渭河中滩段河流阶地的分布、时代及其地貌学意义
摘要
河流地貌一直是地貌学界的主要研究对象之一,它记录着其所处时空环境下的气候变化、构造活动信息,以及河流对外界因子变化而引起系统内部不断调整的响应过程。河流阶地作为过去的河床被废弃后形成的一种最基本的河流地貌形态,不仅可以用来恢复河流地貌的发育过程,还可以用来反演区域的气候变化和构造活动历史。
通过对渭河上游中滩段河流地貌详细的野外考察,我们发现该区河流阶地极其发育,保存完好,是研究区域气候变化和构造活动的绝佳载体。
该区河流阶地大致分布在三个构造单元内：卦台山南侧黄家坪一带、卦台山北侧谢家坪-小湾一带和中滩盆地沉降区。其中：黄家坪一带发育6级阶地；谢家坪-小湾一带共发育9级阶地；中滩盆地内部保存着4级阶地。
由于该区地处黄土高原,各级阶地之上均覆盖着不同厚度的黄土地层,它们为确定阶地形成时代提供了便利。但是由于大多研究剖面与农业梯田相间,我们仅对部分阶地序列进行了年代学研究：其中高级阶地主要运用阶地上覆黄土地层的古地磁及黄土-古土壤气候地层学对比,低级阶地则采用光释光测年法,结合阶地年龄-高程线性关系计算了其余各级阶地的年龄。结果发现,更新世期间渭河中滩段共发育13级河流阶地,阶地上覆黄土地层的最底部古土壤分别为：S14、S13、S11、S10、S9、S8、S7、S6、S5、S4、S1、Sm、S0,从而可以推断阶地形成时代分别为1.24Ma、1.19Ma、1.08Ma、1.03Ma、982ka、866ka、790ka、712ka、621ka、424ka、130ka、57ka、10ka。这表明,更新世期间轨道尺度的41ka、100ka周期气候旋回控制着渭河中滩段河流阶地的发育,并且河流下切、阶地形成发生在冰期-间冰期过渡阶段。根据中国黄土-古土壤序列的研究可知,1.24Ma以来该区共经历16次冰期-间冰期旋回,而中滩段阶地序列记录了其中的13次。阶地序列与气候转型并非一一对应,可能表明气候变化并不是控制阶地发育的唯一主控因素。
通过对小湾一带阶地断面的研究,获得了1.24-0.62Ma间的河流下切历史,平均下切速率为0.46m/ka,该时段河流的强烈下切可能是对青藏高原东北缘昆黄运动造就的地表隆升的响应。黄家坪一带0.13Ma以来河流下切61m,平均下切速率为0.47m/ka,可能是河流过程对秦岭北缘造山带强烈抬升的响应。
而中滩盆地内部与黄家坪、小湾一带阶地序列的不对称性表明,距今621ka左右汾渭地堑的西向扩展影响至渭河中滩段,引起该段北侧形成小型差异性断裂,中滩盆地形成。其后,在渭河及其支流发育中,盆地不断沉降并接受沉积。
余家峡T2阶地上覆砾石,刘家坪T4阶地所在山坡之上披覆的砾石均磨圆差、无分选,为阶地形成后发生的非正常河流堆积。考察发现,中滩上游段新阳T2阶地沉积物记录了四期较大的洪水事件。对比分析可知,上述堆积反映了距今5万年左右的多次堰塞堆积事件。
Fluvial Geomorphology is one of the main objects of study in Geomorphology. It records the information of climate and tectonic change, and also the process that the river response to the external changes. River terrace, as the palaeo-floodplain, is a basic river landform that formed by the river bed abandoned, not only can be used to restore the developmental of fluvial geomorphology, but also the history of climate and tectonic changes where the river drianaged.
Through detailed fieldwork on the Weihe River upstream basin-Zhongtan Basin, we find that the river terrace in this area is extremely well preserved and is a perfect carrier of regional climate change and tectonic activity.
Terraces in this region are distributed in three different tectonic units:Huangjiaping section, south of the river; Xiejiaping-Xiaowan section, north of the river; and the Zhongtan basin. There are6terraces in Huangjiaping section,9terraces in Xiejiaping-Xiaowan section, and4terraces in the basin.
The study area is located in the Loess Plateau. Terraces are capped by loess of different thickness, which is convenient for the dating. As most of the sections are accompanied by agriculture terraces, we dated only some of these terraces. Palaeomagnetic and climate stratigraphy analysis for the high terraces, OSL dating for the lower ones, and age-height analysis for others. We find that, there are13terraces of staircase since the Pleistocene, the lowest paleosol of the loess stratigraphy are S14, S13, S11, S10, S9, S8, S7, S6, S5, S4, S1, Sm, S0, so we speculate the terrace formation ages are respectively1.24Ma,1.19Ma,1.08Ma,1.03Ma,982ka,866ka,790ka,712ka,621ka,424ka,130ka,57ka,10ka. It suggests that the terrace formation is controlled by the41ka and100ka climate cycle and the incision is occured in the glacial-interglacial transition. The staircase records13of16times glacial-interglacial cycle sine1.24Ma. Terrace sequence and climatic transition is not a one-to-one correspondence. It indicates that climate change is not the only main controlling factors to the development of the terraces.
We obtained the incision history of Weihe river during1.24-0.62Ma, the average incision rate is0.46m/ka. The extreme incision may indicate the response to the surface uplift was forced by the Kunhuang movement. The river incised61m since0.13Ma in the Huangjiaping section, the rate is0.47m/ka, this may imply the response to the uplift of North Qinling orogen.
The asymmetry among the Zhongtan basin, Huangjiaping and Xiejiaping-Xiaowan section indicate that the west extension of Fenwei graden affected the Zhongtan basin in621k a B.P., formed a series of little faults in the north of this region, and the Zhongtan basin is formed. After this, the basin is continued subsiding and depositing.
The gravels above Yujiaxia T2and Liujiaping T4are bad roundness and sorting, It is a non-normal aggradation after the terrace formation. The Xinyang T2recorded four times of paleo-floods. We concluded that these gravels indicate many times of damming around50ka.
通过对渭河上游中滩段河流地貌详细的野外考察,我们发现该区河流阶地极其发育,保存完好,是研究区域气候变化和构造活动的绝佳载体。
该区河流阶地大致分布在三个构造单元内：卦台山南侧黄家坪一带、卦台山北侧谢家坪-小湾一带和中滩盆地沉降区。其中：黄家坪一带发育6级阶地；谢家坪-小湾一带共发育9级阶地；中滩盆地内部保存着4级阶地。
由于该区地处黄土高原,各级阶地之上均覆盖着不同厚度的黄土地层,它们为确定阶地形成时代提供了便利。但是由于大多研究剖面与农业梯田相间,我们仅对部分阶地序列进行了年代学研究：其中高级阶地主要运用阶地上覆黄土地层的古地磁及黄土-古土壤气候地层学对比,低级阶地则采用光释光测年法,结合阶地年龄-高程线性关系计算了其余各级阶地的年龄。结果发现,更新世期间渭河中滩段共发育13级河流阶地,阶地上覆黄土地层的最底部古土壤分别为：S14、S13、S11、S10、S9、S8、S7、S6、S5、S4、S1、Sm、S0,从而可以推断阶地形成时代分别为1.24Ma、1.19Ma、1.08Ma、1.03Ma、982ka、866ka、790ka、712ka、621ka、424ka、130ka、57ka、10ka。这表明,更新世期间轨道尺度的41ka、100ka周期气候旋回控制着渭河中滩段河流阶地的发育,并且河流下切、阶地形成发生在冰期-间冰期过渡阶段。根据中国黄土-古土壤序列的研究可知,1.24Ma以来该区共经历16次冰期-间冰期旋回,而中滩段阶地序列记录了其中的13次。阶地序列与气候转型并非一一对应,可能表明气候变化并不是控制阶地发育的唯一主控因素。
通过对小湾一带阶地断面的研究,获得了1.24-0.62Ma间的河流下切历史,平均下切速率为0.46m/ka,该时段河流的强烈下切可能是对青藏高原东北缘昆黄运动造就的地表隆升的响应。黄家坪一带0.13Ma以来河流下切61m,平均下切速率为0.47m/ka,可能是河流过程对秦岭北缘造山带强烈抬升的响应。
而中滩盆地内部与黄家坪、小湾一带阶地序列的不对称性表明,距今621ka左右汾渭地堑的西向扩展影响至渭河中滩段,引起该段北侧形成小型差异性断裂,中滩盆地形成。其后,在渭河及其支流发育中,盆地不断沉降并接受沉积。
余家峡T2阶地上覆砾石,刘家坪T4阶地所在山坡之上披覆的砾石均磨圆差、无分选,为阶地形成后发生的非正常河流堆积。考察发现,中滩上游段新阳T2阶地沉积物记录了四期较大的洪水事件。对比分析可知,上述堆积反映了距今5万年左右的多次堰塞堆积事件。
Fluvial Geomorphology is one of the main objects of study in Geomorphology. It records the information of climate and tectonic change, and also the process that the river response to the external changes. River terrace, as the palaeo-floodplain, is a basic river landform that formed by the river bed abandoned, not only can be used to restore the developmental of fluvial geomorphology, but also the history of climate and tectonic changes where the river drianaged.
Through detailed fieldwork on the Weihe River upstream basin-Zhongtan Basin, we find that the river terrace in this area is extremely well preserved and is a perfect carrier of regional climate change and tectonic activity.
Terraces in this region are distributed in three different tectonic units:Huangjiaping section, south of the river; Xiejiaping-Xiaowan section, north of the river; and the Zhongtan basin. There are6terraces in Huangjiaping section,9terraces in Xiejiaping-Xiaowan section, and4terraces in the basin.
The study area is located in the Loess Plateau. Terraces are capped by loess of different thickness, which is convenient for the dating. As most of the sections are accompanied by agriculture terraces, we dated only some of these terraces. Palaeomagnetic and climate stratigraphy analysis for the high terraces, OSL dating for the lower ones, and age-height analysis for others. We find that, there are13terraces of staircase since the Pleistocene, the lowest paleosol of the loess stratigraphy are S14, S13, S11, S10, S9, S8, S7, S6, S5, S4, S1, Sm, S0, so we speculate the terrace formation ages are respectively1.24Ma,1.19Ma,1.08Ma,1.03Ma,982ka,866ka,790ka,712ka,621ka,424ka,130ka,57ka,10ka. It suggests that the terrace formation is controlled by the41ka and100ka climate cycle and the incision is occured in the glacial-interglacial transition. The staircase records13of16times glacial-interglacial cycle sine1.24Ma. Terrace sequence and climatic transition is not a one-to-one correspondence. It indicates that climate change is not the only main controlling factors to the development of the terraces.
We obtained the incision history of Weihe river during1.24-0.62Ma, the average incision rate is0.46m/ka. The extreme incision may indicate the response to the surface uplift was forced by the Kunhuang movement. The river incised61m since0.13Ma in the Huangjiaping section, the rate is0.47m/ka, this may imply the response to the uplift of North Qinling orogen.
The asymmetry among the Zhongtan basin, Huangjiaping and Xiejiaping-Xiaowan section indicate that the west extension of Fenwei graden affected the Zhongtan basin in621k a B.P., formed a series of little faults in the north of this region, and the Zhongtan basin is formed. After this, the basin is continued subsiding and depositing.
The gravels above Yujiaxia T2and Liujiaping T4are bad roundness and sorting, It is a non-normal aggradation after the terrace formation. The Xinyang T2recorded four times of paleo-floods. We concluded that these gravels indicate many times of damming around50ka.
引文
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