TiAl合金片层组织形成机理及摩擦磨损性能研究
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摘要
本文选用浸渗-反应合成方法制备的Ti-50Al合金,通过OM、SEM及TEM等手段,系统地研究了热处理过程中的升温速率、保温温度、保温时间及冷却方式等重要因素对该合金组织和性能的影响,并提出一种简单高效的热处理工艺使Ti-50Al合金组织获得细小均匀的全片层组织,同时对片层组织形成机理进行了分析。此外,本文还研究了不同载荷和滑动速度下Ti-50Al合金的摩擦磨损特性和机理。
研究结果表明,Ti-50Al合金组织致密,没有较大孔洞和缺陷,材料成分均匀,几乎没有偏聚现象发生。热处理工艺研究表明:Ti-50Al合金在1400℃以上短时间保温缓慢冷却即可形成晶粒大小为150μm左右的片层组织,而利用快速升温双温热处理工艺则可以将其细化至30μm左右,实验时最佳的热处理工艺为:(快速升温)1250℃×3h空冷+(快速升温)1400℃×5min炉冷。
Ti-50Al合金的片层组织由单个α2片和多个γ片组成,γ相在( )αα2相上析出,通过切变机制形成6种不同位相,构成真孪晶、伪孪晶、有序筹等界面特征,随后γ相长大形成较大片层。此外,γ相也在α2γ和γγ界面处析出,形成细小的片层。
摩擦磨损试验结果表明:当滑动速度在1.0m/s以下时,具有片层组织的Ti-50Al合金的摩擦系数保持在0.5左右不变,磨损量随载荷和滑动速度的增大而增大,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损;而当滑动速度大于1.5m/s时,其摩擦系数升高,磨损量急剧下降,磨损机制发生变化,以对磨盘的氧化磨损和粘着磨损为主。与铸态合金相比,具有片层组织的Ti-50Al合金具有较好的耐磨性,且在低速时具有较好的摩擦稳定性。
In the paper, Ti-50Al is successfully fabricated by the infiltration-reaction synthesis method, it is studied that influence of heating speed, temperature, time, cooling speed and other important facts on the microstructure and properties by OM, SEM, TEM and so on. A simple and efficient heat-treatment processing is determined to make Ti-50Al alloy with the fine and homogeneous full-lamellar microstructure. Besides, it is analyzed to the forming mechanism of lamellar microstructure. Furthermore, the properties and the mechanisms of friction and wear of Ti-50Al alloy in the different loads and sliding speeds are studied in the paper.
The results show that macrostructure of Ti-50Al alloy appears to be free of porosity and homogeneous hardly with segregation. In terms of the study of heat treatment processing, it is found that the full-lamellar microstructures with grain sizes of about 150μm can be obtained after Ti-50Al alloy make short-time holding above 1400℃and then cooling slowly, and to use rapid-heating double-temperature heat treatment, the grain sizes can be refined to 30μm. During the experiment, the best heat treatment processing is that (rapid heating)1250℃×3h(air cooling)+(rapid heating)1400℃×5min(furnace cooling).
The lamellar microstructure of Ti-50Al alloy is made of singleα2 plate and severalγplates.γphase is precipitated out ofαphase. By shearing mechanism, theγγinterface consists of four twin-crystal characteristic: twin, pseudo-twin, anti-phase and order domain doundary. And then these phases grow to the larger lamellars. Hereby it is observed thatγphase is precipitated out of phase boundary, finally forms fine lamellar. So while Ti-50Al alloy is holding at high temperature,γphase is precipitated out ofαphase, while holding at low temperature,γphase is precipitated out ofα2γandγγphase boundaries.
The friction and wear tests of Ti-50Al show that wear loss of the full-lamellar microstructure for Ti-50Al alloy increases with load and sliding speed when sliding speed is lower than 1.0m/s, and friction coefficient is relatively invariable at about 0.5, wear mechanism is mainly abrasive wear. When the sliding speed is higher than 1.5m/s, the wear mechanism has changed to mainly oxidization wear and adhesive wear of the counterparts so that wear loss decreases significantly, and friction coefficient increases. Compared to as-cast Ti-50Al alloy, The Ti-50Al alloy with full-lamellar microstructure has better wear resistance, and friction stability at low sliding speed.
研究结果表明,Ti-50Al合金组织致密,没有较大孔洞和缺陷,材料成分均匀,几乎没有偏聚现象发生。热处理工艺研究表明:Ti-50Al合金在1400℃以上短时间保温缓慢冷却即可形成晶粒大小为150μm左右的片层组织,而利用快速升温双温热处理工艺则可以将其细化至30μm左右,实验时最佳的热处理工艺为:(快速升温)1250℃×3h空冷+(快速升温)1400℃×5min炉冷。
Ti-50Al合金的片层组织由单个α2片和多个γ片组成,γ相在( )αα2相上析出,通过切变机制形成6种不同位相,构成真孪晶、伪孪晶、有序筹等界面特征,随后γ相长大形成较大片层。此外,γ相也在α2γ和γγ界面处析出,形成细小的片层。
摩擦磨损试验结果表明:当滑动速度在1.0m/s以下时,具有片层组织的Ti-50Al合金的摩擦系数保持在0.5左右不变,磨损量随载荷和滑动速度的增大而增大,磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损;而当滑动速度大于1.5m/s时,其摩擦系数升高,磨损量急剧下降,磨损机制发生变化,以对磨盘的氧化磨损和粘着磨损为主。与铸态合金相比,具有片层组织的Ti-50Al合金具有较好的耐磨性,且在低速时具有较好的摩擦稳定性。
In the paper, Ti-50Al is successfully fabricated by the infiltration-reaction synthesis method, it is studied that influence of heating speed, temperature, time, cooling speed and other important facts on the microstructure and properties by OM, SEM, TEM and so on. A simple and efficient heat-treatment processing is determined to make Ti-50Al alloy with the fine and homogeneous full-lamellar microstructure. Besides, it is analyzed to the forming mechanism of lamellar microstructure. Furthermore, the properties and the mechanisms of friction and wear of Ti-50Al alloy in the different loads and sliding speeds are studied in the paper.
The results show that macrostructure of Ti-50Al alloy appears to be free of porosity and homogeneous hardly with segregation. In terms of the study of heat treatment processing, it is found that the full-lamellar microstructures with grain sizes of about 150μm can be obtained after Ti-50Al alloy make short-time holding above 1400℃and then cooling slowly, and to use rapid-heating double-temperature heat treatment, the grain sizes can be refined to 30μm. During the experiment, the best heat treatment processing is that (rapid heating)1250℃×3h(air cooling)+(rapid heating)1400℃×5min(furnace cooling).
The lamellar microstructure of Ti-50Al alloy is made of singleα2 plate and severalγplates.γphase is precipitated out ofαphase. By shearing mechanism, theγγinterface consists of four twin-crystal characteristic: twin, pseudo-twin, anti-phase and order domain doundary. And then these phases grow to the larger lamellars. Hereby it is observed thatγphase is precipitated out of phase boundary, finally forms fine lamellar. So while Ti-50Al alloy is holding at high temperature,γphase is precipitated out ofαphase, while holding at low temperature,γphase is precipitated out ofα2γandγγphase boundaries.
The friction and wear tests of Ti-50Al show that wear loss of the full-lamellar microstructure for Ti-50Al alloy increases with load and sliding speed when sliding speed is lower than 1.0m/s, and friction coefficient is relatively invariable at about 0.5, wear mechanism is mainly abrasive wear. When the sliding speed is higher than 1.5m/s, the wear mechanism has changed to mainly oxidization wear and adhesive wear of the counterparts so that wear loss decreases significantly, and friction coefficient increases. Compared to as-cast Ti-50Al alloy, The Ti-50Al alloy with full-lamellar microstructure has better wear resistance, and friction stability at low sliding speed.
引文
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3 J. Barbosa, C.S. Ribeiro, A.C. Monteiro. Influence of Superheating on Casting ofγ-TiAl. Intermetallics. 2007: 1~11
4 K. Liu, Y.C. Ma, M. Gao, et al. Single Step Centrifugal Casting TiAl Automotive Valves. Intermetallics. 2005, 13: 925~928
5彭超群,黄伯云,贺跃辉.合金化对TiAl基合金性能的影响及机理.中国有色金属学报. 1998, 8(suppl.1): 11~17
6 X.H. Wu. Review of Alloy and Process Development of TiAl Alloys. Intermetallics. 2006, 14: 1114~1122
7贺跃辉,黄伯云,陈小群等. Ti-Al基合金α+γ两相区退火的显微组织转变特征.稀有金属. 1997, 2(21): 109~114
8 X.J. Xu, J.P. Lin, Y.L. Wang, et al. Effect of Forging on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Ti-45Al-(8–9)Nb-(W,B,Y) Alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2006: 175~180
9秦高梧,郝士明. Ti-Al系金属间化合物.稀有金属材料与工程. 1995, 24(2): 1~7
10刘冰,范润华,孙家涛等. TiAl基合金的研制及其在汽车上的应用.材料·工艺·设备. 2005, 3: 29~38
11刘轶,侍新琳. TiAl金属间化合物研究.沈阳航空工业学院学报. 2001, 18(1): 27~29
12 H.N. Lee, D.R. Johnson, H. Inui, et al. Microstructural Control through Seeding and Directional Solidification of TiAl Alloys Containing Mo and C. Acta mater. 2000, 48: 3221~3233
13 Q.F. X, J.N. Wang, J.Wang, et al. On the Massive Transfirmation in TiAl-based Alloys. Intermetallcs. 2001, 9: 361~367
14 D. Hu. Effect of Composition on Grain Refinement in TiAl-based Alloys. Intermetallics. 2001, 9: 1037~1043
15 W.M. Yin, V. Lupinc, L. Battezzati. Microstructure Study of aγ-TiAl Based Alloy Cotaining W and Si. Materials Science and Engineering. 1997, A239/240: 713~721
16 H.F. Chladil, H. Clemens, H. Leitner, et al. Phase Tansformations in High Niobium and Carbon Containingγ-TiAl Based Alloys. Intermetallics. 2006, 14: 1194~1198
17 Zh.G. Jiang, B. Chen, K. Liu, et al. Effects of Boron on Phase Transformation of High Nb Containing TiAl-based Alloy. Intermetallics. 2007, 15: 738~743
18 D. Hu, R.R. Botten. Phase Transformations in Some TiAl-based Alloys. Intermetallics. 2002, 10: 710~715
19 R.M. Imayev, V.M. Imayev, M. Oehring, et al. Alloy Design Concepts for Refined Gamma Titanium Aluminide Based Alloys. Intermetallics. 2007, 15: 451~460
20 J. Boddoes, W. Wallace, L. Zhao. Current Understanding of Creep Behavior of Nearγ-Titanium Aluminides [J]. International Materials Reviews. 1995, 40(5): 197
21 Y.W. Kim. Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Properties of a Forged Gamma Titanium Aluminide Alloy. Acta Mater. 1992, 40(6): 1121~1134
22 A. Denquin, S. Naka. Phase Transformation Mechanisms Involved in Two-phase TiAl-based Alloys-I: Lamellar Structure Formation. Acta Mater. 1996, 44(1): 343~352
23 D. Srivastava, D. Hu, I.T.H. Chang, et al. The Influence of Thermal Processing Route on the Microstructure of Some TiAl-based Alloys. Intermetallics. 1999, 7: 1107~1112
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