中国银行业金融服务贸易的监管问题研究
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摘要
金融服务贸易自由化是全球金融发展的必然趋势,而银行业金融服务贸易的发展是全球金融服务贸易自由化过程中最为普遍关注的问题之一。金融服务贸易自由化是一柄“双刃剑”,它在给全球及各国经济发展带来机遇的同时,也使各国的经济面临巨大挑战。在金融服务贸易自由化的背景下,如何有效防范和化解金融风险是中国银行业监管面临的新问题。因此,系统研究中国银行业金融服务贸易的监管问题,对维护中国金融体系的稳定、促进中国经济的健康发展具有重大的理论和现实意义。
中国的金融监管体系虽已建立,但金融监管制度并不完善,在监管能力、监管水平和监管手段等方面与发达市场经济国家存在着较大差距。加入WTO后,随着中国金融市场的不断开放,金融监管领域面临着许多新的问题,尤其在银行领域,随着外资银行的不断进入和中资银行海外市场的不断拓展,使中国银行业金融服务贸易的监管问题更为突出。其中,对中资银行的监管存在着监管机构间协调成本过大,监管立法和监管制度不健全,监管手段和方式落后和监管内容的缺失等问题;对外资银行的监管存在着监管组织体系缺乏协调,监管业务调控体系不完善和风险监管能力较差等问题。如果这些问题不能有效解决,必将威胁到我国金融体系的稳定。
国外金融服务贸易自由化的进程较早,但各国银行业金融服务贸易监管模式并不相同。借鉴国外的经验和中国金融服务贸易发展的实际,中国金融服务贸易应采取有限制的逐步自由化原则。在这一原则下,结合中国银行业金融服务贸易监管存在的问题,对中资银行的监管应采取建立网络型监管体系,运用综合性国际化监管手段,改善金融监管环境,构建系统化监管法律体系,建立操作风险管理体系,逐步建立统一高效的监管机构和强化功能监管的对策;对外资银行的监管应采取强化监管的业务调控体系,完善监管的组织体系,提高监管风险的能力等对策。这些对策的实施,对于中国银行业监管体系的完善具有重大意义。
The financial services trade liberalization is the trend of global financial industry development, and the development of the banking sector is the focus of attention in the promotion of global financial services. Global financial services trade liberalization exerts great influences both on the global economy and a country’s own economic development. The financial services trade liberalization is a“double-edged sword”. On one hand, it brings chances to the global economy and the national economic development; on the other, it also states national economy facing enormous challenges. With the financial services trade liberalization, avoiding and solving financial troubles become the new problem for Chinese banking. Therefore, the analysis for the supervision of Chinese banking plays great important role on maintaining the stability of Chinese financial system and developing Chinese economy.
Chin’s financial regulatory system had been established. However the financial regulatory system is not perfect. There are great differences on capacity, level and ways of supervising. With the entry of WTO, with the open of Chinese financial markets, there are many new problems on the financial supervision. Especially in the banking field, with the inputting of foreign banks and development of market overseas of Chinese funded-banks, the issues of supervision for financial services trade of Chinese banking become more prominent: the coordination of supervision agencies between Chinese-funded banks costs too much; supervision laws and system is not complete; the supervision ways and methods are laggard; and lack of supervision content. There are also problems for supervision of foreign banks. For example: the lack of coordination in supervision system; the system of supervision is not perfect; and the poor capacity of supervision. It will pose a threat to Chinese financial system stability if these problems can not be effectively solved.
Foreign financial services trade liberalization is earlier. However the national banking financial services trade approaches are different. To learn from foreign experience and actual Chinese financial development, Chinese finance service trade should adopt the step-by-step liberalization principle having restricting With this principle, combining problems of Chinese banking financial services trade supervision, for the Chinese-funded banks, the supervision agencies should be connected; use comprehensive international supervision methods; improve the financial environment; build systematic supervision of the legal system; establish risk managing system; and gradually establish unified and efficient regulatory agencies and enhance measures. For the foreign banks, the supervision should be strengthened; supervision system should be completed; and the supervision ability should be improved. These measures shows great significance for Chinese banking system.
中国的金融监管体系虽已建立,但金融监管制度并不完善,在监管能力、监管水平和监管手段等方面与发达市场经济国家存在着较大差距。加入WTO后,随着中国金融市场的不断开放,金融监管领域面临着许多新的问题,尤其在银行领域,随着外资银行的不断进入和中资银行海外市场的不断拓展,使中国银行业金融服务贸易的监管问题更为突出。其中,对中资银行的监管存在着监管机构间协调成本过大,监管立法和监管制度不健全,监管手段和方式落后和监管内容的缺失等问题;对外资银行的监管存在着监管组织体系缺乏协调,监管业务调控体系不完善和风险监管能力较差等问题。如果这些问题不能有效解决,必将威胁到我国金融体系的稳定。
国外金融服务贸易自由化的进程较早,但各国银行业金融服务贸易监管模式并不相同。借鉴国外的经验和中国金融服务贸易发展的实际,中国金融服务贸易应采取有限制的逐步自由化原则。在这一原则下,结合中国银行业金融服务贸易监管存在的问题,对中资银行的监管应采取建立网络型监管体系,运用综合性国际化监管手段,改善金融监管环境,构建系统化监管法律体系,建立操作风险管理体系,逐步建立统一高效的监管机构和强化功能监管的对策;对外资银行的监管应采取强化监管的业务调控体系,完善监管的组织体系,提高监管风险的能力等对策。这些对策的实施,对于中国银行业监管体系的完善具有重大意义。
The financial services trade liberalization is the trend of global financial industry development, and the development of the banking sector is the focus of attention in the promotion of global financial services. Global financial services trade liberalization exerts great influences both on the global economy and a country’s own economic development. The financial services trade liberalization is a“double-edged sword”. On one hand, it brings chances to the global economy and the national economic development; on the other, it also states national economy facing enormous challenges. With the financial services trade liberalization, avoiding and solving financial troubles become the new problem for Chinese banking. Therefore, the analysis for the supervision of Chinese banking plays great important role on maintaining the stability of Chinese financial system and developing Chinese economy.
Chin’s financial regulatory system had been established. However the financial regulatory system is not perfect. There are great differences on capacity, level and ways of supervising. With the entry of WTO, with the open of Chinese financial markets, there are many new problems on the financial supervision. Especially in the banking field, with the inputting of foreign banks and development of market overseas of Chinese funded-banks, the issues of supervision for financial services trade of Chinese banking become more prominent: the coordination of supervision agencies between Chinese-funded banks costs too much; supervision laws and system is not complete; the supervision ways and methods are laggard; and lack of supervision content. There are also problems for supervision of foreign banks. For example: the lack of coordination in supervision system; the system of supervision is not perfect; and the poor capacity of supervision. It will pose a threat to Chinese financial system stability if these problems can not be effectively solved.
Foreign financial services trade liberalization is earlier. However the national banking financial services trade approaches are different. To learn from foreign experience and actual Chinese financial development, Chinese finance service trade should adopt the step-by-step liberalization principle having restricting With this principle, combining problems of Chinese banking financial services trade supervision, for the Chinese-funded banks, the supervision agencies should be connected; use comprehensive international supervision methods; improve the financial environment; build systematic supervision of the legal system; establish risk managing system; and gradually establish unified and efficient regulatory agencies and enhance measures. For the foreign banks, the supervision should be strengthened; supervision system should be completed; and the supervision ability should be improved. These measures shows great significance for Chinese banking system.
引文
1 Brian Hindley. Internationalization of Financial Services: A Trade-policy Perspective. WB working paper. 1998,4(07):21
2陈义顺.跨国银行并表监管与金融隐私权的冲突及制衡.海南金融. 2007,(09):40~50
3 Kono M.. Scrunch Financial Services Trade Capital Flows and Financial Stability. Staff Working Paper WTO Geneva. 1999,3(05): 34~35
4 Johnston R. Barry. Sequencing Capital Account Liberalization and financial Sector Reform. IMP paper on policy Analysis and Assessment. 1998,(08):21~25
5 Kireyev. Liberalization of Trade in Financial Services and Financial Sector Stability (Analytical Approach). IMF Working Paper. 2002,(08):69~72
6 Kalirajan K.. The Price Impact of Restrictions on Banking Services in Impediments to Trade in Services: Measurement and Policy Implications (C. Findlay and T. Warrens). London and New York: Rout ledge. 2001:154
7 Mattoo A.. Financial Services and the WTO: Liberalization Commitments of the Developing and Transition Economies. The World Economy. 2000,3(23):41~43
8 Hellman T.,Murdock K.,Stiglitz J.. Moral Hazard in Banking and Prudential Regulation: Are capital Requirements Enough. The American Economic Review. 2000,90(03):147~165
9 Goldsmith R.W.. Financial Structure and Development. New Haven CT Yale University Press. 1969,3(03):71
10 Hultman.C .W., McGee I. R.. Factor Affecting the Foreign Banking resented in the U. S.. Jamaal of Banking and Finance. 1989,13(06):383~396
11 Moshirian. F.. What Determines the Supply of International Financial Services. Journal of Banking and Finance. 1994,(18): 495~504
12 Glaessens.S, Glaessner.T. Internationalization of Financial Services in Asia. Working Paper the World Bank. 1998:165~167
13 Gllaessner T, D.Oks. North American free Trade Agreement capital Mobility. Mexican Financial System Washington D. C. The World Bank. 1994,(04):124~126
14 Paul. A. Samuelson, William. D.. Madhouse economics Seventeenth Edition. Post &Telecom Press. 1985:263~264
15 Caballero,Ricardo,Arvind Krishnamurthy. International and domestic collateral constrains in a model of emerging market crisis. Journal of Monetary Economics. 2001,(48):24
16 Denizer C.. The Effects of Financial Liberalization and New Bank Entry on Market Structure and Competition in Turkey. Working Paper the World Bank. 1997,(03):23
17 Sikorski,Trevor M. Financial Liberation in developing countries. Edward Elgar Publishing Company. 1996:236
18宋金玲.入世后我国金融服务贸易自由化效应分析以及战略选择.大连理工大学学报.2005:2
19 Goldberg.L.G.,Johnson D.. The Determinants of US Banking Activity abroad . Joumal of International Money and Finance. 1990,4(07):32~34
20蔡峥.国内外银行业监管方法比较.合作经济与科技. 2007,(11):58~59
21唐双宁.中国银行业监管的新形势.现代商业银行. 2007,(02):16~18
22程芳,李仲明.银行业全面开放下外资银行的监管问题.甘肃金融2007,(06):21~23
23胡元礼,董越.金融服务贸易自由化及我国的对策.商业经济. 2007,(02):71~73
24黄毅.中国银行业依法监管的新发展.银行家. 2007,(01):24~29
25李乐.开放竞争条件下我国银行业及银行监管的战略调整.市场周刊(理论研究). 2007,(02):107~108
26马旭丹.银行业开放形势下我国外资银行监管问题研究.海南金融. 2007,(11):66~69
27刘辉煌.金融服务贸易的效应分析.国外财经. 2001,(04):47~51
28程吉生.美国外资银行准入监管法律制度研究.求索. 2004,(04):45~48
29 Tamirisa N.. Trade in Financial Services and Capital Movements. Journal of Financial Services Research. 2003,24(01):47~66
30刘辉煌.论金融服务贸易自由化与比较优势原理.求索. 2001,(03):17~19
31 Beck Roland. The Volatility of Capital Flow to Emerging Markets and the Financial Services Trade. Russian and East European Finance and Trade. 2001,37(08):31
32刘建.东道国对外资银行市场准入监管法律问题研究.湖南大学出版社. 2006:54~56
33刘翔宇.积极的渐进式道路:中国金融服务贸易自由化的模式选择.对外经济贸易大学出版社. 2002:41~42
34赵贺新.发展中国家金融服务贸易分析.世界经济与政治论坛. 2003,(04):12
35 Beck Thorsten. Creating Efficiency Financial System: Challenges in a Global Economy. World Bank Research Working Paper. 2006,(03):38~56
36冯宗宪,郭根龙.国际金融服务贸易自由化与中国金融业.中国金融出版社. 2000:68
37王琦,曹或飞.金融服务贸易自由化的收益与风险研究.商场现代化. 2005,(21):23
38 Bekaert G.,Harvey C.,Lundblad, R.. Does Financial Liberalization Spur Growth?. Journal of Financial Economics. 2005,(07):3~56
39 Beck T. Financial Development and International Trade: Is There a Link. Journal of International Economics. 2002,(05):107~131
40陈雄兵,张宗成.银行业监管:理论分析与中国实践.当代经济. 2008,(03):32~33
41朱猛南,李江华.金融服务贸易自由化与金融有效保护.国际金融研究. 2003,(02):17~19
42 Beck T.,Demirgüc-Kunt A.,Levine R.. Law and Firm’s Access to Financial. American Law and Economics Review. 2005,(07):211~252
43李东卫.银行业金融监管长效机制的构建.中国农村信用合作. 2008,(04):43~45
44巴曙松,华中炜.外资进入中国金融业的途径及应关注的问题.国际贸易. 2004,(04):54~57
45唐秀琴,齐中英.提高我国银行业监管有效性的对策研究.商业研究. 2007,(08): 28~30
46刘丹丹.在华外资银行的发展趋势与监管.云南财经大学学报. 2004,(04):26~28
47陈瑜.论我国外资银行风险性监管法律制度的完善.经济前沿. 2005,(07):15
48 Abaid,Abdul,Nienke Oomes,Kenichi Ueda. The Quality Effect: Does Financial Liberalization Improve the Allocation of Capital. IMF Working Paper. 2004,(04):112
49何叙东.浅谈银行业非现场监管工作中存在的问题及对策建议.时代金融. 2007,(02):51~52
50张建华.外资银行监管的国际比较与经验启示.经济师. 2004,(07):15~18
51曾筱清.金融全球化与金融监管立法研究.北京大学出版社. 2005:342~349
2陈义顺.跨国银行并表监管与金融隐私权的冲突及制衡.海南金融. 2007,(09):40~50
3 Kono M.. Scrunch Financial Services Trade Capital Flows and Financial Stability. Staff Working Paper WTO Geneva. 1999,3(05): 34~35
4 Johnston R. Barry. Sequencing Capital Account Liberalization and financial Sector Reform. IMP paper on policy Analysis and Assessment. 1998,(08):21~25
5 Kireyev. Liberalization of Trade in Financial Services and Financial Sector Stability (Analytical Approach). IMF Working Paper. 2002,(08):69~72
6 Kalirajan K.. The Price Impact of Restrictions on Banking Services in Impediments to Trade in Services: Measurement and Policy Implications (C. Findlay and T. Warrens). London and New York: Rout ledge. 2001:154
7 Mattoo A.. Financial Services and the WTO: Liberalization Commitments of the Developing and Transition Economies. The World Economy. 2000,3(23):41~43
8 Hellman T.,Murdock K.,Stiglitz J.. Moral Hazard in Banking and Prudential Regulation: Are capital Requirements Enough. The American Economic Review. 2000,90(03):147~165
9 Goldsmith R.W.. Financial Structure and Development. New Haven CT Yale University Press. 1969,3(03):71
10 Hultman.C .W., McGee I. R.. Factor Affecting the Foreign Banking resented in the U. S.. Jamaal of Banking and Finance. 1989,13(06):383~396
11 Moshirian. F.. What Determines the Supply of International Financial Services. Journal of Banking and Finance. 1994,(18): 495~504
12 Glaessens.S, Glaessner.T. Internationalization of Financial Services in Asia. Working Paper the World Bank. 1998:165~167
13 Gllaessner T, D.Oks. North American free Trade Agreement capital Mobility. Mexican Financial System Washington D. C. The World Bank. 1994,(04):124~126
14 Paul. A. Samuelson, William. D.. Madhouse economics Seventeenth Edition. Post &Telecom Press. 1985:263~264
15 Caballero,Ricardo,Arvind Krishnamurthy. International and domestic collateral constrains in a model of emerging market crisis. Journal of Monetary Economics. 2001,(48):24
16 Denizer C.. The Effects of Financial Liberalization and New Bank Entry on Market Structure and Competition in Turkey. Working Paper the World Bank. 1997,(03):23
17 Sikorski,Trevor M. Financial Liberation in developing countries. Edward Elgar Publishing Company. 1996:236
18宋金玲.入世后我国金融服务贸易自由化效应分析以及战略选择.大连理工大学学报.2005:2
19 Goldberg.L.G.,Johnson D.. The Determinants of US Banking Activity abroad . Joumal of International Money and Finance. 1990,4(07):32~34
20蔡峥.国内外银行业监管方法比较.合作经济与科技. 2007,(11):58~59
21唐双宁.中国银行业监管的新形势.现代商业银行. 2007,(02):16~18
22程芳,李仲明.银行业全面开放下外资银行的监管问题.甘肃金融2007,(06):21~23
23胡元礼,董越.金融服务贸易自由化及我国的对策.商业经济. 2007,(02):71~73
24黄毅.中国银行业依法监管的新发展.银行家. 2007,(01):24~29
25李乐.开放竞争条件下我国银行业及银行监管的战略调整.市场周刊(理论研究). 2007,(02):107~108
26马旭丹.银行业开放形势下我国外资银行监管问题研究.海南金融. 2007,(11):66~69
27刘辉煌.金融服务贸易的效应分析.国外财经. 2001,(04):47~51
28程吉生.美国外资银行准入监管法律制度研究.求索. 2004,(04):45~48
29 Tamirisa N.. Trade in Financial Services and Capital Movements. Journal of Financial Services Research. 2003,24(01):47~66
30刘辉煌.论金融服务贸易自由化与比较优势原理.求索. 2001,(03):17~19
31 Beck Roland. The Volatility of Capital Flow to Emerging Markets and the Financial Services Trade. Russian and East European Finance and Trade. 2001,37(08):31
32刘建.东道国对外资银行市场准入监管法律问题研究.湖南大学出版社. 2006:54~56
33刘翔宇.积极的渐进式道路:中国金融服务贸易自由化的模式选择.对外经济贸易大学出版社. 2002:41~42
34赵贺新.发展中国家金融服务贸易分析.世界经济与政治论坛. 2003,(04):12
35 Beck Thorsten. Creating Efficiency Financial System: Challenges in a Global Economy. World Bank Research Working Paper. 2006,(03):38~56
36冯宗宪,郭根龙.国际金融服务贸易自由化与中国金融业.中国金融出版社. 2000:68
37王琦,曹或飞.金融服务贸易自由化的收益与风险研究.商场现代化. 2005,(21):23
38 Bekaert G.,Harvey C.,Lundblad, R.. Does Financial Liberalization Spur Growth?. Journal of Financial Economics. 2005,(07):3~56
39 Beck T. Financial Development and International Trade: Is There a Link. Journal of International Economics. 2002,(05):107~131
40陈雄兵,张宗成.银行业监管:理论分析与中国实践.当代经济. 2008,(03):32~33
41朱猛南,李江华.金融服务贸易自由化与金融有效保护.国际金融研究. 2003,(02):17~19
42 Beck T.,Demirgüc-Kunt A.,Levine R.. Law and Firm’s Access to Financial. American Law and Economics Review. 2005,(07):211~252
43李东卫.银行业金融监管长效机制的构建.中国农村信用合作. 2008,(04):43~45
44巴曙松,华中炜.外资进入中国金融业的途径及应关注的问题.国际贸易. 2004,(04):54~57
45唐秀琴,齐中英.提高我国银行业监管有效性的对策研究.商业研究. 2007,(08): 28~30
46刘丹丹.在华外资银行的发展趋势与监管.云南财经大学学报. 2004,(04):26~28
47陈瑜.论我国外资银行风险性监管法律制度的完善.经济前沿. 2005,(07):15
48 Abaid,Abdul,Nienke Oomes,Kenichi Ueda. The Quality Effect: Does Financial Liberalization Improve the Allocation of Capital. IMF Working Paper. 2004,(04):112
49何叙东.浅谈银行业非现场监管工作中存在的问题及对策建议.时代金融. 2007,(02):51~52
50张建华.外资银行监管的国际比较与经验启示.经济师. 2004,(07):15~18
51曾筱清.金融全球化与金融监管立法研究.北京大学出版社. 2005:342~349