中国中低纬电离层闪烁监测、分析与应用研究
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摘要
电离层中电子密度随机、快速的不均匀变化,会导致穿越电离层的无线电信号振幅、相位和偏振方向的快速随机起伏,即电离层闪烁。电离层闪烁不仅反映了电离层中不规则结构及其变化的物理特性,而且可能导致通信误码和信号畸变,从而影响卫星导航精度和通信畅通。随着全球范围导航和通信系统对空间平台的依赖日益增长,电离层闪烁的监测研究显现出越来越重要的应用价值。同时,以美国全球定位系统(GPS)为代表的各类导航定位卫星的广泛应用,为利用这类卫星信号作为信标,观测研究全球或地区的电离层闪烁提供了一种方便、廉价和有效的手段。本文利用武汉(30.6°N, 114.4°E)、三亚(18.3o N, 109.5o E)地区的GPS电离层闪烁/TEC监测系统与北斗电离层闪烁监测系统的观测数据,主要研究了中国中低纬地区电离层闪烁与不规则结构漂移的统计特征、磁暴期间影响电离层闪烁发生的因素和不同程度的闪烁对通信系统的影响。
首先,本文介绍了电离层闪烁测量原理和闪烁指数的计算,以及GPS电离层闪烁/TEC监测系统与北斗电离层闪烁监测系统的硬件结构原理及实现。在此基础上,介绍了自主研制的一系列软件:包括电离层闪烁实时监测与分析(根据闪烁发生情况自动保存闪烁前后原始幅度和相位数据,用于对闪烁事件的详细分析)、通用数据传输、服务器数据分类接收处理以及无人值守集成系统软件等,实现了从数据采集到传输以及服务端处理、网上实时发布等各种功能。这些软件的研制,不仅使电离层闪烁的实时采集,分析和闪烁期间原始数据保留成为可能,而且实现了电离层闪烁网上现报。
其次,依据GPS电离层闪烁/TEC监测系统在武汉、三亚的观测与北斗电离层闪烁监测系统在三亚的观测,分析了2002-2006年,太阳活动下降期间中国中低纬地区电离层闪烁、闪烁谱的统计特征,并估算不规则体漂移速度。统计结果表明:电离层幅度闪烁主要发生在日落后到午夜附近,并有可能持续到午夜后,其中春秋分季节发生率明显高于冬季与夏季;但电离层相位闪烁并没有表现出类似的随地方时和季节变化特征。在对北斗电离层闪烁监测系统的观测数据分析中发现,在接近太阳活动低年(2005-2006年),三亚地区很少观测到北斗信号电离层闪烁现象,幅度闪烁指数0.6以上的北斗信号电离层闪烁基本没有,中等闪烁(S4≥0.3)的出现时段与同时段的GPS电离层闪烁观测结果一致,但其发生率要低于GPS电离层闪烁发生率,且闪烁强度要低。由于闪烁功率谱信息中包含着引起闪烁的不规则体重要信息,本文利用在三亚观测的电离层闪烁期间的原始信号功率数据,采用自相关估计每分钟计算一次功率谱密度。结果表明:在弱闪烁期间(0.1≤S4<0.3),随着闪烁的增强,不规则体谱指数有增加的趋势,而在中等以上闪烁强度时(S4≥0.3),谱指数不再随闪烁指数S4的增加而增加,而是逐渐趋于饱和。同时估算的磁静日期间不规则体漂移速度随时间的统计表明,在地方时22:00 LT之前,漂移速度变化幅度范围很大,而22:00 LT之后,基本趋于一个恒定范围。
最后,我们研究了在2002-2006年发生的磁暴期间影响中国中低纬地区电离层闪烁发生的因素。结合电离层数字测高仪、地磁以及卫星观测数据,对暴时武汉、三亚地区的电离层闪烁发生情况以及影响闪烁的因素进行了较为详细的分析,结果显示磁暴对赤道扩展F或等离子体泡的影响(抑制/触发)主要受控于Dst变化率,dDst/dt最大值决定的地方时在不规则结构的产生中发挥着主要作用,当该地方时接近日落时分时,磁暴的发生将有助于建立不规则结构产生的条件,从而可能引起穿越电离层的电波信号闪烁;而磁暴期间偶发E层的出现,则可能通过改变Pedersen电导率从而抑制不规则结构的产生。
此外,利用三亚地区电离层闪烁期间的原始信号功率数据,本文探讨了电离层闪烁对通信系统的影响。通过假设衰减门限,计算了不同程度电离层闪烁发生时信号的可信度,得到了一些有意义的结果。这对电离层闪烁发生时通信系统影响的预测,以及改进电离层闪烁频发地区通信系统的设计有着理论指导和实际应用意义。
Ionospheric scintillation is a rapid change in the amplitude and phase of a radio signal as it passes through small-scale plasma density irregularities in the ionosphere. The scintillation may cause problems such as signal power fading, phase cycle slips, receiver loss of lock, etc., and degrade the quality of satellite navigation systems. Being concerned about these effects, ionospheric irregularities/scintillations have become a key component of space weather. By using the GPS ionospheric scintillation/TEC and Beidou ionospheric scintillation measurements over Wuhan (30.6°N, 114.4°E) and Sanya (18.3o N, 109.5o E), a statistical analysis of ionospheric scintillations and transverse drift velocities of irregularities, effects of geomagnetic storm on ionospheric scintillations, and scintillation effects on communication system have been performed. Main results are outlined as follows.
First, the scintillation index computation, the principles of ionospheric scintillation monitoring, and the hardware design of GPS/Beidou ionospheric scintillation monitoring system are introduced. Based on the hardware system, several programs have been developed under Windows operating system, which includes a real-time GPS/Beidou ionospheric scintillation monitoring software for measuring and displaying scintillation (when ionospheric scintillation occurs, the raw amplitude and phase data can be saved automatically), data transferring, data processing etc. The realization of these programs provides a basis for obtaining the ionospheric scintillation data and the nowcasting of ionospheric scintillation.
Next, automatic recorded raw digital scintillation data are analyzed to obtain the spectral characteristics of irregularities producing ionospheric scintillations, the transverse drift velocities of irregularities during geomagnetic quiet days (Kp<4) and the correlation between amplitude scintillation and power spectral density are estimated. The statistical results reveal that amplitude scintillations mainly occur from postsunset to near midnight or post-midnight. The occurrence rate and intensity of amplitude scintillations are evidently enhanced in equinox months and reduced in winter and summer months. In comparison with amplitude scintillation, the variation of phase scintillation doesn’t have these regular variations. Within the period of Year 2005-2006, the simultaneous GPS and Beidou scintillation measurements show that GPS and Beidou amplitude scintillations nearly occur at the same time, but GPS scintillation is stronger than scintillation observed by Beidou. For the analysed dataset, no strong Beidou amplitude scintillation (S4>0.6) is observed. Since the power spectra of scintillation event contain information about the irregularities that produce the scintillation, automatic recorded raw digital scintillation data are analyzed to obtain the spectral characteristics. The statistical results of S4 indices and power spectral indices indicate that the power spectral indices show a linear change with weak amplitude scintillation indices (0.1≤S4<0.3). They increase toward the generation phase of amplitude scintillation activities, and decrease toward the decay phase. But for moderate and strong amplitude scintillations (S4≥0.3), the spectral indices tend to be saturated. The spectral indices range 1.0 to 6.4 with mean value of 3.6. The correlation between estimated transverse drift velocities and LT probably demonstrated that the motion of the irregularities which cause scintillations is highly variable in the initial phase of irregularity development on geomagnetic quiet days. After about 22:00 LT, the estimated velocity tends to follow the same pattern on different days.
Finally, we investigate the effects (trigger or inhibit/not trigger) of geomagnetic storms on ionospheric scintillations at Wuhan and Sanya. Magnetometer data, Digisonde data and topside plasma data are also used to help elucidate the possible mechanisms responsible for the effects. The results show that the storm effects on scintillation depend on the maximum dDst/dt determined local time sector. When the determined time is close to postsunset, the enhanced eastward electric field sets the plasma into motion via the vertical ExB drift, which causes the Rayleigh-Taylor mode becomes unstable, and leads to the development of irregularities (spread F and plasma bubbles) producing scintillation. Also, the sporadic E layer played a role in the generation of ionospheric scintillation through changing the Pederson conductivity ratio and suppressing the upward plasma drift, thus reducing the growth rate of irregularities associated with spread-F.
Furthermore, the paper presents the statistical analysis of the effects of ionospheric scintillation on fade duration and message reliability. If the fade duration is longer than the message length and the fade depth is below the system threshold, the information can be lost fully or partially. The investigation of the scintillation effects will help engineers to determine margins necessary for communication systems during times of severe ionospheric scintillations.
首先,本文介绍了电离层闪烁测量原理和闪烁指数的计算,以及GPS电离层闪烁/TEC监测系统与北斗电离层闪烁监测系统的硬件结构原理及实现。在此基础上,介绍了自主研制的一系列软件:包括电离层闪烁实时监测与分析(根据闪烁发生情况自动保存闪烁前后原始幅度和相位数据,用于对闪烁事件的详细分析)、通用数据传输、服务器数据分类接收处理以及无人值守集成系统软件等,实现了从数据采集到传输以及服务端处理、网上实时发布等各种功能。这些软件的研制,不仅使电离层闪烁的实时采集,分析和闪烁期间原始数据保留成为可能,而且实现了电离层闪烁网上现报。
其次,依据GPS电离层闪烁/TEC监测系统在武汉、三亚的观测与北斗电离层闪烁监测系统在三亚的观测,分析了2002-2006年,太阳活动下降期间中国中低纬地区电离层闪烁、闪烁谱的统计特征,并估算不规则体漂移速度。统计结果表明:电离层幅度闪烁主要发生在日落后到午夜附近,并有可能持续到午夜后,其中春秋分季节发生率明显高于冬季与夏季;但电离层相位闪烁并没有表现出类似的随地方时和季节变化特征。在对北斗电离层闪烁监测系统的观测数据分析中发现,在接近太阳活动低年(2005-2006年),三亚地区很少观测到北斗信号电离层闪烁现象,幅度闪烁指数0.6以上的北斗信号电离层闪烁基本没有,中等闪烁(S4≥0.3)的出现时段与同时段的GPS电离层闪烁观测结果一致,但其发生率要低于GPS电离层闪烁发生率,且闪烁强度要低。由于闪烁功率谱信息中包含着引起闪烁的不规则体重要信息,本文利用在三亚观测的电离层闪烁期间的原始信号功率数据,采用自相关估计每分钟计算一次功率谱密度。结果表明:在弱闪烁期间(0.1≤S4<0.3),随着闪烁的增强,不规则体谱指数有增加的趋势,而在中等以上闪烁强度时(S4≥0.3),谱指数不再随闪烁指数S4的增加而增加,而是逐渐趋于饱和。同时估算的磁静日期间不规则体漂移速度随时间的统计表明,在地方时22:00 LT之前,漂移速度变化幅度范围很大,而22:00 LT之后,基本趋于一个恒定范围。
最后,我们研究了在2002-2006年发生的磁暴期间影响中国中低纬地区电离层闪烁发生的因素。结合电离层数字测高仪、地磁以及卫星观测数据,对暴时武汉、三亚地区的电离层闪烁发生情况以及影响闪烁的因素进行了较为详细的分析,结果显示磁暴对赤道扩展F或等离子体泡的影响(抑制/触发)主要受控于Dst变化率,dDst/dt最大值决定的地方时在不规则结构的产生中发挥着主要作用,当该地方时接近日落时分时,磁暴的发生将有助于建立不规则结构产生的条件,从而可能引起穿越电离层的电波信号闪烁;而磁暴期间偶发E层的出现,则可能通过改变Pedersen电导率从而抑制不规则结构的产生。
此外,利用三亚地区电离层闪烁期间的原始信号功率数据,本文探讨了电离层闪烁对通信系统的影响。通过假设衰减门限,计算了不同程度电离层闪烁发生时信号的可信度,得到了一些有意义的结果。这对电离层闪烁发生时通信系统影响的预测,以及改进电离层闪烁频发地区通信系统的设计有着理论指导和实际应用意义。
Ionospheric scintillation is a rapid change in the amplitude and phase of a radio signal as it passes through small-scale plasma density irregularities in the ionosphere. The scintillation may cause problems such as signal power fading, phase cycle slips, receiver loss of lock, etc., and degrade the quality of satellite navigation systems. Being concerned about these effects, ionospheric irregularities/scintillations have become a key component of space weather. By using the GPS ionospheric scintillation/TEC and Beidou ionospheric scintillation measurements over Wuhan (30.6°N, 114.4°E) and Sanya (18.3o N, 109.5o E), a statistical analysis of ionospheric scintillations and transverse drift velocities of irregularities, effects of geomagnetic storm on ionospheric scintillations, and scintillation effects on communication system have been performed. Main results are outlined as follows.
First, the scintillation index computation, the principles of ionospheric scintillation monitoring, and the hardware design of GPS/Beidou ionospheric scintillation monitoring system are introduced. Based on the hardware system, several programs have been developed under Windows operating system, which includes a real-time GPS/Beidou ionospheric scintillation monitoring software for measuring and displaying scintillation (when ionospheric scintillation occurs, the raw amplitude and phase data can be saved automatically), data transferring, data processing etc. The realization of these programs provides a basis for obtaining the ionospheric scintillation data and the nowcasting of ionospheric scintillation.
Next, automatic recorded raw digital scintillation data are analyzed to obtain the spectral characteristics of irregularities producing ionospheric scintillations, the transverse drift velocities of irregularities during geomagnetic quiet days (Kp<4) and the correlation between amplitude scintillation and power spectral density are estimated. The statistical results reveal that amplitude scintillations mainly occur from postsunset to near midnight or post-midnight. The occurrence rate and intensity of amplitude scintillations are evidently enhanced in equinox months and reduced in winter and summer months. In comparison with amplitude scintillation, the variation of phase scintillation doesn’t have these regular variations. Within the period of Year 2005-2006, the simultaneous GPS and Beidou scintillation measurements show that GPS and Beidou amplitude scintillations nearly occur at the same time, but GPS scintillation is stronger than scintillation observed by Beidou. For the analysed dataset, no strong Beidou amplitude scintillation (S4>0.6) is observed. Since the power spectra of scintillation event contain information about the irregularities that produce the scintillation, automatic recorded raw digital scintillation data are analyzed to obtain the spectral characteristics. The statistical results of S4 indices and power spectral indices indicate that the power spectral indices show a linear change with weak amplitude scintillation indices (0.1≤S4<0.3). They increase toward the generation phase of amplitude scintillation activities, and decrease toward the decay phase. But for moderate and strong amplitude scintillations (S4≥0.3), the spectral indices tend to be saturated. The spectral indices range 1.0 to 6.4 with mean value of 3.6. The correlation between estimated transverse drift velocities and LT probably demonstrated that the motion of the irregularities which cause scintillations is highly variable in the initial phase of irregularity development on geomagnetic quiet days. After about 22:00 LT, the estimated velocity tends to follow the same pattern on different days.
Finally, we investigate the effects (trigger or inhibit/not trigger) of geomagnetic storms on ionospheric scintillations at Wuhan and Sanya. Magnetometer data, Digisonde data and topside plasma data are also used to help elucidate the possible mechanisms responsible for the effects. The results show that the storm effects on scintillation depend on the maximum dDst/dt determined local time sector. When the determined time is close to postsunset, the enhanced eastward electric field sets the plasma into motion via the vertical ExB drift, which causes the Rayleigh-Taylor mode becomes unstable, and leads to the development of irregularities (spread F and plasma bubbles) producing scintillation. Also, the sporadic E layer played a role in the generation of ionospheric scintillation through changing the Pederson conductivity ratio and suppressing the upward plasma drift, thus reducing the growth rate of irregularities associated with spread-F.
Furthermore, the paper presents the statistical analysis of the effects of ionospheric scintillation on fade duration and message reliability. If the fade duration is longer than the message length and the fade depth is below the system threshold, the information can be lost fully or partially. The investigation of the scintillation effects will help engineers to determine margins necessary for communication systems during times of severe ionospheric scintillations.
引文
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