。编码基因hpa1与可产生多种脂肽类和聚酮类化合物的根围促生拮抗解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42相结合,创制更具有价值的生防制剂。在本研究中,我们构建了pGAprEHS、pUNprEKHS两个重组表达载体,并将它们转化到解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42中,利用双交换同源重组技术,将hpa1分别整合到FZB42的蛋白水解酶编码基因aprE和nprE位点。这两个重组载体都含有P43强启动子和nprB信号肽组件,这有助于Harpin蛋白的连续表达和向外分泌。经过PCR验证和RT-PCR的分析,结果显示：成功构建了双拷贝Harpin外泌工程菌株FZBHarpin,且hpa1能在RNA水平上正常转录。随后,我们对野生菌FZB42,工程菌FZBHarpin和双突变菌株FZBAN分别进行了温室和大田实验,评估了其促生和防治水稻白叶枯病的效果,实验数据表明FZBHarpin具有比其出发菌株FZB42更好的促生和生防效果；同时,我们观察到aprE,nprE双突变体FZBAN的促生和生防效果比出发菌株FZB42有所提高,但原因尚不清楚。
Bacillus is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the division Firmicutes. It has been widely used in industry, medicine and agricultural field because of its powerful secretion system and production of remarkably large amounts of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, phytase and extracellular proteases. Previously, a biocontrol agent named as "MaiFengning", containing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B3strain was developed by our lab. Polyphasic taxonomy method, suppression subtractive hybridization, mass spectrometry and whole genome sequencing technology were performed in this study. The main contents include:1) molecular identification of antagonistic strain B3;2) the mechanism of biocontrol and plant growth promotion of strain B3;3) sequenced and characterize endogenous cryptic plasmid pBSG3;4) construction of engineered strain FZBHarpin which combining Harpin elicitor and nonribosomal peptide antibiotics together. The main results were summarized as follows:
1Previously, screening of antagonistic isolates against different plant pathogens from plant rhizosphere soil was performed by our lab members.11antagonistic strains were obtained and classified as Bacillus genus with morphological tests. In this study, the11Bacillus antagonistic isolates and the reference strains were characterized using BOX-PCR genomic fingerprinting with primers BOXAIR, sequence analysis of16S rRNA and gyrB gene fragment, and FAME (Fatty acid methyl esters) tests. There was a high degree of diversity, both phenotypic and genotypic among the isolates of Bacillus.11strains were identified as members of species:Bacillus pumilus (1), Bacillus cereus group (2), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (4), Bacillus atrophaeus (1), and Bacillus subtilis (3). Our results demonstrate the usefulness of gyrB sequence and BOX-PCR genomic fingerprinting for characterizing the Bacillus genus. In addition, MALDI-TOF-MS was performed for the detection of nonribosomal peptide antibiotics produced by11isolates. The results showed that11strains are able to produce at least one or more lipopeptide and polyketide compounds (such as Fengycin, Bacillomycin D, Difficidin, and Bacillaene), which play important roles in biocontrol.
2The plant rhizosphere isolate Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B3is distinguished from the related model organism Bacillus subtilis168by its ability to stimulate plant growth and to suppress plant pathogenic organisms. In order to clear the mechanisms of biocontrol and plant growth promotion, suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed between strains of B. amyloliquefaciens B3and B. subtilis168. Totally,49unique fragments of B3were obtained. Three NRPS, one PKS and a cryptic plasmid were found in the unique fragments. A new nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) fragment was unique insertions in the B3genome and is not present in any bacterial strain so far. In addition, we sampled sequenced the genome of FZB42and identified more than3268genes with>90%identity on the amino acid level to the corresponding genes of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42. Nine large gene clusters encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and polyketide synthases (PKS) occupied about8%of the whole genome. The responsibility of the eight gene clusters for the production of the corresponding secondary metabolites was demonstrated by Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. But, the new was unclear now. There are some genes involved in biofilm formation (such as EPS, PGA operon) and promotion of plant growth such as IAA biosynthetic genes,2,3-butanediol synthetic genes.
3In this work, we have sequenced and characterized a cryptic plasmid called pBSG3from wild-type Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B3, which is an8439bp circular molecule, with G+C content of40.3%. We provide evidence that pBSG3replicates via the rolling-circle mechanism and belongs to group Ⅲ of the rolling-circle replication plasmid family. The plasmid contains7putative open reading frames (ORFs) including genes repB3, mobB3, rapQ, phrQ, pgsR, and2unknown ORFs (orf1c and orf2). Our observations revealed that the RapQ-PhrQ (response regulator aspartate phosphatase-phosphatase regulator) system is involved in sporulation and RapQ can delay the onset of sporulation.2Escherichia coli and Bacillus potential shuttle vectors, pTRD (containing the minimal replicon) and pTRDS (containing the minimal replicon and the single-strand origin) were developed from pBSG3and tested the stability. Moreover, HpaGxooc protein, which can induce disease and insect resistance in plants, was tried to express with the stable vector pTRDS in Bacillus. In summary, the pBSG3plasmid containing various genes is not only a candidate tool for vector development in Bacillus genus research but also a potential vehicle for the exchange of genetic elements among Bacillus populations that contributes into the survival of bacilli in natural environments.
4HpaGxooc, from rice pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, is a member of the harpin group of proteins, eliciting hypersensitive cell death in non-host plants, inducing disease and insect resistance in plants and enhancing the plant growth. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42has been used as powerful weapons for the suppression of plant pathogenic organisms and plant growth promotion in the world. In this study, two recombinant Harpin protein expression vectors pGAprEHS and pUNprEKHS were constructed and integrated into the aprE, nprE site of FZB42. These two vectors were composed of powerful promoter P43and nprB signal peptide, which leads to the expression of Harpin protein continuously and secrete into the medium. The result of RT-PCR analysis reveals the hpal gene can be transcribed normally. Subsequently, we performed greenhouse and field experiments for evaluation of the biocontrol activity and plant growth promotion of the engineering strain FZBHarpin. The results show that FZBHarpin is the best in biocontrol activity. Both FZBHarpin and FZBAN which is a mutant of aprE and nprE are the same in plant growth promotion, and are better than FZB42.
1.多相分类体系,即将形态、生理生化、脂肪酸分析、分子鉴定等方法相结合,对细菌进行较准确的鉴定。本研究着重采用分子生物学手段将早期实验室分离和经表型鉴定的生防芽孢杆菌进行准确分类。11株生防芽孢杆菌首先进行脂肪酸甲酯(fatty acid methyl ester, FAME)鉴定,接着进行16S rDNA和gyrB基因序列扩增和分析鉴定,同时进行基因组BOX-PCR指纹图谱分析鉴定。综合脂肪酸甲脂鉴定和一系列分子鉴定结果,将11株生防芽孢杆菌鉴定为：短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)1株,蜡样芽孢杆菌组群(Bacillus cereus)2株,解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)4株,萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus)1株,枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)3株。“麦丰宁”有效成分芽孢杆菌B3最终被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌。此外,通过基质协助激光解吸附/电离-飞行时间质谱(matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry, MALDI-TOF-MS)技术检测,发现这11株生防菌都能够产生一种或多种抑制真菌的脂肽化合物(如Fengycin和Bacillomycin D)或抑制细菌的聚酮类化合物(如Difficidin, Bacillaene等)。
2.我们应用差减杂交技术、全基因组测序技术和质谱技术以揭示解淀粉芽孢杆菌B3生防和促生的机理。将解淀粉芽孢杆菌B3与不具生防能力的芽孢杆菌模式菌株枯草芽孢杆菌168进行差减杂交,共得到了49个B3特异片段,其中包含了在生防芽孢杆菌中起主要作用的非核糖体肽类抗生素合成酶编码基因片段,同时我们也发现了新的非核糖体合成酶编码基因和一个内生质粒。我们在德国比勒菲尔德大学进行了B3全基因组测序,在此平台上,我们将新发现的非核糖体合成酶基因簇进行了分析和预测,发现其包括7个模块,其中有两个是负责半胱氨酸的缩合,一个是天冬氨酸或酰胺的缩合,另外四个模块没有预测出结果。此外,我们对B3基因组中所有的非核糖体肽类抗生素的合成酶和促生相关基因进行了分析。结果显示,B3中含有8个非核糖体肽合成酶基因簇、1个二肽类抗生素编码基因簇,还有参与生物膜形成和定殖相关基因簇(EPS, PGA operon),以及能够促进植物生长的吲哚乙酸合成关键基因和2,3-丁二醇合成相关基因等。
3.具有良好拮抗和促生作用的Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B3含有一个可以自我复制的内生隐蔽性质粒pBSG3。对该质粒完全测序,结果显示,其大小为8439bp, GC含量40.3%。序列分析和比对显示,pBSG3中含有7个可预测的开放阅读框(ORF),分别是repB3, mobB3, rapQ, phrQ, pgsR和两个未知ORFs (orf1c和orf2)。通过Southern杂交和复制元件的序列分析,最终确定pBSG3采取滚环式复制方式(Rolling-circle mechanism)进行复制,属于滚环式复制质粒家族。基因mobB3的存在预示质粒pBSG3具有在芽孢杆菌群体中可以转移的特性。我们对质粒中的RapQ-PhrQ系统进行了初步的功能研究,该系统参与了芽孢杆菌的孢子形成的过程,RapQ蛋白能够推迟孢子的形成。此外,我们将pBSG3(?)勺部分或全部复制单元克隆到pMD18-T载体,成功开发了穿梭载体pTRD和pTRDS,并进行了两个质粒的稳定性测定。结果显示,pTRDS的结构和分离稳定性都非常好。随后,我们将本实验室的Harpin蛋白编码基因hpa1克隆到质粒pTRDS,并转入了芽孢杆菌OKB105中,利用RT-PCR的方法在RNA水平检测到了hpa1的转录。综上所述,内生质粒pBSG3不但可能是芽孢杆菌种群中遗传物质的交换工具,而且可以被用来开发和利用成为芽孢杆菌研究的克隆、表达载体。
4.本着将具有促生防病效果的Harpin蛋白和产非核糖体肽类抗生素的生防芽孢杆菌相结合的原则,将HpaGxoo。编码基因hpa1与可产生多种脂肽类和聚酮类化合物的根围促生拮抗解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42相结合,创制更具有价值的生防制剂。在本研究中,我们构建了pGAprEHS、pUNprEKHS两个重组表达载体,并将它们转化到解淀粉芽孢杆菌FZB42中,利用双交换同源重组技术,将hpa1分别整合到FZB42的蛋白水解酶编码基因aprE和nprE位点。这两个重组载体都含有P43强启动子和nprB信号肽组件,这有助于Harpin蛋白的连续表达和向外分泌。经过PCR验证和RT-PCR的分析,结果显示：成功构建了双拷贝Harpin外泌工程菌株FZBHarpin,且hpa1能在RNA水平上正常转录。随后,我们对野生菌FZB42,工程菌FZBHarpin和双突变菌株FZBAN分别进行了温室和大田实验,评估了其促生和防治水稻白叶枯病的效果,实验数据表明FZBHarpin具有比其出发菌株FZB42更好的促生和生防效果；同时,我们观察到aprE,nprE双突变体FZBAN的促生和生防效果比出发菌株FZB42有所提高,但原因尚不清楚。
Bacillus is a genus of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria and a member of the division Firmicutes. It has been widely used in industry, medicine and agricultural field because of its powerful secretion system and production of remarkably large amounts of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, phytase and extracellular proteases. Previously, a biocontrol agent named as "MaiFengning", containing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B3strain was developed by our lab. Polyphasic taxonomy method, suppression subtractive hybridization, mass spectrometry and whole genome sequencing technology were performed in this study. The main contents include:1) molecular identification of antagonistic strain B3;2) the mechanism of biocontrol and plant growth promotion of strain B3;3) sequenced and characterize endogenous cryptic plasmid pBSG3;4) construction of engineered strain FZBHarpin which combining Harpin elicitor and nonribosomal peptide antibiotics together. The main results were summarized as follows:
1Previously, screening of antagonistic isolates against different plant pathogens from plant rhizosphere soil was performed by our lab members.11antagonistic strains were obtained and classified as Bacillus genus with morphological tests. In this study, the11Bacillus antagonistic isolates and the reference strains were characterized using BOX-PCR genomic fingerprinting with primers BOXAIR, sequence analysis of16S rRNA and gyrB gene fragment, and FAME (Fatty acid methyl esters) tests. There was a high degree of diversity, both phenotypic and genotypic among the isolates of Bacillus.11strains were identified as members of species:Bacillus pumilus (1), Bacillus cereus group (2), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (4), Bacillus atrophaeus (1), and Bacillus subtilis (3). Our results demonstrate the usefulness of gyrB sequence and BOX-PCR genomic fingerprinting for characterizing the Bacillus genus. In addition, MALDI-TOF-MS was performed for the detection of nonribosomal peptide antibiotics produced by11isolates. The results showed that11strains are able to produce at least one or more lipopeptide and polyketide compounds (such as Fengycin, Bacillomycin D, Difficidin, and Bacillaene), which play important roles in biocontrol.
2The plant rhizosphere isolate Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B3is distinguished from the related model organism Bacillus subtilis168by its ability to stimulate plant growth and to suppress plant pathogenic organisms. In order to clear the mechanisms of biocontrol and plant growth promotion, suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed between strains of B. amyloliquefaciens B3and B. subtilis168. Totally,49unique fragments of B3were obtained. Three NRPS, one PKS and a cryptic plasmid were found in the unique fragments. A new nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) fragment was unique insertions in the B3genome and is not present in any bacterial strain so far. In addition, we sampled sequenced the genome of FZB42and identified more than3268genes with>90%identity on the amino acid level to the corresponding genes of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42. Nine large gene clusters encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and polyketide synthases (PKS) occupied about8%of the whole genome. The responsibility of the eight gene clusters for the production of the corresponding secondary metabolites was demonstrated by Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. But, the new was unclear now. There are some genes involved in biofilm formation (such as EPS, PGA operon) and promotion of plant growth such as IAA biosynthetic genes,2,3-butanediol synthetic genes.
3In this work, we have sequenced and characterized a cryptic plasmid called pBSG3from wild-type Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B3, which is an8439bp circular molecule, with G+C content of40.3%. We provide evidence that pBSG3replicates via the rolling-circle mechanism and belongs to group Ⅲ of the rolling-circle replication plasmid family. The plasmid contains7putative open reading frames (ORFs) including genes repB3, mobB3, rapQ, phrQ, pgsR, and2unknown ORFs (orf1c and orf2). Our observations revealed that the RapQ-PhrQ (response regulator aspartate phosphatase-phosphatase regulator) system is involved in sporulation and RapQ can delay the onset of sporulation.2Escherichia coli and Bacillus potential shuttle vectors, pTRD (containing the minimal replicon) and pTRDS (containing the minimal replicon and the single-strand origin) were developed from pBSG3and tested the stability. Moreover, HpaGxooc protein, which can induce disease and insect resistance in plants, was tried to express with the stable vector pTRDS in Bacillus. In summary, the pBSG3plasmid containing various genes is not only a candidate tool for vector development in Bacillus genus research but also a potential vehicle for the exchange of genetic elements among Bacillus populations that contributes into the survival of bacilli in natural environments.
4HpaGxooc, from rice pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, is a member of the harpin group of proteins, eliciting hypersensitive cell death in non-host plants, inducing disease and insect resistance in plants and enhancing the plant growth. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42has been used as powerful weapons for the suppression of plant pathogenic organisms and plant growth promotion in the world. In this study, two recombinant Harpin protein expression vectors pGAprEHS and pUNprEKHS were constructed and integrated into the aprE, nprE site of FZB42. These two vectors were composed of powerful promoter P43and nprB signal peptide, which leads to the expression of Harpin protein continuously and secrete into the medium. The result of RT-PCR analysis reveals the hpal gene can be transcribed normally. Subsequently, we performed greenhouse and field experiments for evaluation of the biocontrol activity and plant growth promotion of the engineering strain FZBHarpin. The results show that FZBHarpin is the best in biocontrol activity. Both FZBHarpin and FZBAN which is a mutant of aprE and nprE are the same in plant growth promotion, and are better than FZB42.
引文
1. Adhikari T B, Joseph C M, Yang G P, et al. Evaluation of bacteria isolated from ricefor plant growth promotion and biological control of seeding disease of rice. Microbiology,2001,47: 916-924
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