三维地形的地震反应分析研究
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摘要
场地土层地震反应分析对确定上部结构的地震动输入模式和进行抗震安全性评价具有重要意义。考虑到对于实际场地这种几何形状和物理特性都很复杂的研究对象来说,用纯理论的方法很难获得解析解；而对其进行室内试验时,又由于边界条件很难模拟且某些相似条件无法满足,则会影响到试验结果的可信度。因而,目前在该领域的研究中,数值计算成为了主流方法,其中又以有限单元法为使用得最多的方法。本文采用三维有限元方法,研究了在一致输入作用下,场地土层地震反应的有关规律及机理,为此作了以下一些工作：
1、总结了结构地震反应分析的方法、场地土的类型、地震波的类型；研究了地震波的调整方式；研究了场地土层地震反应分析中有限元方法的边界形式和单元尺寸合理性。
2、由于局部地质条件或局部地形条件的不同,场地土层的地震动反应存在很大差异。本文主要研究了五种场地条件下,场地土层的地震动反应的差异,包括水平地面含盆状凹陷地形、倾斜岩面上覆软弱沉积层地形、山前孤突山包地形、深切峡谷地形、山区平面凹凸地形。
结果表明：盆状凹陷对地震动有局部放大或缩小作用；倾斜岩面上覆软弱沉积层地形会使地表地震反应在局部存在起伏不平的现象；深切峡谷地形,山前孤突山包地形,山区平面凹凸地形都对地震动有局部放大的作用,放大系数的大小与具体尺寸有关。
It is of great importance to consider seismic response analysis of site soil for determining ground motion input mode of the upper structure and the safety estimation of earthquake resistant. Taking into account the actual field geometry and physical properties of this very complex study, the use of theoretical methods is difficult to obtain analytical solutions, while its indoor tests, it is difficult to simulate because the boundary conditions and some of the similar conditions are not met, it will affect the reliability of test results. Thus, the present study in the field, has become a mainstream method of numerical calculation, among which the finite element method is the method used most often. In this paper, Based on three-dimensional finite element method, Under uniform harmonic excitation, the rules and mechanisms of seismic response of site soil is studied, this made the following tasks:
1. the seismic response analysis methods, the type of seismic wave and site soil are summarized; the seismic wave adjustment methods are discussed; the boundary forms of the finite element method and the reasonable of cell size in the seismic response analysis of site soil are studied.
2. As the local geological conditions or local terrain conditions are different, the seismic responses are vary considerably. This paper mainly studies the differences of the seismic response of site soil in five site conditions, such as basin-shaped depression terrain, soft sedimentary terrain on the inclined rock surface, isolated hills terrain contacting mountain, deep canyon terrain, plane bump terrain on the mountain.
The results showed that:basin-shaped depression terrain has the amplification effect or reduction effect to ground motions in local areas; soft sedimentary terrain on the inclined rock surface will exist in the uneven phenomenon of the local seismic response; isolated hills terrain contacting mountain, deep canyon terrain, plane bump terrain on the mountain have the amplification effect to ground motions in local areas, the magnification factor is related to the size and specific dimensions.
1、总结了结构地震反应分析的方法、场地土的类型、地震波的类型；研究了地震波的调整方式；研究了场地土层地震反应分析中有限元方法的边界形式和单元尺寸合理性。
2、由于局部地质条件或局部地形条件的不同,场地土层的地震动反应存在很大差异。本文主要研究了五种场地条件下,场地土层的地震动反应的差异,包括水平地面含盆状凹陷地形、倾斜岩面上覆软弱沉积层地形、山前孤突山包地形、深切峡谷地形、山区平面凹凸地形。
结果表明：盆状凹陷对地震动有局部放大或缩小作用；倾斜岩面上覆软弱沉积层地形会使地表地震反应在局部存在起伏不平的现象；深切峡谷地形,山前孤突山包地形,山区平面凹凸地形都对地震动有局部放大的作用,放大系数的大小与具体尺寸有关。
It is of great importance to consider seismic response analysis of site soil for determining ground motion input mode of the upper structure and the safety estimation of earthquake resistant. Taking into account the actual field geometry and physical properties of this very complex study, the use of theoretical methods is difficult to obtain analytical solutions, while its indoor tests, it is difficult to simulate because the boundary conditions and some of the similar conditions are not met, it will affect the reliability of test results. Thus, the present study in the field, has become a mainstream method of numerical calculation, among which the finite element method is the method used most often. In this paper, Based on three-dimensional finite element method, Under uniform harmonic excitation, the rules and mechanisms of seismic response of site soil is studied, this made the following tasks:
1. the seismic response analysis methods, the type of seismic wave and site soil are summarized; the seismic wave adjustment methods are discussed; the boundary forms of the finite element method and the reasonable of cell size in the seismic response analysis of site soil are studied.
2. As the local geological conditions or local terrain conditions are different, the seismic responses are vary considerably. This paper mainly studies the differences of the seismic response of site soil in five site conditions, such as basin-shaped depression terrain, soft sedimentary terrain on the inclined rock surface, isolated hills terrain contacting mountain, deep canyon terrain, plane bump terrain on the mountain.
The results showed that:basin-shaped depression terrain has the amplification effect or reduction effect to ground motions in local areas; soft sedimentary terrain on the inclined rock surface will exist in the uneven phenomenon of the local seismic response; isolated hills terrain contacting mountain, deep canyon terrain, plane bump terrain on the mountain have the amplification effect to ground motions in local areas, the magnification factor is related to the size and specific dimensions.
引文
[1]胡聿贤.地震工程学.地震出版社,2006
[2]于建华,谢用九,魏泳涛.高等结构动力学.四川大学出版社,2001
[3]王松涛,曹资.现代抗震设计方法.中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[4]Ghobarah A and Ali HM.Seismic Performance of Highway Bridge Eng.Struet. Vol.10, No.3,1987
[5]Kiureghian.A.D, Neuenhofer.A.Response spectrum method for multi-support seismic excitations[J]. EESD,1992,21:713-740
[6]Kiureghian.A.D, Neuenhofer. A. A coherency model for spatially varying ground motions[J]. EESD,1996,25:99-111
[7]周锡元等.场地地基设计地震.地震出版社,1991
[8]周锡元.土质条件对建筑物所受地震荷载的影响.中国科学工程力学研究所地震工程研究报告集(二).北京.科学出版社,1965
[9]M.Dravinski, G, Ding, N. N. Biswas, Site amplification factor in Anchorage, Alaska Based on Long Period Microtremors. Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2003,7(4):555-571
[10]周锡元.场地条件对地面运动峰值加速度的影响.中国建筑研究院工程抗震研究所,北京.2001
[11]周锡元,苏经宇.烈度、震中距和场地条件对地面运动反应谱的影响.地震工程与工程振动,1983,3(2)：31-43
[12]周锡元等.场地地基设计地震.地震出版社,1991
[13]刘曾武,朱镜清等.场地的某些参数对地面振动反应的影响.中国科学院工程力学研究所地震工程研究报告集(四).北京.科学出版社,1981
[14]胡聿贤,孙平善,章在墉,田启文.场地条件对震害和地震动的影响.地震工程与工程振动.试刊1期,1980,34-41
[15]陈丙午.不规则地形对地震动及震害的影响.地震工程与工程震动,1982,2(1)：12-20
[16]杨柏坡,杨笑梅.复杂场地上结构地震反应的研究.地震工程与工程振动,1997,17(2)：10-15
[17]Idriss I M, seed H B, Seismic response of horizontal soil layers. Journal of the Soil mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,1968,94(4):1003-1031
[18]Wolf J P.Dynamic soil-structure interaction. Englewood Cliffs, Inc., Pretice-Hall, New Jersey,1985
[19]Davis R.Effects of weathering on site response. Earthquake Engineering and Strueture Dynamics,1995,24(2):301-309
[20]Zhao J X.Estimating modal Parameters for a simple soft-soil site having alinear distribution of shear wave veloeity with depth, earthquake Engineering and Structure Dynamies,1996,25(2):163-178
[21]齐文浩.土层地震反应分析方法比较研究.中国地震局工程力学研究所硕士学位论文,2004
[22]熊建国,许贻燕.分层土自振特性分析.地震工程与工程振动,1986,6(4)：21-35
[23]栾茂田,金崇磐,林皋.非均质地基振动特性及地震反应分析.大连理工大学出版社,1992,32(1)：81-87
[24]高玉峰,金建新,谢康和等.成层地基一维土层地震反应解析解.岩土工程学报,1999,21(4)：498-500
[25]楼梦麟.变参数土层的动力特性和地震反应分析.同济大学学报,1997,25(2)： 155-160
[26]林皋,关飞.用边界元法研究地震波在不规则地形处的散射问题.大连理工大学学报,1990,30(2)：145-152
[27]Bettess.P.Infinite elements.International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,1977(11):53-64
[28]赵崇斌,张楚汉,王光纶,张光斗.用无穷元研究土层特性对场地地震反应的影响.水利水运科学研究,1988(1)：31-63
[29]金峰,张楚汉,王光纶.半椭圆河谷上沉积层地震响应研究.清华大学学报,1993,33(5)：23-30
[30]Song.Ch, Wolf.J.P., Consistent infinitesimal finite-element cell method:three dimensional vector wave equation. International Joumal for Numerical Methods in Engineering[J].1996,39:2189-2208
[31]楼梦麟,林皋.粘弹性地基中人工边界的波反射效应.水利学报,1986(6)：20-30
[32]刘晶波.局部不规则地形对地震地面运动的影响.地震学报,1996,18(2)：239-245
[33]Kim.J.K, Koh.H.M, Kwon.K.J, etal.A three-dimensional transmitting boundary formulated in Cartesian co-ordinate system for the dynamic of non-axisymmetric foundations[J].EESD,2000(29):1527-1546。
[34]潘旦光.复杂场地的土层地震反应分析,同济大学工学博士学位论文.2003
[35]白建方.复杂场地土层地震反应分析的并行有限元方法.同济大学工学博士学位论文.2007
[36]蔡敏.特殊场地条件下的地震响应研究.西南交通大学工学硕士学位论 文.2009
[37]刘天云,刘光廷.拱坝河谷三维地震动分析.水利学报.2000(9)：79-85
[38]刘松海.重力坝三维地震有限元分析.山西建筑.2007,33(7)：111-131
[39]Trifunac M D Scattering of plane SH waves by a semicylindrical canyon. Earthq Eng and Struc Dynam,1973,1:267-281
[40]Wong H L, Trifunac M D.Scattering of plane SHwaves by a semi-elliptical canyon. Earthq Eng and StrucDynam,1974,3:157-169
[41]梁建文,张郁山,顾晓鲁.圆弧形层状凹陷地形对平面SH波的散射.振动工程学报.2003,16(2)
[42]楼梦麟,潘旦光,范立础.土层地震反应分析中侧向人工边界的影响[J].同济大学学报：自然科学版.2003,31(7)： 757-761
[43]白建方,楼梦麟.行波输入下土层有限元网格的划分原则.世界地震工程.2009,25(1)：48-51
[44]赵密.粘弹性人工边界及其与透射人工边界的比较研究.北京工业大学工学硕士学位论文.2004
[45]Z. S. Alterman and F. C. J. Karal. Propagation of Elastic Waves in Layered Media by Finite-Difference Methods. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Ameriea.1968,58:367-398
[46]刘清华.饱和多孔介质三维时域粘弹性人工边界与动力反应分析的显式有限元法.北京交通大学硕士学位论文.2009
[47]寇晓东,唐可,田彩军.AlGOR结构分析高级教程.清华大学出版社,2008
[48]范立础等.桥梁抗震.上海：同济大学出版社,1997
[49]克拉夫,彭津.结构动力学.北京：科学出版社,1983
[50]彭承光,李运贵,李子权,王业新建筑场地岩土工程勘察基础.地震出版社,1995
[2]于建华,谢用九,魏泳涛.高等结构动力学.四川大学出版社,2001
[3]王松涛,曹资.现代抗震设计方法.中国建筑工业出版社,1997
[4]Ghobarah A and Ali HM.Seismic Performance of Highway Bridge Eng.Struet. Vol.10, No.3,1987
[5]Kiureghian.A.D, Neuenhofer.A.Response spectrum method for multi-support seismic excitations[J]. EESD,1992,21:713-740
[6]Kiureghian.A.D, Neuenhofer. A. A coherency model for spatially varying ground motions[J]. EESD,1996,25:99-111
[7]周锡元等.场地地基设计地震.地震出版社,1991
[8]周锡元.土质条件对建筑物所受地震荷载的影响.中国科学工程力学研究所地震工程研究报告集(二).北京.科学出版社,1965
[9]M.Dravinski, G, Ding, N. N. Biswas, Site amplification factor in Anchorage, Alaska Based on Long Period Microtremors. Journal of Earthquake Engineering,2003,7(4):555-571
[10]周锡元.场地条件对地面运动峰值加速度的影响.中国建筑研究院工程抗震研究所,北京.2001
[11]周锡元,苏经宇.烈度、震中距和场地条件对地面运动反应谱的影响.地震工程与工程振动,1983,3(2)：31-43
[12]周锡元等.场地地基设计地震.地震出版社,1991
[13]刘曾武,朱镜清等.场地的某些参数对地面振动反应的影响.中国科学院工程力学研究所地震工程研究报告集(四).北京.科学出版社,1981
[14]胡聿贤,孙平善,章在墉,田启文.场地条件对震害和地震动的影响.地震工程与工程振动.试刊1期,1980,34-41
[15]陈丙午.不规则地形对地震动及震害的影响.地震工程与工程震动,1982,2(1)：12-20
[16]杨柏坡,杨笑梅.复杂场地上结构地震反应的研究.地震工程与工程振动,1997,17(2)：10-15
[17]Idriss I M, seed H B, Seismic response of horizontal soil layers. Journal of the Soil mechanics and Foundations Division, ASCE,1968,94(4):1003-1031
[18]Wolf J P.Dynamic soil-structure interaction. Englewood Cliffs, Inc., Pretice-Hall, New Jersey,1985
[19]Davis R.Effects of weathering on site response. Earthquake Engineering and Strueture Dynamics,1995,24(2):301-309
[20]Zhao J X.Estimating modal Parameters for a simple soft-soil site having alinear distribution of shear wave veloeity with depth, earthquake Engineering and Structure Dynamies,1996,25(2):163-178
[21]齐文浩.土层地震反应分析方法比较研究.中国地震局工程力学研究所硕士学位论文,2004
[22]熊建国,许贻燕.分层土自振特性分析.地震工程与工程振动,1986,6(4)：21-35
[23]栾茂田,金崇磐,林皋.非均质地基振动特性及地震反应分析.大连理工大学出版社,1992,32(1)：81-87
[24]高玉峰,金建新,谢康和等.成层地基一维土层地震反应解析解.岩土工程学报,1999,21(4)：498-500
[25]楼梦麟.变参数土层的动力特性和地震反应分析.同济大学学报,1997,25(2)： 155-160
[26]林皋,关飞.用边界元法研究地震波在不规则地形处的散射问题.大连理工大学学报,1990,30(2)：145-152
[27]Bettess.P.Infinite elements.International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,1977(11):53-64
[28]赵崇斌,张楚汉,王光纶,张光斗.用无穷元研究土层特性对场地地震反应的影响.水利水运科学研究,1988(1)：31-63
[29]金峰,张楚汉,王光纶.半椭圆河谷上沉积层地震响应研究.清华大学学报,1993,33(5)：23-30
[30]Song.Ch, Wolf.J.P., Consistent infinitesimal finite-element cell method:three dimensional vector wave equation. International Joumal for Numerical Methods in Engineering[J].1996,39:2189-2208
[31]楼梦麟,林皋.粘弹性地基中人工边界的波反射效应.水利学报,1986(6)：20-30
[32]刘晶波.局部不规则地形对地震地面运动的影响.地震学报,1996,18(2)：239-245
[33]Kim.J.K, Koh.H.M, Kwon.K.J, etal.A three-dimensional transmitting boundary formulated in Cartesian co-ordinate system for the dynamic of non-axisymmetric foundations[J].EESD,2000(29):1527-1546。
[34]潘旦光.复杂场地的土层地震反应分析,同济大学工学博士学位论文.2003
[35]白建方.复杂场地土层地震反应分析的并行有限元方法.同济大学工学博士学位论文.2007
[36]蔡敏.特殊场地条件下的地震响应研究.西南交通大学工学硕士学位论 文.2009
[37]刘天云,刘光廷.拱坝河谷三维地震动分析.水利学报.2000(9)：79-85
[38]刘松海.重力坝三维地震有限元分析.山西建筑.2007,33(7)：111-131
[39]Trifunac M D Scattering of plane SH waves by a semicylindrical canyon. Earthq Eng and Struc Dynam,1973,1:267-281
[40]Wong H L, Trifunac M D.Scattering of plane SHwaves by a semi-elliptical canyon. Earthq Eng and StrucDynam,1974,3:157-169
[41]梁建文,张郁山,顾晓鲁.圆弧形层状凹陷地形对平面SH波的散射.振动工程学报.2003,16(2)
[42]楼梦麟,潘旦光,范立础.土层地震反应分析中侧向人工边界的影响[J].同济大学学报：自然科学版.2003,31(7)： 757-761
[43]白建方,楼梦麟.行波输入下土层有限元网格的划分原则.世界地震工程.2009,25(1)：48-51
[44]赵密.粘弹性人工边界及其与透射人工边界的比较研究.北京工业大学工学硕士学位论文.2004
[45]Z. S. Alterman and F. C. J. Karal. Propagation of Elastic Waves in Layered Media by Finite-Difference Methods. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of Ameriea.1968,58:367-398
[46]刘清华.饱和多孔介质三维时域粘弹性人工边界与动力反应分析的显式有限元法.北京交通大学硕士学位论文.2009
[47]寇晓东,唐可,田彩军.AlGOR结构分析高级教程.清华大学出版社,2008
[48]范立础等.桥梁抗震.上海：同济大学出版社,1997
[49]克拉夫,彭津.结构动力学.北京：科学出版社,1983
[50]彭承光,李运贵,李子权,王业新建筑场地岩土工程勘察基础.地震出版社,1995