Herbst矫治器双期拔牙矫治与单纯拔牙矫治安氏II~1类错（牙合）的疗效对比
|
摘要
目的:通过X线头影测量分析,对比研究Herbst矫治器双期拔牙矫治和单纯拔牙矫治两种方法,对生长发育期安氏Ⅱ1类下颌后缩伴牙列拥挤患者的矫治机理和效果,为临床矫治设计提供参考。
方法:选择17例(男10例、女7例)及15例(男9例、女6例)FG-G期恒牙期伴牙列拥挤的安氏Ⅱ1类下颌后缩患者,分别作为治疗组1和治疗组2。治疗组1开始治疗平均年龄13岁5个月,经铸造夹板式Herbst矫治器对其进行一期矫治后,立即拔除4个第一双尖牙,接受方丝弓矫治技术进一步完成二期矫治;治疗组2开始治疗平均年龄13岁8个月,直接拔除上颌2个第一双尖牙及下颌2个第一或第二双尖牙,采用方丝矫治技术完成矫治;治疗组1 T1期(矫治前两周)、T2期(Herbst矫治器拆除时)、T3期(方丝弓矫治结束时)及治疗组2 T1、T3期均拍摄X线头颅定位侧位片,进行矫治前后颌、牙合 、面的头影测量对比分析,并作统计学处理。
结果:经过T1-T3期的治疗,两组患者前牙覆盖及磨牙关系均达到正常,并产生了如下变化。
1.治疗组1下颌升支长度增加了4.16mm、下颌体长度增加了3.51mm、下颌有效长度增加了6.14mm、颏前点Pg前移了3.65mm的变化,相对治疗组2分别多增加了1.57mm、1.35mm、2.28mm、1.84mm(p<0.05)。
2.治疗组1前牙覆盖减小了6.05mm ,其中骨性变化占44%、牙性变化占56% ,磨牙关系改善了4.83mm ,骨性变化占55%、牙性变化占45%;而治疗组2前牙覆盖减小了4.86mm ,骨性变化占15%、牙性变化占85% ,磨牙关系改善了4.04mm ,骨性变化占20%、牙性变化占80%。
3.治疗组1较治疗组2 SNB角多增加了1.93 o(p<0.001),硬组织面凸角N-A-Pg’、ANB角分别多减小了1.43o(p<0.05)和1.64 o(p<0.001);下颌平面角、牙合平面角治疗组1治疗前后无明显变化(p>0.05),而治疗组2分别增大了1.23o、1.95o,且较治疗组1均显著增大(p<0.05);治疗组2较治疗组1 U1/SN角多减小了5.60o(p<0.001),而L1/MP角多增加了5.47o(p<0.001),U1/L1角多增大了0.31o(p>0.05)。
4.软组织面凸角Ns-Sn-Pos’治疗组1较治疗组2多减小了1.66o,全面凸角Ns-No-Pos、下唇基角S-Ns-B‘分别多增大了1.61o、1.52(op<0.05);治疗组1 LL-E距、UL-E距分别减小了0.71mm、2.34mm,而治疗组2分别减小了1.09mmm、1.37mm,但两组间无统计学差异。
结论:1.Herbst矫治器双期拔牙矫治安氏Ⅱ1类伴牙列拥挤的下颌后缩患者,在上下颌骨更趋协调的基础上进行拔牙矫治,能获得比单纯拔牙矫治更好的牙、颌变化,面型改善更加明显。
2.Herbst矫治器双期拔牙矫治过程可以简化安氏Ⅱ1类下颌后缩畸形的矫治难度,缩短多托槽固定矫治期的时间。
Objective: To compare the mechanism and effects between Herbst Appliance followed by extraction and extraction-only treated skeletal class II division 1 malocclusion combind with mandibular retrusion and dentition crowding by cephalometric analysis, in order to provide some information to clinical treatment.
Methods: 32 patients of FG-G phase of permanent dentition with skeletal class II division 1 malocclusion combind with mandibular retrusion and dentition crowding were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 17 patients (10 males, 7 females) , who were treated with cast splint Herbst appliance followed by four first premolars removed and edgewise technique, and the second group consisted of 15 patients (9 males, 6 females), who were treated with edgewise technique and extracted two upper first premolars and two lower second or first premolars at the beginning. The average age were 13 year-5 month and 13 year-8 month respectively. Taking cephalograms two weeks before treatment (T1), immediately after removal of Herbst (T2) and at the end of edgewise therapy (T3) in the first group, and the second group were radiographed at the T1 and T3 stage. Then taking cephalometric analysis and statistical analysis.
Results: After T1-T3 period of treatment, the overjet and molar relationship had achieved normal level both the two groups, and had generated some changes as follow:
1. The increment of ramus length、mandibular length and mandibular effective length and antedisplacement of pg were 4.16mm、3.15mm、6.14mm and 3.65mm in the first group, they were 1.57mm、1.35mm、2.28mm and 1.84mm more than in the second group respectively (p <0.05).
2. In the first group overjet had decreased by 6.05mm, with 44% skeletal changes and 56% dental changes, and molar relationship had improved 4.83mm, with 55% skeletal and 45% dental. In the second group overjet had decreased 4.86mm,with 15% skeletal changes and 85% dental changes, and molar relationship had improved 3.04mm, with 25% skeletal and 75% dental.
3. The increment of SNB in the first group were 1.93 o(p<0.001)more than in the second group, and the decrement of ANB and convex angle of hard tissue was 1.64 o(p<0.001)and 1.43o(p<0.05)respectively less than in the second group. The mandibular plane angle and occlusal plane angle were no significant changes in the first group(p>0.05),but they increased by 1.23o and 1.95o in the second group, and the difference between two groups were significan(tp<0.05). The decrement of U1/SN in the second group was 5.60(op<0.001)more than in the second group, the increment of L1/MP and U1/L1 in the second group were 5.47o(p<0.001) and 0.31(op>0.05)more than in the first group.
4.The decrement of Ns-Sn-Pos was 1.66o、the increment ofNs-No-Pos and S-Ns-B in the first group were 1.61o and 1.52o(p<0.05)respectively more than in the second group. LL-E、UL-E had decreased 0.71mm、2.34mm in the first group, and 1.09mmm、1.37mm in the second group, but the difference between two groups were no significant.
Conclusion: 1. It can achieve better dental、skeletal and profile changes by two phase treatment that was Herbst appliance with extraction when the jaw relationships improved than by extraction-only method when treated Class II division 1 malocclusion with mandibular retrusion.
2. It can simplify the treatment difficulty and reduce multiple brackets fixed treatment time by two phase treatment that was Herbst appliance with extraction when treated Class II division 1 malocclusion with mandibular retrusion.
方法:选择17例(男10例、女7例)及15例(男9例、女6例)FG-G期恒牙期伴牙列拥挤的安氏Ⅱ1类下颌后缩患者,分别作为治疗组1和治疗组2。治疗组1开始治疗平均年龄13岁5个月,经铸造夹板式Herbst矫治器对其进行一期矫治后,立即拔除4个第一双尖牙,接受方丝弓矫治技术进一步完成二期矫治;治疗组2开始治疗平均年龄13岁8个月,直接拔除上颌2个第一双尖牙及下颌2个第一或第二双尖牙,采用方丝矫治技术完成矫治;治疗组1 T1期(矫治前两周)、T2期(Herbst矫治器拆除时)、T3期(方丝弓矫治结束时)及治疗组2 T1、T3期均拍摄X线头颅定位侧位片,进行矫治前后颌、牙合 、面的头影测量对比分析,并作统计学处理。
结果:经过T1-T3期的治疗,两组患者前牙覆盖及磨牙关系均达到正常,并产生了如下变化。
1.治疗组1下颌升支长度增加了4.16mm、下颌体长度增加了3.51mm、下颌有效长度增加了6.14mm、颏前点Pg前移了3.65mm的变化,相对治疗组2分别多增加了1.57mm、1.35mm、2.28mm、1.84mm(p<0.05)。
2.治疗组1前牙覆盖减小了6.05mm ,其中骨性变化占44%、牙性变化占56% ,磨牙关系改善了4.83mm ,骨性变化占55%、牙性变化占45%;而治疗组2前牙覆盖减小了4.86mm ,骨性变化占15%、牙性变化占85% ,磨牙关系改善了4.04mm ,骨性变化占20%、牙性变化占80%。
3.治疗组1较治疗组2 SNB角多增加了1.93 o(p<0.001),硬组织面凸角N-A-Pg’、ANB角分别多减小了1.43o(p<0.05)和1.64 o(p<0.001);下颌平面角、牙合平面角治疗组1治疗前后无明显变化(p>0.05),而治疗组2分别增大了1.23o、1.95o,且较治疗组1均显著增大(p<0.05);治疗组2较治疗组1 U1/SN角多减小了5.60o(p<0.001),而L1/MP角多增加了5.47o(p<0.001),U1/L1角多增大了0.31o(p>0.05)。
4.软组织面凸角Ns-Sn-Pos’治疗组1较治疗组2多减小了1.66o,全面凸角Ns-No-Pos、下唇基角S-Ns-B‘分别多增大了1.61o、1.52(op<0.05);治疗组1 LL-E距、UL-E距分别减小了0.71mm、2.34mm,而治疗组2分别减小了1.09mmm、1.37mm,但两组间无统计学差异。
结论:1.Herbst矫治器双期拔牙矫治安氏Ⅱ1类伴牙列拥挤的下颌后缩患者,在上下颌骨更趋协调的基础上进行拔牙矫治,能获得比单纯拔牙矫治更好的牙、颌变化,面型改善更加明显。
2.Herbst矫治器双期拔牙矫治过程可以简化安氏Ⅱ1类下颌后缩畸形的矫治难度,缩短多托槽固定矫治期的时间。
Objective: To compare the mechanism and effects between Herbst Appliance followed by extraction and extraction-only treated skeletal class II division 1 malocclusion combind with mandibular retrusion and dentition crowding by cephalometric analysis, in order to provide some information to clinical treatment.
Methods: 32 patients of FG-G phase of permanent dentition with skeletal class II division 1 malocclusion combind with mandibular retrusion and dentition crowding were divided into two groups. The first group consisted of 17 patients (10 males, 7 females) , who were treated with cast splint Herbst appliance followed by four first premolars removed and edgewise technique, and the second group consisted of 15 patients (9 males, 6 females), who were treated with edgewise technique and extracted two upper first premolars and two lower second or first premolars at the beginning. The average age were 13 year-5 month and 13 year-8 month respectively. Taking cephalograms two weeks before treatment (T1), immediately after removal of Herbst (T2) and at the end of edgewise therapy (T3) in the first group, and the second group were radiographed at the T1 and T3 stage. Then taking cephalometric analysis and statistical analysis.
Results: After T1-T3 period of treatment, the overjet and molar relationship had achieved normal level both the two groups, and had generated some changes as follow:
1. The increment of ramus length、mandibular length and mandibular effective length and antedisplacement of pg were 4.16mm、3.15mm、6.14mm and 3.65mm in the first group, they were 1.57mm、1.35mm、2.28mm and 1.84mm more than in the second group respectively (p <0.05).
2. In the first group overjet had decreased by 6.05mm, with 44% skeletal changes and 56% dental changes, and molar relationship had improved 4.83mm, with 55% skeletal and 45% dental. In the second group overjet had decreased 4.86mm,with 15% skeletal changes and 85% dental changes, and molar relationship had improved 3.04mm, with 25% skeletal and 75% dental.
3. The increment of SNB in the first group were 1.93 o(p<0.001)more than in the second group, and the decrement of ANB and convex angle of hard tissue was 1.64 o(p<0.001)and 1.43o(p<0.05)respectively less than in the second group. The mandibular plane angle and occlusal plane angle were no significant changes in the first group(p>0.05),but they increased by 1.23o and 1.95o in the second group, and the difference between two groups were significan(tp<0.05). The decrement of U1/SN in the second group was 5.60(op<0.001)more than in the second group, the increment of L1/MP and U1/L1 in the second group were 5.47o(p<0.001) and 0.31(op>0.05)more than in the first group.
4.The decrement of Ns-Sn-Pos was 1.66o、the increment ofNs-No-Pos and S-Ns-B in the first group were 1.61o and 1.52o(p<0.05)respectively more than in the second group. LL-E、UL-E had decreased 0.71mm、2.34mm in the first group, and 1.09mmm、1.37mm in the second group, but the difference between two groups were no significant.
Conclusion: 1. It can achieve better dental、skeletal and profile changes by two phase treatment that was Herbst appliance with extraction when the jaw relationships improved than by extraction-only method when treated Class II division 1 malocclusion with mandibular retrusion.
2. It can simplify the treatment difficulty and reduce multiple brackets fixed treatment time by two phase treatment that was Herbst appliance with extraction when treated Class II division 1 malocclusion with mandibular retrusion.
引文
[1] 伍军,徐宝华.安氏Ⅱ类Ⅰ分类错牙合,的分型及其高低面角的颅面特征[J].口腔医学纵横杂志. 1998;15:151-143.
[2] Moyers RE, Riolo ML, Guire KE, et al. Differential diagnosis of Class II malocclusions. Part 1. Facial types associated with Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod 1980;78: 477-494.
[3] Tulloch JF,Proffit WR,Phillips C.Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,2004;125:657—667.
[4] King GJ,McGorray SP,Wheeler TT et al.Comparison of peer assessment ratings(PAR)from 1-phase and 2-phase treatment protocols for Class II malocclusions.Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.,2003;123:489—96.
[5] Baccetti T, Franchi L, Mcnamara JA Jr, Tollaro I. Early dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion: a longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1997;111:502–509.
[6] Ngan PW, Byczek E, Scheick J. Longitudinal evaluation of growth changes in Class II Division 1 subjects. Semin Orthod. 1997;3:222–231.
[7] Gesch D. Comparison of distal and neutral craniofacial pattern in untreated subjects in terms of skeletal harmony and growth. AnnAnat. 1999;181:15–18.
[8] Karlsen AT, Craniofacial morphology in children with Angle Class II-1 malocclusion with and without deepbite. Angle Orthod.,1994;64:437-46.
[9] Johnston LE. Growing jaws for fun and profit: a modest proposal. In: McNamara JA, editor.Growth modification: what works, what doesn’t, and why. Monograph 35, Craniofacial growth series. Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development; University of Michigan; 1999. p. 63-86.
[10] Chen JY,Wi1l LA,Niederman R .Analysis of efficacy of functional appliances on mandibular growth. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,2002;122:470—476.
[11] Lai M,McNamara JA. An evaluation of Two-Phase Treatment With the Herbst Appliance and Preadjusted Edgewise Therapy.Seminars inOrthodontics,1998;4:46—58.
[12] Franchi L , Bacetti T, McNamara JA. An Treatment and posttreatment effects of acrylic splint Herbst appliance therapy.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1999;1 15:429-38.
[13] Aelbers CM ,Dermaut U Orthopedics in Orthodontics:PartI.Fiction or reality-a review of the literatur, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1996;110:513—9.
[14] O'Brien K, Wright J, Conboy F, et al.Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003 Aug;124:128-37.
[15] Schaefer AT, McNamara JA Jr, Franchi L, et al. A cephalometric comparison of treatment with the Twin-block and stainless steel crown Herbst appliances followed by fixed appliance therapy.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.,2004;126:7-15.
[16] Baltromejus S, Ruf S, Pancherz H. Effective temporomandibular joint growth and chin position changes: Activator versus Herbst treatment. A cephalometric roentgenographic study. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:627-37.
[17] Ruf S,Pancherz H, Herbst/multibracket appliance treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions in early and late adulthood. a prospective cephalometric study of consecutively treated subjects. Au Eur J Orthod,2006;28:352-60.
[18] Nelsen B,Hansen K, Hagg U.Class II correction in patients treated with class II elastics and with fixed functional appliances: a comparative study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2000;118:142-9.
[19] cNamara JA Jr, Bryan FA. Longterm mandibular adaptation to protrusive function: an experimental study in Macaca mulatta. Am JO rthod Dentofac Orthop, 1987, 92 :98 ~108
[20] 赵志河,Rabia ABM, Urban Hagg. 固定功能性矫治器前伸大鼠下颌后髁 状突适应性生长改建特征的计算机辅助图像分析[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志,1999;17:155-158.
[21] Ruf S, Pancherz H. Temporomandibular joint remodeling in adolescents and young adults during Herbst treatment: a prospective longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging and cephalometric radiographic investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;115:607-18.
[22] Hansen k, Pancherz H. Longterm effect of Herbet treatment in relation to normal growth evelopment: a cephalometric study. Eur J Orthod 1992:14:285-95.
[23] Tonge EA, Health JK, Meikle Mc,etal .Anterior mandibular displacement and condylar growth . An experiment study in the rat . Am J Orthod,1982;82:227-287.
[24] Nielsen IL. Facial growth during treatment with the function regulator appliance. Am J Orthod, 1984;85:401-410.
[25] Pancherz H, Hansen K. Occlusal changes during and after Herbst treatment: a cephalometric investigation. Eur J Orthod,1986;8:215-228.
[26] Pancherz H. The nature of Class II relapse after Herbst appliance treatment: a cephalometric long-term investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1991;100:220-233.
[27] Niko Bock N, Pancherz H. Herbst treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions in retrognathic and prognathic facial types. Angle Orthodontist 2006;76:930-41.
[28] Rizen S,Sevensson B,Tengstrom C, et al.Functional appliance treatment outcome and need for additional orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance , Swedish Dental Journal ISSN0347-9994,2006;30 :61-68.
[29] Pancherz H. The Herbst appliance. Sevilla (Spain) : Editorial Aguiram:1995.
[30] Tulloch J F C, Phillips C, Proffi t W R.Benefi t of early Class II treat ment: progress report of a two-phase randomised clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1998 ;113: 62–72.
[31] Andre J.Horn。Isabelle Thiers-Jegou. Class II deep bite faces:One-phase or Two-phase Treatment? World J Orthod 2005;6:171-179.
[32] Pancherz H. The mechanism of ClassⅡ correction in Herbst appliance treatment: a cephalometric investigation. Am J Orthod,1982;82:104-113.
[33] Ackerman JL, Proffit WR. The characteristics of malocclusion: a modern approach to classification and diagnosis. Am J Orthod,1969;56:443–454.
[34] Keith Grave,Grant Townsend.Evaluation of the outcomes of 7 class II treatments 40 years later World J Orthod 2005;6:331-34.
[35] Gianelly AA One-phase versus two-phase treatment .Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,1995;108:556-9.
[36] Gottlieb EL,Neslon AH,Vogels II I D& 1990 study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures.Part 2.J Clin Orthod,1991;25:223-30.
[37] José Augusto Mendes MIGUEL, Deise Lima CUNHA, Anderson de Albuquerque CALHEIROS, et al. Rationale for referring class II patients for early orthodontic treatment, J Appl Oral Sci ,2005; 13: 312-7.
[38] Almeida MR, Henriques JF, de Almeida RR, et al.Short-term treatment effects produced by the Herbst appliance in the mixed dentition , 2005 Jul;75:540-7
[39] C. I. Lowe,Contemporary treatment of a crowded Class II division 1 case,Journal of Orthodontics, 2003,;30:119–126.
[40] 王大为.安氏 Ⅱ l错牙合 双期矫治[J].口腔正畸学,2003;10:182-183
[41] 赵 军. 肌激动器在安氏II类错牙合 治疗中的应用[J]. 青岛医药卫生2006;38:5-7
[42] Howe, R. P. Lower premolar extraction/ removable plastic Herbst treatment for mandibular retrognathia., Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1987; 92: 275-85.
[43].Jasper JJ. The Jasper Jumper—A Fixed Functional Appliance. Sheboygan, Wis: American Orthodontics, 1987;92:5–27.
[44].Heinig N, Go¨z G. Clinical application and effects of the ForsusY spring, a study of a new Herbst hybrid. J Orofac Orthop,2001;62:436–450.
[45] Mills CM, McCulloch KJ. Case report: modified use of the Jasper Jumper appliance in a skeletal Class II mixed dentition case requiring palatal expansion. Angle Orthod, 1997;4:277–282.
[46] Cope JB, Buschang PH, Cope DD, et al. Quantitative evaluation of craniofacial changes with Jasper Jumper therapy. Angle Orthod, 1994;2:113–122.
[47] Covell DA, Trammell DW, Boero RP, et al. A cephalometric study of Class II division 1 malocclusion treated with the Jasper Jumper appliance. Angle Orthod,1999;69:311–320.
[48] Haas AJ. Headgear therapy: the most efficient way to distalizemolars. Semin Orthod,2000;6:79–90.
[49] Cangialosi TJ, Meistrell ME, Leung MA, et al. A cephalometric appraisal of edgewise Class II nonextraction treatment with extraoral force. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1988;93:315–324.
[50] VanLaecken R, Martin CA, Dischinger T, et al.Treatment effects of the edgewise Herbst appliance: a cephalometric and tomographic investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:582-93.
[51] H?gg U, Du X, Rabie A B M, et al. What Does Headgear Add to Herbst Treatment and to Retention? Semin Orthod,2003;9:57-66.
[52] PivaLM,BritoHH,LeiteHR,et a1.Effectsof cervical headgesr and fixed appliances 013 the space available for maxillary second molars.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2005;128:366-371.
[53] Firouz M, Zernik J, Nanda R. Dental and orthopedic effects of high-pull headgear in treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1992;102:197–205.
[54] Kirjavainen M, Kirjavainen T, Hurmerinta K, et al. Orthopedic cervical headgear with an expanded inner bow in Class II correction. Angle Orthod, 2000;70:317–325.
[55] McNamara JA Jr, Howe RP, Dischinger TG. A comparison of the Herbst and Fr?nkel appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 1990;98:134-144.
[56] Pancherz H. The effect of continuous bite jumping on the dentofacial complex: a follow-up study after Herbst appliance treatment of class II malocclusions. Eur J Orthod, 1981;3:49-60.
[57] Wieslander L. Intensive treatment of severe Class II malocclusions with a headgear-Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition. Am J Orthod, 1984;86:1-13.
[58] Windmiller EC. The acrylic-splint Herbst appliance: a cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop ,1993;104:73-84.
[59] Ruf S,Pancherz H.The effect of Herbst appliance treatment on the mandibular plane angle:a cephalometric roentgenographic study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1996;110:225-229
[60] 徐宝华,林久祥.尖牙向后结扎应用于 直丝弓矫正器及方丝弓矫正器的比较研究[J].口腔正畸学杂志,1995;2:154-156.
[61] Yasinee Sangcharearn; Christopher Ho, Effect of Incisor Angulation on Overjet and Overbite in Class II Camouflage Treatment, A Typodont Study. Angle Orthodontist, 2007;77:1011–1018
[62] 赵艳红,王春玲,王秀印等. 安氏Ⅱ1 类错牙合 成年与青少年拔牙矫后软硬组织变化的相关性研究. 山东大学学报(医学版) 2006;44:251-253.
[63] 罗卫红,傅民魁 .青少年面部侧貌美学特征的临床分析与研究[J]. 口腔正畸学 2000;7:23-25.
[64]Ricketts RM.Esthetics,enviroment and the law of lip relation.Am J Orthod,1968;54:272-289.
[65] 张洁,程祥荣,贺红. 拔牙矫治对面部侧貌影响的软组织头影测量研究[J].口腔医学研究,2002;18:42-43.
[66] James RD.A comparative study of facial profiles in extraction and non—extraction treatment.AM J Orthod Dentofac Orthod ,1998;114: 265-276.
[1] Graber TM, Rakosi T, Petrovic AG. Dental facial orthopedics with functional appliances. 2nd ed .St Louis :Mosby, 1997.1-2.
[2] Pfeifex JP,Grobety D.A philosophy 0f combined orthopedic-orthodontic treatment[J].Am J Orthod,1982;81:185-201.
[3] Keith Grave,Grant Townsend.Evaluation of the outcomes of 7 class II treatments 40 years later World J Orthod 2005;6:331-34.
[4] Lai, M. McNamara, J A Jr. An evaluation of two-phase treatment with the Herbst appliance and preadjusted edgewise therapy. Seminars in Orthodontics. 1998; 4:46-58,.
[5] Lorenzo Franchi Tiziano Baccetti Prediction of Individual Mandibular Changes Induced by Functional Jaw Orthopedics Followed by Fixed Appliances in Class II Patients. Angle Orthodontist, 2006;76: 950–954 .
[6] Ruf S,Pancherz H, Herbst/multibracket appliance treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions in early and late adulthood. a prospective cephalometric study of consecutively treated subjects. Au Eur J Orthod,2006;28:352-60.
[7] 孙燕楠, 林久祥, 周彦恒等. 双期和单期矫治Ⅱ类错牙合 儿童临床随机对照试验的系统评价[J],口腔正畸学,2006;2:65-68.
[8] Petrovic A,Stutzmann J,Lavergue J,et a1.Is it possible to modulate the growth of the human mandible with a functional applian ce.Inter J Orthod,1991;29:3-8.
[9] Pancherz H. Treatment timing and outcome. Am J Orthod Dentofaeial Orthop,2002;121:559.
[10] Ruf S,Paneherz H.Dentcekdetal effeets and facial profile changes in young adults treated with the Herbst appliance.Angle Orthod,1999;69:239-246.
[11] Paneherz H.Dentofacial orthopedics or orthognathie surgery,is it amatterof age?Am JOrthodDentofacialOrthop,2000;117:571-574.
[12] Ruf, S. Optimal time for treatment with the Herbst appliance. Orthodontie Francaise. 2006 ;77:163-7.
[13] Pancherz H,Anehus-Pancherz M. Facial profile changes during and after Herbstappliance treatment,Eur J Orthod,1994 ;16:275-286.
[14] Hagg U,Pancherz H.Dentofacial orthopaedics in relation to chmnological age,growt h period and skeletal development:an analysis of72 male patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion treatedwith the Herbst appliance].Eur J Orthod,1988;10:169-176.
[15] McNamara Jr J A, Ellis E Cephalometric analysis of untreated adults with ideal facial and occlusal relationships. International Journal of Adult Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery,1988; 3: 221–231.
[16] Baccetti T , Franehi L , McNamaraJA JR . Early dentofaeial features of Class lI malocclusion :A longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition.Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,1997;111:502-509.
[17] Houston WJ:Mandibular growth rotations-their mechanisms and importment,Eur J Orthod1988;10:369-373.
[18] Ngan PW ,Byczek E,Scheiek J.Long itudinal evaluation of growth changes in Class 1I division 1 subjects.Semin Orthod,1997;3:222-231.
[19] Bishara SE, Hoppens BJ,Jakobsen JR. Changes in the molar rdationshio between the deciduous and permanent dentitions:alongitudinal study.Am J Orthod,1988;93:19-28.
[20] McNamara Jr J A, Components of Class II malocclusion in children8–10 years of age. Angle Orthodontist1981; 51: 177–202.
[21] Rizen S,Sevensson B,Tengstrom C, et al.Functional appliance treatment outcome and need for additional orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance , Swedish Dental Journal ISSN0347-9994,2006;30:61-68.
[22] Gottlieb EL,Neslon AH,Vogels II I D& 1990 study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures.Part 2.J Clin Orthod,1991;25:223-30.
[23] Pertti Pirttiniemi, Tuomo Kantomaa, Raimo Mantysaari, et al.The effects of early headgear treatment on dental arches andcraniofacial morphology: an 8 year report of a randomized study European Journal of Orthodontics 2005 ;27: 429–436.
[24] Horn, Andre J. Thiers-Jegou, Isabelle Class II deep bite faces: one-phase or two-phase treatment?. World Journal of Orthodontics. 2005; 6:171-9.
[25] 贺 红, 卢 钰, 王 彤等,双期矫治安氏 Ⅱ l类错牙合 的Holdaway软组织头影测量研究[J],口腔正畸学2005;3:101-105
[26] C. I. Lowe,Contemporary treatment of a crowded Class II division 1 case,Journal of Orthodontics, 2003; 30:119–126
[27] 赵军, 肌激动器在安氏II类错牙合 治 疗中的应用[J]. 青岛医药卫生2006;1:5-7
[28] 方义玉,陈嵩,陈扬熙等,功能矫治器矫治下颌后缩牙合 [J],中华医学美学美容杂志 2001; 4:173-175
[29] Franchi L , Bacetti T, McNamara JA. An Treatment and posttreatment effects of acrylic splint Herbst appliance therapy.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1999; 15:429-38.
[30] Vanlaecken R,Martin CA,Dischinger T, et al. Treatment effects of the edgewise Herbst appliance: a cephalometric and tomographic investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,2006;130:582-93.
[31] 伍军 吴建勇,Herbst矫治器治疗恒牙期安氏 Ⅱ 类下颌后缩的研究[J],口腔医学研究2003; 6:496-498.
[32] Niko Bocka; Hans Pancherzb,Herbst Treatment of Class II division 1 Malocclusions in Retrognathic and Prognathic Facial Types A Cephalometric Long-term Retrospective Study,Angle Orthodontist, 2006;76: 930–941
[33] Schweitzer I,Pancherz H, The incisor-lip relationship in Herbst/multibracket appliance treatment of Class II, Division 2 malocclusions.Angle Orthod 2001;71:358-63.
[34] Rapaport M. Two-phase treatment of an Angle Class II division 2 malocclusion. Australian Orthodontic Journal. 1998;15:113-25.
[35] Tulloch JF,Proffit WR,Phillips C.Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,2004;125:657-667.
[36] King GJ , McGorray SP , Wheeler TT , et al . Comparison of peer assessment ratings(PAR)from 1-phase and 2-phase treatment protocols for Class II malocclusions Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,2003;123:489-96.
[37] Gianelly A One-phase versus two-phase treatment.Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,1995;108:556-9.
[38] William R. Proffit and J. F. Camilla Tulloch,Preadolescent Class II problems: Treat now or wait?Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;121: 560-562.
[39] G. THOMAS KLUEMPER, D.M.D., M.S.; CYNTHIA S. BEEMAN, D.D.S., PH.D.; E. PRESTON HICKS, D.D.S., M.S., M.S.D. Early orthodonti treatment:what are the imperatives ? J Am Dent Assoc, 2000; 131: 613-620
[40] Ohnston LE Jr. Functional appliances: a mortgage on mandibular position. Aust Orthod J 1996;14:154-7.
[41] Baccetti T, Franchi L, Mcnamara JA Jr, et al. Early dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion: a longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:502–509.
[42]. Ngan PW, Byczek E, Scheick J. Longitudinal evaluation of growth changes in Class II Division 1 subjects. Semin Orthod. 1997;3:222–231.
[43] Gesch D. Comparison of distal and neutral craniofacial pattern in untreated subjects in terms of skeletal harmony and growth. AnnAnat. 1999;181:15-18.
[44] Karlsen AT, Craniofacial morphology in children with Angle Class II-1 malocclusion with and without deepbite. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:437-463
[45] 邹冰爽,曾祥龙,曾应魁.安氏 Ⅱ 1错牙合 颅面类型的研究[J].口腔正学,1998;02:13-16. .
[46] Nelsen B,Hansen K, Hagg U,Class II correction in patients treated with class II elastics and with fixed functional appliances: a comparative study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;118:142-9.
[47] Panchers H The mechanism of class correction in Herbst treatment A cephalometric investigation .Am J Othod, 1982;82:104-113.
[48] Andre J.Horn,Isabelle Thiers-Jegou, Class II deep bite faces:One-phase or Two-phase Treatment? World J Orthod 2005;6:171-17.
[49] Moyers RE, Riolo ML, Guire KE, et al. Differential diagnosis of Class II malocclusions. Part 1. Facial types associated with Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod 1980;78: 477-494.
[50] 伍军,徐宝华.安氏Ⅱ类Ⅰ分类错牙合 的分型及其高低面角的颅面特征[J].口腔医学纵横杂志. 1998;15:151-143.
[51] 冯忠.MBT技术治疗安氏Ⅱ1错牙合 X线头测分析[J].广东牙病防治,2005;13:23-25.
[52] José Augusto Mendes MIGUEL1, Deise Lima CUNHA, Anderson de Albuquerque CALHEIROS, et al.Rationale for referring class II patients for early orthodontic treatment. J Appl Oral Sci 2005; 13: 312-7.
[53] Mesou Lai, Molar Distalization With the Herbst Appliance. Seminars in Orthodontics,2000;l6:119-128.
[2] Moyers RE, Riolo ML, Guire KE, et al. Differential diagnosis of Class II malocclusions. Part 1. Facial types associated with Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod 1980;78: 477-494.
[3] Tulloch JF,Proffit WR,Phillips C.Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,2004;125:657—667.
[4] King GJ,McGorray SP,Wheeler TT et al.Comparison of peer assessment ratings(PAR)from 1-phase and 2-phase treatment protocols for Class II malocclusions.Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop.,2003;123:489—96.
[5] Baccetti T, Franchi L, Mcnamara JA Jr, Tollaro I. Early dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion: a longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1997;111:502–509.
[6] Ngan PW, Byczek E, Scheick J. Longitudinal evaluation of growth changes in Class II Division 1 subjects. Semin Orthod. 1997;3:222–231.
[7] Gesch D. Comparison of distal and neutral craniofacial pattern in untreated subjects in terms of skeletal harmony and growth. AnnAnat. 1999;181:15–18.
[8] Karlsen AT, Craniofacial morphology in children with Angle Class II-1 malocclusion with and without deepbite. Angle Orthod.,1994;64:437-46.
[9] Johnston LE. Growing jaws for fun and profit: a modest proposal. In: McNamara JA, editor.Growth modification: what works, what doesn’t, and why. Monograph 35, Craniofacial growth series. Ann Arbor: Center for Human Growth and Development; University of Michigan; 1999. p. 63-86.
[10] Chen JY,Wi1l LA,Niederman R .Analysis of efficacy of functional appliances on mandibular growth. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,2002;122:470—476.
[11] Lai M,McNamara JA. An evaluation of Two-Phase Treatment With the Herbst Appliance and Preadjusted Edgewise Therapy.Seminars inOrthodontics,1998;4:46—58.
[12] Franchi L , Bacetti T, McNamara JA. An Treatment and posttreatment effects of acrylic splint Herbst appliance therapy.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1999;1 15:429-38.
[13] Aelbers CM ,Dermaut U Orthopedics in Orthodontics:PartI.Fiction or reality-a review of the literatur, Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1996;110:513—9.
[14] O'Brien K, Wright J, Conboy F, et al.Effectiveness of treatment for Class II malocclusion with the Herbst or twin-block appliances: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003 Aug;124:128-37.
[15] Schaefer AT, McNamara JA Jr, Franchi L, et al. A cephalometric comparison of treatment with the Twin-block and stainless steel crown Herbst appliances followed by fixed appliance therapy.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop.,2004;126:7-15.
[16] Baltromejus S, Ruf S, Pancherz H. Effective temporomandibular joint growth and chin position changes: Activator versus Herbst treatment. A cephalometric roentgenographic study. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24:627-37.
[17] Ruf S,Pancherz H, Herbst/multibracket appliance treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions in early and late adulthood. a prospective cephalometric study of consecutively treated subjects. Au Eur J Orthod,2006;28:352-60.
[18] Nelsen B,Hansen K, Hagg U.Class II correction in patients treated with class II elastics and with fixed functional appliances: a comparative study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2000;118:142-9.
[19] cNamara JA Jr, Bryan FA. Longterm mandibular adaptation to protrusive function: an experimental study in Macaca mulatta. Am JO rthod Dentofac Orthop, 1987, 92 :98 ~108
[20] 赵志河,Rabia ABM, Urban Hagg. 固定功能性矫治器前伸大鼠下颌后髁 状突适应性生长改建特征的计算机辅助图像分析[J]. 华西口腔医学杂志,1999;17:155-158.
[21] Ruf S, Pancherz H. Temporomandibular joint remodeling in adolescents and young adults during Herbst treatment: a prospective longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging and cephalometric radiographic investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1999;115:607-18.
[22] Hansen k, Pancherz H. Longterm effect of Herbet treatment in relation to normal growth evelopment: a cephalometric study. Eur J Orthod 1992:14:285-95.
[23] Tonge EA, Health JK, Meikle Mc,etal .Anterior mandibular displacement and condylar growth . An experiment study in the rat . Am J Orthod,1982;82:227-287.
[24] Nielsen IL. Facial growth during treatment with the function regulator appliance. Am J Orthod, 1984;85:401-410.
[25] Pancherz H, Hansen K. Occlusal changes during and after Herbst treatment: a cephalometric investigation. Eur J Orthod,1986;8:215-228.
[26] Pancherz H. The nature of Class II relapse after Herbst appliance treatment: a cephalometric long-term investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1991;100:220-233.
[27] Niko Bock N, Pancherz H. Herbst treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions in retrognathic and prognathic facial types. Angle Orthodontist 2006;76:930-41.
[28] Rizen S,Sevensson B,Tengstrom C, et al.Functional appliance treatment outcome and need for additional orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance , Swedish Dental Journal ISSN0347-9994,2006;30 :61-68.
[29] Pancherz H. The Herbst appliance. Sevilla (Spain) : Editorial Aguiram:1995.
[30] Tulloch J F C, Phillips C, Proffi t W R.Benefi t of early Class II treat ment: progress report of a two-phase randomised clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 1998 ;113: 62–72.
[31] Andre J.Horn。Isabelle Thiers-Jegou. Class II deep bite faces:One-phase or Two-phase Treatment? World J Orthod 2005;6:171-179.
[32] Pancherz H. The mechanism of ClassⅡ correction in Herbst appliance treatment: a cephalometric investigation. Am J Orthod,1982;82:104-113.
[33] Ackerman JL, Proffit WR. The characteristics of malocclusion: a modern approach to classification and diagnosis. Am J Orthod,1969;56:443–454.
[34] Keith Grave,Grant Townsend.Evaluation of the outcomes of 7 class II treatments 40 years later World J Orthod 2005;6:331-34.
[35] Gianelly AA One-phase versus two-phase treatment .Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,1995;108:556-9.
[36] Gottlieb EL,Neslon AH,Vogels II I D& 1990 study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures.Part 2.J Clin Orthod,1991;25:223-30.
[37] José Augusto Mendes MIGUEL, Deise Lima CUNHA, Anderson de Albuquerque CALHEIROS, et al. Rationale for referring class II patients for early orthodontic treatment, J Appl Oral Sci ,2005; 13: 312-7.
[38] Almeida MR, Henriques JF, de Almeida RR, et al.Short-term treatment effects produced by the Herbst appliance in the mixed dentition , 2005 Jul;75:540-7
[39] C. I. Lowe,Contemporary treatment of a crowded Class II division 1 case,Journal of Orthodontics, 2003,;30:119–126.
[40] 王大为.安氏 Ⅱ l错牙合 双期矫治[J].口腔正畸学,2003;10:182-183
[41] 赵 军. 肌激动器在安氏II类错牙合 治疗中的应用[J]. 青岛医药卫生2006;38:5-7
[42] Howe, R. P. Lower premolar extraction/ removable plastic Herbst treatment for mandibular retrognathia., Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1987; 92: 275-85.
[43].Jasper JJ. The Jasper Jumper—A Fixed Functional Appliance. Sheboygan, Wis: American Orthodontics, 1987;92:5–27.
[44].Heinig N, Go¨z G. Clinical application and effects of the ForsusY spring, a study of a new Herbst hybrid. J Orofac Orthop,2001;62:436–450.
[45] Mills CM, McCulloch KJ. Case report: modified use of the Jasper Jumper appliance in a skeletal Class II mixed dentition case requiring palatal expansion. Angle Orthod, 1997;4:277–282.
[46] Cope JB, Buschang PH, Cope DD, et al. Quantitative evaluation of craniofacial changes with Jasper Jumper therapy. Angle Orthod, 1994;2:113–122.
[47] Covell DA, Trammell DW, Boero RP, et al. A cephalometric study of Class II division 1 malocclusion treated with the Jasper Jumper appliance. Angle Orthod,1999;69:311–320.
[48] Haas AJ. Headgear therapy: the most efficient way to distalizemolars. Semin Orthod,2000;6:79–90.
[49] Cangialosi TJ, Meistrell ME, Leung MA, et al. A cephalometric appraisal of edgewise Class II nonextraction treatment with extraoral force. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1988;93:315–324.
[50] VanLaecken R, Martin CA, Dischinger T, et al.Treatment effects of the edgewise Herbst appliance: a cephalometric and tomographic investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130:582-93.
[51] H?gg U, Du X, Rabie A B M, et al. What Does Headgear Add to Herbst Treatment and to Retention? Semin Orthod,2003;9:57-66.
[52] PivaLM,BritoHH,LeiteHR,et a1.Effectsof cervical headgesr and fixed appliances 013 the space available for maxillary second molars.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,2005;128:366-371.
[53] Firouz M, Zernik J, Nanda R. Dental and orthopedic effects of high-pull headgear in treatment of Class II, division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1992;102:197–205.
[54] Kirjavainen M, Kirjavainen T, Hurmerinta K, et al. Orthopedic cervical headgear with an expanded inner bow in Class II correction. Angle Orthod, 2000;70:317–325.
[55] McNamara JA Jr, Howe RP, Dischinger TG. A comparison of the Herbst and Fr?nkel appliances in the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop, 1990;98:134-144.
[56] Pancherz H. The effect of continuous bite jumping on the dentofacial complex: a follow-up study after Herbst appliance treatment of class II malocclusions. Eur J Orthod, 1981;3:49-60.
[57] Wieslander L. Intensive treatment of severe Class II malocclusions with a headgear-Herbst appliance in the early mixed dentition. Am J Orthod, 1984;86:1-13.
[58] Windmiller EC. The acrylic-splint Herbst appliance: a cephalometric evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop ,1993;104:73-84.
[59] Ruf S,Pancherz H.The effect of Herbst appliance treatment on the mandibular plane angle:a cephalometric roentgenographic study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1996;110:225-229
[60] 徐宝华,林久祥.尖牙向后结扎应用于 直丝弓矫正器及方丝弓矫正器的比较研究[J].口腔正畸学杂志,1995;2:154-156.
[61] Yasinee Sangcharearn; Christopher Ho, Effect of Incisor Angulation on Overjet and Overbite in Class II Camouflage Treatment, A Typodont Study. Angle Orthodontist, 2007;77:1011–1018
[62] 赵艳红,王春玲,王秀印等. 安氏Ⅱ1 类错牙合 成年与青少年拔牙矫后软硬组织变化的相关性研究. 山东大学学报(医学版) 2006;44:251-253.
[63] 罗卫红,傅民魁 .青少年面部侧貌美学特征的临床分析与研究[J]. 口腔正畸学 2000;7:23-25.
[64]Ricketts RM.Esthetics,enviroment and the law of lip relation.Am J Orthod,1968;54:272-289.
[65] 张洁,程祥荣,贺红. 拔牙矫治对面部侧貌影响的软组织头影测量研究[J].口腔医学研究,2002;18:42-43.
[66] James RD.A comparative study of facial profiles in extraction and non—extraction treatment.AM J Orthod Dentofac Orthod ,1998;114: 265-276.
[1] Graber TM, Rakosi T, Petrovic AG. Dental facial orthopedics with functional appliances. 2nd ed .St Louis :Mosby, 1997.1-2.
[2] Pfeifex JP,Grobety D.A philosophy 0f combined orthopedic-orthodontic treatment[J].Am J Orthod,1982;81:185-201.
[3] Keith Grave,Grant Townsend.Evaluation of the outcomes of 7 class II treatments 40 years later World J Orthod 2005;6:331-34.
[4] Lai, M. McNamara, J A Jr. An evaluation of two-phase treatment with the Herbst appliance and preadjusted edgewise therapy. Seminars in Orthodontics. 1998; 4:46-58,.
[5] Lorenzo Franchi Tiziano Baccetti Prediction of Individual Mandibular Changes Induced by Functional Jaw Orthopedics Followed by Fixed Appliances in Class II Patients. Angle Orthodontist, 2006;76: 950–954 .
[6] Ruf S,Pancherz H, Herbst/multibracket appliance treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusions in early and late adulthood. a prospective cephalometric study of consecutively treated subjects. Au Eur J Orthod,2006;28:352-60.
[7] 孙燕楠, 林久祥, 周彦恒等. 双期和单期矫治Ⅱ类错牙合 儿童临床随机对照试验的系统评价[J],口腔正畸学,2006;2:65-68.
[8] Petrovic A,Stutzmann J,Lavergue J,et a1.Is it possible to modulate the growth of the human mandible with a functional applian ce.Inter J Orthod,1991;29:3-8.
[9] Pancherz H. Treatment timing and outcome. Am J Orthod Dentofaeial Orthop,2002;121:559.
[10] Ruf S,Paneherz H.Dentcekdetal effeets and facial profile changes in young adults treated with the Herbst appliance.Angle Orthod,1999;69:239-246.
[11] Paneherz H.Dentofacial orthopedics or orthognathie surgery,is it amatterof age?Am JOrthodDentofacialOrthop,2000;117:571-574.
[12] Ruf, S. Optimal time for treatment with the Herbst appliance. Orthodontie Francaise. 2006 ;77:163-7.
[13] Pancherz H,Anehus-Pancherz M. Facial profile changes during and after Herbstappliance treatment,Eur J Orthod,1994 ;16:275-286.
[14] Hagg U,Pancherz H.Dentofacial orthopaedics in relation to chmnological age,growt h period and skeletal development:an analysis of72 male patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion treatedwith the Herbst appliance].Eur J Orthod,1988;10:169-176.
[15] McNamara Jr J A, Ellis E Cephalometric analysis of untreated adults with ideal facial and occlusal relationships. International Journal of Adult Orthodontics and Orthognathic Surgery,1988; 3: 221–231.
[16] Baccetti T , Franehi L , McNamaraJA JR . Early dentofaeial features of Class lI malocclusion :A longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition.Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,1997;111:502-509.
[17] Houston WJ:Mandibular growth rotations-their mechanisms and importment,Eur J Orthod1988;10:369-373.
[18] Ngan PW ,Byczek E,Scheiek J.Long itudinal evaluation of growth changes in Class 1I division 1 subjects.Semin Orthod,1997;3:222-231.
[19] Bishara SE, Hoppens BJ,Jakobsen JR. Changes in the molar rdationshio between the deciduous and permanent dentitions:alongitudinal study.Am J Orthod,1988;93:19-28.
[20] McNamara Jr J A, Components of Class II malocclusion in children8–10 years of age. Angle Orthodontist1981; 51: 177–202.
[21] Rizen S,Sevensson B,Tengstrom C, et al.Functional appliance treatment outcome and need for additional orthodontic treatment with fixed appliance , Swedish Dental Journal ISSN0347-9994,2006;30:61-68.
[22] Gottlieb EL,Neslon AH,Vogels II I D& 1990 study of orthodontic diagnosis and treatment procedures.Part 2.J Clin Orthod,1991;25:223-30.
[23] Pertti Pirttiniemi, Tuomo Kantomaa, Raimo Mantysaari, et al.The effects of early headgear treatment on dental arches andcraniofacial morphology: an 8 year report of a randomized study European Journal of Orthodontics 2005 ;27: 429–436.
[24] Horn, Andre J. Thiers-Jegou, Isabelle Class II deep bite faces: one-phase or two-phase treatment?. World Journal of Orthodontics. 2005; 6:171-9.
[25] 贺 红, 卢 钰, 王 彤等,双期矫治安氏 Ⅱ l类错牙合 的Holdaway软组织头影测量研究[J],口腔正畸学2005;3:101-105
[26] C. I. Lowe,Contemporary treatment of a crowded Class II division 1 case,Journal of Orthodontics, 2003; 30:119–126
[27] 赵军, 肌激动器在安氏II类错牙合 治 疗中的应用[J]. 青岛医药卫生2006;1:5-7
[28] 方义玉,陈嵩,陈扬熙等,功能矫治器矫治下颌后缩牙合 [J],中华医学美学美容杂志 2001; 4:173-175
[29] Franchi L , Bacetti T, McNamara JA. An Treatment and posttreatment effects of acrylic splint Herbst appliance therapy.Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop,1999; 15:429-38.
[30] Vanlaecken R,Martin CA,Dischinger T, et al. Treatment effects of the edgewise Herbst appliance: a cephalometric and tomographic investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,2006;130:582-93.
[31] 伍军 吴建勇,Herbst矫治器治疗恒牙期安氏 Ⅱ 类下颌后缩的研究[J],口腔医学研究2003; 6:496-498.
[32] Niko Bocka; Hans Pancherzb,Herbst Treatment of Class II division 1 Malocclusions in Retrognathic and Prognathic Facial Types A Cephalometric Long-term Retrospective Study,Angle Orthodontist, 2006;76: 930–941
[33] Schweitzer I,Pancherz H, The incisor-lip relationship in Herbst/multibracket appliance treatment of Class II, Division 2 malocclusions.Angle Orthod 2001;71:358-63.
[34] Rapaport M. Two-phase treatment of an Angle Class II division 2 malocclusion. Australian Orthodontic Journal. 1998;15:113-25.
[35] Tulloch JF,Proffit WR,Phillips C.Outcomes in a 2-phase randomized clinical trial of early Class II treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,2004;125:657-667.
[36] King GJ , McGorray SP , Wheeler TT , et al . Comparison of peer assessment ratings(PAR)from 1-phase and 2-phase treatment protocols for Class II malocclusions Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,2003;123:489-96.
[37] Gianelly A One-phase versus two-phase treatment.Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop,1995;108:556-9.
[38] William R. Proffit and J. F. Camilla Tulloch,Preadolescent Class II problems: Treat now or wait?Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;121: 560-562.
[39] G. THOMAS KLUEMPER, D.M.D., M.S.; CYNTHIA S. BEEMAN, D.D.S., PH.D.; E. PRESTON HICKS, D.D.S., M.S., M.S.D. Early orthodonti treatment:what are the imperatives ? J Am Dent Assoc, 2000; 131: 613-620
[40] Ohnston LE Jr. Functional appliances: a mortgage on mandibular position. Aust Orthod J 1996;14:154-7.
[41] Baccetti T, Franchi L, Mcnamara JA Jr, et al. Early dentofacial features of Class II malocclusion: a longitudinal study from the deciduous through the mixed dentition. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;111:502–509.
[42]. Ngan PW, Byczek E, Scheick J. Longitudinal evaluation of growth changes in Class II Division 1 subjects. Semin Orthod. 1997;3:222–231.
[43] Gesch D. Comparison of distal and neutral craniofacial pattern in untreated subjects in terms of skeletal harmony and growth. AnnAnat. 1999;181:15-18.
[44] Karlsen AT, Craniofacial morphology in children with Angle Class II-1 malocclusion with and without deepbite. Angle Orthod. 1994;64:437-463
[45] 邹冰爽,曾祥龙,曾应魁.安氏 Ⅱ 1错牙合 颅面类型的研究[J].口腔正学,1998;02:13-16. .
[46] Nelsen B,Hansen K, Hagg U,Class II correction in patients treated with class II elastics and with fixed functional appliances: a comparative study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;118:142-9.
[47] Panchers H The mechanism of class correction in Herbst treatment A cephalometric investigation .Am J Othod, 1982;82:104-113.
[48] Andre J.Horn,Isabelle Thiers-Jegou, Class II deep bite faces:One-phase or Two-phase Treatment? World J Orthod 2005;6:171-17.
[49] Moyers RE, Riolo ML, Guire KE, et al. Differential diagnosis of Class II malocclusions. Part 1. Facial types associated with Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod 1980;78: 477-494.
[50] 伍军,徐宝华.安氏Ⅱ类Ⅰ分类错牙合 的分型及其高低面角的颅面特征[J].口腔医学纵横杂志. 1998;15:151-143.
[51] 冯忠.MBT技术治疗安氏Ⅱ1错牙合 X线头测分析[J].广东牙病防治,2005;13:23-25.
[52] José Augusto Mendes MIGUEL1, Deise Lima CUNHA, Anderson de Albuquerque CALHEIROS, et al.Rationale for referring class II patients for early orthodontic treatment. J Appl Oral Sci 2005; 13: 312-7.
[53] Mesou Lai, Molar Distalization With the Herbst Appliance. Seminars in Orthodontics,2000;l6:119-128.