基于计算机视觉的急性应激条件下尼罗罗非鱼的行为研究
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摘要
在水产养殖过程中,鱼的行为能为养殖者提供有价值的信息。水产养殖系统中经常出现的溶氧降低、温度突变、污染物或氨氮浓度升高等多种条件下都会使鱼处于应激状态,严重影响鱼的成活率,能及早发现鱼处于应激状态可以减少产量损失。一般急性应激会使鱼产生非常显著的生理和行为变化。鱼的行为可以通过入侵或非入侵的方法在现场连续监测,具有在生产条件下利用鱼的行为变化预测应激的潜力。
本研究项目建立了量化鱼群体行为参数(群体运动活跃性)和体色的方法,并在此基础上研究了尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)在缺氧和非离子氨浓度升高等引起的剧烈应激状态下的行为变化反应。具体研究内容如下:
(1) 利用计算机视觉技术量化鱼群整体活跃性
对间隔一定时间连续采集的图像序列进行阈值分割后前后两帧图像相减,通过对帧差图像中的运动区域(帧差非零区域)进行标记,求出每一条鱼在采集间隔时间中因运动引起的投影面积变化,和后一帧图像中每条鱼的投影面积相除,得到每一条鱼在两帧采集过程中的相当于体长倍数的游动距离,进而求得体长倍数游速。将这些游速取平均得到了在这段时间内鱼群的平均游速,可以反映鱼群的活跃程度。
(2) 利用计算机视觉技术量化水中鱼的体色
将图像转换到HSV空间得到鱼体的明度值,和经校准后的无色玻璃覆盖的灰级各阶明度值进行比较并近似采用线性插值的方法,获得鱼体的明度阶值表示体色亮暗程度,这样可以连续量化鱼在水中的体色而不惊扰鱼。
(3) 罗非鱼在溶氧浓度波动条件下的行为变化
研究了罗非鱼在环境溶氧浓度下降,保持在低浓度,以及恢复到正常浓度的整个过程中呼吸频率和群体活跃性、位置分布、密集程度等行为参数的变化,低溶氧浓度有1.5、0.8和0.3mg l~(-1)三个不同水平。罗非鱼群体的运动活跃性和空间分布参数能较好的反映出严重的缺氧情况,最显著的变化是垂直方向位置分布的上升和游动活跃性的下降,两个不同严重程度缺氧水平下运动活跃性和垂直方向上的位置分布之间存在显著差异,行为参数能很好地反映出严重缺氧的发生和恢复。罗非鱼的呼吸频率对急剧缺氧应激反应敏感,可以可靠地监测到罗非鱼严重缺氧应激状态的发生,但不能区别缺氧的严重程度。
(4) 罗非鱼在氨氮应激条件下的行为变化
监测罗非鱼在低、中、高(0.13、0.79、2.65 mg l~(-1))水平的非离子氨浓度下的行为反应,在低浓度下水平下鱼群通常占满整个水体,游动活跃且在各个方向上的分布均匀,计算得到的游动活跃性和分布参数没有大的波动,和正常条件下的行为几乎没有区别。在中等非离子氨浓度条件下在垂直方向上鱼群的位置和密集程度发生明显的变化:群心位置随着时间的波
At present, fish behavior under culture conditions holds important information for aquaculturist. Most of physiological and environmental changes can induce variations in fish behavior. Stress condition such as low dissolved oxygen level, elevated ammonia, abrupt variations in temperature occur frequently in aquaculture systems and severely affect fish mortality. Early detection of stress conditions in fish farming systems can reduce production loss. Acute stress of fish results in severe physiological and behavioral changes compared with fish maintained under normal condition. Plasma parameters changes in catecholamines, corticosteroids and glucose are accepted as physiological indicators of acute stress in fish. Measurements of plasma stress parameters require blood sampling; the sampling course can bring stress from disturbance and influence the value of measurement. The behavioral parameters have the possibility to be measured continuously in-situ by a non-invasive and non-contact approach, and have the potential to be used in the actual productions to predict stress conditions. This project presents the methods of quantifying the behavioral parameters and the skin color of the fish; and the behavioral responses of tilapia under acute hypoxia and high level of unionized ammonia were quantified based on these methods. Details were listed as followed:(1) Quantifying the swimming activity of multi-fish using computer vision Under culture conditions, the fish are in social school and interact on each other. This paper presents a method to calculate the swimming speed of a school of fish in a tank denoted by body length speed that correspond to fish activity using computer vision technique. Frame sequences captured at special time interval were subtracted in pairs after image segmentation and extraction. By labeling components caused by fish movement in difference frame, the projected area caused by the movement of every fish in the capture interval was calculated; this projected area was divided by the projected area of every fish in the later frame to get body length moving distance of each fish, and further obtained the relative body length speed. The average speed of all fish can well respond to the activity of fish school.(2) Quantifying the skin darkness of fish swimming in water using computer visionThe simple but practical method was presented to quantify the darkness of skin color by comparing the lightness with gray scale covered by glass, the skin darkness could be quantified using this method continuously.(3) The behavioral responses of tilapia under acute hypoxia stressThe behavioral parameters and ventilation frequency (VF) alterations of tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) responded to acute dissolved oxygen (DO) fluctuation during the course of normoxia, DO level declining, maintaining hypoxia (three level of 1.5, 0.8, 0.3 mg l~-1) and subsequent recovery to normoxia were monitored continuously. These parameters of the fish school responded to the DO level acute variations sensitively; had significant changes (P < 0.05) during severe hypoxia course (0.8, 0.3 mg l~-1 level) compared with normoxic condition, but had no significant difference during medium hypoxia course (1.5 mg l~-1level). The VF had no significant difference between two level of severe hypoxia 0.8 mg l~-1 and 0.3 mg l~-1 level during the low DO maintaining course. The activity and distribution parameters had distinguishable difference between the 0.8 mg l~-1 and 0.3 mg l~-1 level. The swimming activity could distinguish different degree of severe hypoxia though had relative large randomicity.(4) The behavioral responses of tilapia to ammonia stressThe behavioral responses of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) school to low, moderate and high level of unionized ammonia (UIA) concentration were monitored. The swimming activity and geometrical parameters of the schools such as the location of the center of gravity and the distribution of the fish were calculated continuously. These behavioral parameters of tilapia responded to acute UIA concentration fluctuation caused by the increase of pH sensitively. Under high UIA concentration the activity of fish indicated obvious increase exhibiting an avoidance reaction to high ammonia level; and decreased gradually. Under moderate and high UIA concentration the vertical location of school became erratic and wavered, the school moved up to the water surface and down to the bottom of the aquarium alternately; the school preferred to be more crowded together. Under high UIA level the school stayed at the aquarium bottom finally after several hours' exposure. So the alterations in fish behavior under acute stress can give out the important information useful in predicting the stress.The fish schools under normal conditions swim actively and distribute evenly. The abrupt increasing in swimming activity, acute fluctuation of school, staying at the bottom or accessing to the water surface, obvious decreasing in distribution and darkening in body color are the typical stress signal of the fish to high UIA concentration.(5) The adaptation ability of unstressed and stressed tilapia to the color changes of background. The healthy tilapia can adapt the ambient color in a short period; the darkness of the skin hadsignificant changes (P < 0.05) after 10 second of the color of background changes (from white to black or from black to white). The stressed tilapia loses the ability to adapt the white background immediately.(6) The relationship of the tilapia skin darkness and the stress physiological parameters under
本研究项目建立了量化鱼群体行为参数(群体运动活跃性)和体色的方法,并在此基础上研究了尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)在缺氧和非离子氨浓度升高等引起的剧烈应激状态下的行为变化反应。具体研究内容如下:
(1) 利用计算机视觉技术量化鱼群整体活跃性
对间隔一定时间连续采集的图像序列进行阈值分割后前后两帧图像相减,通过对帧差图像中的运动区域(帧差非零区域)进行标记,求出每一条鱼在采集间隔时间中因运动引起的投影面积变化,和后一帧图像中每条鱼的投影面积相除,得到每一条鱼在两帧采集过程中的相当于体长倍数的游动距离,进而求得体长倍数游速。将这些游速取平均得到了在这段时间内鱼群的平均游速,可以反映鱼群的活跃程度。
(2) 利用计算机视觉技术量化水中鱼的体色
将图像转换到HSV空间得到鱼体的明度值,和经校准后的无色玻璃覆盖的灰级各阶明度值进行比较并近似采用线性插值的方法,获得鱼体的明度阶值表示体色亮暗程度,这样可以连续量化鱼在水中的体色而不惊扰鱼。
(3) 罗非鱼在溶氧浓度波动条件下的行为变化
研究了罗非鱼在环境溶氧浓度下降,保持在低浓度,以及恢复到正常浓度的整个过程中呼吸频率和群体活跃性、位置分布、密集程度等行为参数的变化,低溶氧浓度有1.5、0.8和0.3mg l~(-1)三个不同水平。罗非鱼群体的运动活跃性和空间分布参数能较好的反映出严重的缺氧情况,最显著的变化是垂直方向位置分布的上升和游动活跃性的下降,两个不同严重程度缺氧水平下运动活跃性和垂直方向上的位置分布之间存在显著差异,行为参数能很好地反映出严重缺氧的发生和恢复。罗非鱼的呼吸频率对急剧缺氧应激反应敏感,可以可靠地监测到罗非鱼严重缺氧应激状态的发生,但不能区别缺氧的严重程度。
(4) 罗非鱼在氨氮应激条件下的行为变化
监测罗非鱼在低、中、高(0.13、0.79、2.65 mg l~(-1))水平的非离子氨浓度下的行为反应,在低浓度下水平下鱼群通常占满整个水体,游动活跃且在各个方向上的分布均匀,计算得到的游动活跃性和分布参数没有大的波动,和正常条件下的行为几乎没有区别。在中等非离子氨浓度条件下在垂直方向上鱼群的位置和密集程度发生明显的变化:群心位置随着时间的波
At present, fish behavior under culture conditions holds important information for aquaculturist. Most of physiological and environmental changes can induce variations in fish behavior. Stress condition such as low dissolved oxygen level, elevated ammonia, abrupt variations in temperature occur frequently in aquaculture systems and severely affect fish mortality. Early detection of stress conditions in fish farming systems can reduce production loss. Acute stress of fish results in severe physiological and behavioral changes compared with fish maintained under normal condition. Plasma parameters changes in catecholamines, corticosteroids and glucose are accepted as physiological indicators of acute stress in fish. Measurements of plasma stress parameters require blood sampling; the sampling course can bring stress from disturbance and influence the value of measurement. The behavioral parameters have the possibility to be measured continuously in-situ by a non-invasive and non-contact approach, and have the potential to be used in the actual productions to predict stress conditions. This project presents the methods of quantifying the behavioral parameters and the skin color of the fish; and the behavioral responses of tilapia under acute hypoxia and high level of unionized ammonia were quantified based on these methods. Details were listed as followed:(1) Quantifying the swimming activity of multi-fish using computer vision Under culture conditions, the fish are in social school and interact on each other. This paper presents a method to calculate the swimming speed of a school of fish in a tank denoted by body length speed that correspond to fish activity using computer vision technique. Frame sequences captured at special time interval were subtracted in pairs after image segmentation and extraction. By labeling components caused by fish movement in difference frame, the projected area caused by the movement of every fish in the capture interval was calculated; this projected area was divided by the projected area of every fish in the later frame to get body length moving distance of each fish, and further obtained the relative body length speed. The average speed of all fish can well respond to the activity of fish school.(2) Quantifying the skin darkness of fish swimming in water using computer visionThe simple but practical method was presented to quantify the darkness of skin color by comparing the lightness with gray scale covered by glass, the skin darkness could be quantified using this method continuously.(3) The behavioral responses of tilapia under acute hypoxia stressThe behavioral parameters and ventilation frequency (VF) alterations of tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) responded to acute dissolved oxygen (DO) fluctuation during the course of normoxia, DO level declining, maintaining hypoxia (three level of 1.5, 0.8, 0.3 mg l~-1) and subsequent recovery to normoxia were monitored continuously. These parameters of the fish school responded to the DO level acute variations sensitively; had significant changes (P < 0.05) during severe hypoxia course (0.8, 0.3 mg l~-1 level) compared with normoxic condition, but had no significant difference during medium hypoxia course (1.5 mg l~-1level). The VF had no significant difference between two level of severe hypoxia 0.8 mg l~-1 and 0.3 mg l~-1 level during the low DO maintaining course. The activity and distribution parameters had distinguishable difference between the 0.8 mg l~-1 and 0.3 mg l~-1 level. The swimming activity could distinguish different degree of severe hypoxia though had relative large randomicity.(4) The behavioral responses of tilapia to ammonia stressThe behavioral responses of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) school to low, moderate and high level of unionized ammonia (UIA) concentration were monitored. The swimming activity and geometrical parameters of the schools such as the location of the center of gravity and the distribution of the fish were calculated continuously. These behavioral parameters of tilapia responded to acute UIA concentration fluctuation caused by the increase of pH sensitively. Under high UIA concentration the activity of fish indicated obvious increase exhibiting an avoidance reaction to high ammonia level; and decreased gradually. Under moderate and high UIA concentration the vertical location of school became erratic and wavered, the school moved up to the water surface and down to the bottom of the aquarium alternately; the school preferred to be more crowded together. Under high UIA level the school stayed at the aquarium bottom finally after several hours' exposure. So the alterations in fish behavior under acute stress can give out the important information useful in predicting the stress.The fish schools under normal conditions swim actively and distribute evenly. The abrupt increasing in swimming activity, acute fluctuation of school, staying at the bottom or accessing to the water surface, obvious decreasing in distribution and darkening in body color are the typical stress signal of the fish to high UIA concentration.(5) The adaptation ability of unstressed and stressed tilapia to the color changes of background. The healthy tilapia can adapt the ambient color in a short period; the darkness of the skin hadsignificant changes (P < 0.05) after 10 second of the color of background changes (from white to black or from black to white). The stressed tilapia loses the ability to adapt the white background immediately.(6) The relationship of the tilapia skin darkness and the stress physiological parameters under
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