辽宁西部早白垩世奔龙类化石新材料——兼论羽毛的起源
|
摘要
近几年来，中国辽宁西部热河生物群研究取得了许多重大进展，尤其是一系列长有羽毛(皮肤衍生物)兽脚类恐龙化石的发现，为鸟类的兽脚类恐龙起源假说及鸟类飞行的陆地奔跑起源假说提供了极为重要的化石依据。但鸟类与哪一支兽脚类恐龙类群的系统关系最为接近、羽毛本身的起源及其早期演化如何、鸟类如何定义等问题，仍然没有得到彻底解决。2000年，辽西朝阳市上河首早白垩世九佛堂组地层中，发现了一件保存完好的长有羽毛的奔龙类化石，这是继北票四合屯、朝阳下三家子、凌源大王杖子之后长羽毛奔龙化石在辽西的又一次发现，为解决奔龙类的系统关系、羽毛的起源及早期演化提供了重要的实物资料。这件奔龙类标本(NGMC 00-12-A)保存极为完整，全长(头骨吻端至尾巴末端)约1m，是一个体较小的奔龙类。它具有许多中国鸟龙属Sinornithosaurus所特有的特征，如：齿骨后部分叉、前颌骨齿齿冠前后缘均无小锯齿、叉骨U形、第Ⅱ指第2指节很短、坐骨封闭突极大且具有坐骨后背突、第Ⅲ蹠骨部分窄足型等，因而无疑应归入该属中。然而这一标本个体较小，其前肢一些骨骼的长短比例与中国鸟龙属属型种Sinornithosaurus millenii相比存在一定差异，同时新标本头骨后部保存不好而不能提供更多信息，故暂将其作为中国鸟龙属未定种Sinornithosaurus sp．处理。这一标本不仅骨骼较为完整，而且还保存有大面积的羽毛，尤其是其前肢羽毛及尾部中后部的羽毛已经具有了较为发育的羽轴(羽干)及平行的羽枝，从而以确凿的证据表明奔龙类的羽毛也具备了现代羽毛的基本特征。
奔龙类是一类较为特殊的手盗龙类(Maniraptora)，它具有许多与始祖鸟Archaeopteryx甚至其它早期鸟类相似或接近的特征，主要表现在：叉骨U形与始祖鸟和孔子鸟类的相同，背肋钩状突在孔子鸟类和个别反鸟类中也存在，肩臼窝绝大部分指向侧方类似于始祖鸟，肩胛骨与乌喙骨间的夹角非常接近90°也和始祖鸟的相似，前肢从比例上讲显得较长，大的半月形腕骨使肘部能向侧方折过来，耻骨伸向后下方，距骨上升突与原始鸟类中的为同源结构，羽毛已有显著的分化且具备了现代羽毛的基本结构等等。这些特征表明：在进步的手盗龙类向鸟类演化的过程中，不仅许多特征在奔龙类阶段就已经完成或正在转变，而且羽毛与骨骼间亦存在着一定程度的协同演化现象。
奔龙类自成一科，即奔龙科(Dromaeosauridae)，它又可进一步分为奔龙亚科(Dromaeosaurinae)与疾走龙亚科(Velociraptorinae)。该科化石主要分布于东亚及北美的白垩纪地层中，此外在欧洲、非洲、南美等地也有零星发现，这类化石在研究兽脚类与鸟类的系统关系方面具有特殊重要的价值。迄今较为重要的属主要有北美的Dromaeosaurus、Deinonvchus、Saurornitholestes、Utahraptor、Bambiraptor以及东亚的Velociraptor、Achillobator、Adasaurus、Sinornithosaurus、Microraptor等，这些属之间的分支系统关系至今仍未解决。目前关于奔龙类在手盗龙类中的系统位置有几种不同的观点，本文支持奔龙类与Avialae的关系最为密切的观点，即奔龙类是与Avialae最为亲近的类群，两者构成姐妹群关系。本文给出的奔龙类系
统关系图还显示：伤齿龙类poodonhdae）和窃蛋龙类（aptotidae也应该发育
了具有羽干及羽片的羽毛结构，而且羽毛已不再是鸟类所特有的特征，它早在
鸟类及其飞行产生之前就己经存在并且有相当程度的分化。
到目前为止，辽西热河生物群中己有几个不同的兽脚类恐龙类型被发现长
有羽毛，它们是美颌龙类的site…ropteny、原始祖鸟类的w／arce。opterm、尾羽
鸟类（窃蛋龙类）的CaH却作沙、镰刀龙类的＊一加0——一奔龙类的S初00掀…一
及Mlerraptor等。此外，发现于蒙古的Athere罚a。dae科的h。…亦被证实具
有原始羽毛。其中S切OJMropteny、＊一加0…、孙。…具有最为简单的原始羽
毛状构造，这种构造不具备羽干及羽小枝；而 Proto17vaeoptepe、Ca。dhtepe。
厂初ornMOJau。不仅发育有原始羽毛，同时还发育了具有羽干及羽小校的现代羽
毛结构。这些化石揭示了原始羽毛的特征，它们在研究原始羽毛的定义、羽毛
的起源及其早期演化模式等方面具有极为重要的意义。本文首次明确给出了原
始羽毛卜otofeath一的定义：原始羽毛是指在羽毛（广义）发生演化的初期阶段，
那些不具有显著分化的羽干或不具有羽轴、同时不具有羽小校的结构简单的羽
毛类型。同时，本文还首次将原始羽毛分为3种不同的类型：丝状原始羽毛
（if删cut－like protofeather）、雏绒羽状原始羽毛…atal－d皿n－ike pro由feather）、分枝
状原始羽毛…ranch－like protofeather）。存在于C她却te叭、Jco。itbo。。等前肢上
对称状的飞羽己具有了现代羽毛的典型结构，但作为飞羽来讲它则代表了一种
较原始的结构。
关于羽毛的早期演化模式主要有两种看法，第一种认为羽毛的演化按鳞片
拉长、羽校出现、羽轴（羽干）出现、羽小枝羽小钩出现的顺序进行，第二种观点
认为羽毛的演化经历了鳞片拉长、羽轴出现、羽枝分化、羽小枝羽小钩出现这
一系列的变化，这两种看法最主要的差别在于羽校与羽轴
Recently, a series of the feathered dinosaurs have been found from the Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, Northeast China, which give extremely strong evidences of the theropod hypothesis of bird origin and of the cursorial hypothesis of the avian flight origin. But the origin and early evolution of feathers have still been unanswered. In late 2000, a well-preserved specimen of dromaeosaurids was excavated from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Shangheshou, suburb of Chaoyang City, western Liaoning. This new specimen (NGMC 00-12-A) is preserved not only by almost complete skeleton but also by many feathers. It is a quite small dromaeosaurid with the total length nearly 1 meter from the snout to the tip of the tail. It shows many typical characters seen in the type species of the genus of Sinornithosaurus, which discovered also from western Liaoning. NGMC 00-12-A can further be included in Sinornithosaurus by the dentary bifurcated posteriorly, unserrated premaxillary teeth, U-shaped furcula, extremel
y short manual phalanx III-2 in comparison with the length of phalanx III-l, very large and developed obturator process of the ischium, partially arctometatarsalian metatarsal III and so on. This specimen slightly differs from the type species of the same genus Sinornithosaurus milknii in the length proportions of some manual elements. Because its cranial posterior portion is badly preserved and difficult to be compared with the type species, it is temporarily identified as Sinornithosaurus sp. here. The feathers attached to the arms and the tail evidently possess the structures of "modern feathers", which consisting of the central shafts (rachis) and parallel barbs.
Dromaeosaurids are unusual group of maniraptoran theropods. They share many similar or the same features with Archaeopteryx or other primitive birds, such as: U-shaped furcula, uncinate process, laterally facing glenoid of shoulder girdle, comparatively long forelimb, large semilunate carple, retroverted pubis, ascending process of astragalus, and "modern feathers" with rachis and barbs etc. These facts indicate not only that dromaeosaurids had developed many bird-like characters in course of the advanced maniraptorans toward birds, but also that there seemed to be the co-evolutionary trend between the feathers and the skeletal bones.
Dromaeosaruid theropods can be restricted in the unique family Dromaeosauridae; furthermore, this family may also be subdivided into two subfamilies Dromaeosauridae and Velociraptorinae. About a dozen genera are referred to this group, most of which were collected from the Cretaceous beds including the North American Dromaeosaurus, Deinonychus, Saurornitholestes, Bambiraptor, Utahraptor, and the East Asian Velociraptor, Adasaurus, AchiUobator, Sinornithosaurus, Microraptor as well. But the interrelationships among these genera remain uncertain until now. A great quantity of features recognized in dromaeosaurids supports the view that Dromaeosauridae is the sister group of Avialae. The cladogram proposed in the present paper also suggests that the maniraptoran Troodontidae and Ovkaptoridae should have the branched feathers, and that feathers
evolve and initially diversify in terrestrial theropod dinosaurs before the origin of birds and their flight.
Up to now, several feathered theropods from western Liaoning have been uncovered, and one kind of another Mongolian theropod has also been proved to possess protofeathers. Sinosauropteryx (compsognathids), Beipzaosaums (therizinosaurids) and Shuvuuia (alvarezsaurids) have the filament-like protofeathers that lack the rachis and barbules. But in Protarchaeopteryx (protarchaeopterygians), Caudipteryx (caudipterygians or oviraptorosaurs) and Sinornithosaurus (dromaeosaurids), not only protofeathers but also the "modern feathers" that have evident rachis and barbules can be observed. These fossils are very important in the study of the definition of protofeathers and in the study of the origin and early evolution of feathers. In the present paper, protofeathers is
奔龙类是一类较为特殊的手盗龙类(Maniraptora)，它具有许多与始祖鸟Archaeopteryx甚至其它早期鸟类相似或接近的特征，主要表现在：叉骨U形与始祖鸟和孔子鸟类的相同，背肋钩状突在孔子鸟类和个别反鸟类中也存在，肩臼窝绝大部分指向侧方类似于始祖鸟，肩胛骨与乌喙骨间的夹角非常接近90°也和始祖鸟的相似，前肢从比例上讲显得较长，大的半月形腕骨使肘部能向侧方折过来，耻骨伸向后下方，距骨上升突与原始鸟类中的为同源结构，羽毛已有显著的分化且具备了现代羽毛的基本结构等等。这些特征表明：在进步的手盗龙类向鸟类演化的过程中，不仅许多特征在奔龙类阶段就已经完成或正在转变，而且羽毛与骨骼间亦存在着一定程度的协同演化现象。
奔龙类自成一科，即奔龙科(Dromaeosauridae)，它又可进一步分为奔龙亚科(Dromaeosaurinae)与疾走龙亚科(Velociraptorinae)。该科化石主要分布于东亚及北美的白垩纪地层中，此外在欧洲、非洲、南美等地也有零星发现，这类化石在研究兽脚类与鸟类的系统关系方面具有特殊重要的价值。迄今较为重要的属主要有北美的Dromaeosaurus、Deinonvchus、Saurornitholestes、Utahraptor、Bambiraptor以及东亚的Velociraptor、Achillobator、Adasaurus、Sinornithosaurus、Microraptor等，这些属之间的分支系统关系至今仍未解决。目前关于奔龙类在手盗龙类中的系统位置有几种不同的观点，本文支持奔龙类与Avialae的关系最为密切的观点，即奔龙类是与Avialae最为亲近的类群，两者构成姐妹群关系。本文给出的奔龙类系
统关系图还显示：伤齿龙类poodonhdae）和窃蛋龙类（aptotidae也应该发育
了具有羽干及羽片的羽毛结构，而且羽毛已不再是鸟类所特有的特征，它早在
鸟类及其飞行产生之前就己经存在并且有相当程度的分化。
到目前为止，辽西热河生物群中己有几个不同的兽脚类恐龙类型被发现长
有羽毛，它们是美颌龙类的site…ropteny、原始祖鸟类的w／arce。opterm、尾羽
鸟类（窃蛋龙类）的CaH却作沙、镰刀龙类的＊一加0——一奔龙类的S初00掀…一
及Mlerraptor等。此外，发现于蒙古的Athere罚a。dae科的h。…亦被证实具
有原始羽毛。其中S切OJMropteny、＊一加0…、孙。…具有最为简单的原始羽
毛状构造，这种构造不具备羽干及羽小枝；而 Proto17vaeoptepe、Ca。dhtepe。
厂初ornMOJau。不仅发育有原始羽毛，同时还发育了具有羽干及羽小校的现代羽
毛结构。这些化石揭示了原始羽毛的特征，它们在研究原始羽毛的定义、羽毛
的起源及其早期演化模式等方面具有极为重要的意义。本文首次明确给出了原
始羽毛卜otofeath一的定义：原始羽毛是指在羽毛（广义）发生演化的初期阶段，
那些不具有显著分化的羽干或不具有羽轴、同时不具有羽小校的结构简单的羽
毛类型。同时，本文还首次将原始羽毛分为3种不同的类型：丝状原始羽毛
（if删cut－like protofeather）、雏绒羽状原始羽毛…atal－d皿n－ike pro由feather）、分枝
状原始羽毛…ranch－like protofeather）。存在于C她却te叭、Jco。itbo。。等前肢上
对称状的飞羽己具有了现代羽毛的典型结构，但作为飞羽来讲它则代表了一种
较原始的结构。
关于羽毛的早期演化模式主要有两种看法，第一种认为羽毛的演化按鳞片
拉长、羽校出现、羽轴（羽干）出现、羽小枝羽小钩出现的顺序进行，第二种观点
认为羽毛的演化经历了鳞片拉长、羽轴出现、羽枝分化、羽小枝羽小钩出现这
一系列的变化，这两种看法最主要的差别在于羽校与羽轴
Recently, a series of the feathered dinosaurs have been found from the Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, Northeast China, which give extremely strong evidences of the theropod hypothesis of bird origin and of the cursorial hypothesis of the avian flight origin. But the origin and early evolution of feathers have still been unanswered. In late 2000, a well-preserved specimen of dromaeosaurids was excavated from the Early Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Shangheshou, suburb of Chaoyang City, western Liaoning. This new specimen (NGMC 00-12-A) is preserved not only by almost complete skeleton but also by many feathers. It is a quite small dromaeosaurid with the total length nearly 1 meter from the snout to the tip of the tail. It shows many typical characters seen in the type species of the genus of Sinornithosaurus, which discovered also from western Liaoning. NGMC 00-12-A can further be included in Sinornithosaurus by the dentary bifurcated posteriorly, unserrated premaxillary teeth, U-shaped furcula, extremel
y short manual phalanx III-2 in comparison with the length of phalanx III-l, very large and developed obturator process of the ischium, partially arctometatarsalian metatarsal III and so on. This specimen slightly differs from the type species of the same genus Sinornithosaurus milknii in the length proportions of some manual elements. Because its cranial posterior portion is badly preserved and difficult to be compared with the type species, it is temporarily identified as Sinornithosaurus sp. here. The feathers attached to the arms and the tail evidently possess the structures of "modern feathers", which consisting of the central shafts (rachis) and parallel barbs.
Dromaeosaurids are unusual group of maniraptoran theropods. They share many similar or the same features with Archaeopteryx or other primitive birds, such as: U-shaped furcula, uncinate process, laterally facing glenoid of shoulder girdle, comparatively long forelimb, large semilunate carple, retroverted pubis, ascending process of astragalus, and "modern feathers" with rachis and barbs etc. These facts indicate not only that dromaeosaurids had developed many bird-like characters in course of the advanced maniraptorans toward birds, but also that there seemed to be the co-evolutionary trend between the feathers and the skeletal bones.
Dromaeosaruid theropods can be restricted in the unique family Dromaeosauridae; furthermore, this family may also be subdivided into two subfamilies Dromaeosauridae and Velociraptorinae. About a dozen genera are referred to this group, most of which were collected from the Cretaceous beds including the North American Dromaeosaurus, Deinonychus, Saurornitholestes, Bambiraptor, Utahraptor, and the East Asian Velociraptor, Adasaurus, AchiUobator, Sinornithosaurus, Microraptor as well. But the interrelationships among these genera remain uncertain until now. A great quantity of features recognized in dromaeosaurids supports the view that Dromaeosauridae is the sister group of Avialae. The cladogram proposed in the present paper also suggests that the maniraptoran Troodontidae and Ovkaptoridae should have the branched feathers, and that feathers
evolve and initially diversify in terrestrial theropod dinosaurs before the origin of birds and their flight.
Up to now, several feathered theropods from western Liaoning have been uncovered, and one kind of another Mongolian theropod has also been proved to possess protofeathers. Sinosauropteryx (compsognathids), Beipzaosaums (therizinosaurids) and Shuvuuia (alvarezsaurids) have the filament-like protofeathers that lack the rachis and barbules. But in Protarchaeopteryx (protarchaeopterygians), Caudipteryx (caudipterygians or oviraptorosaurs) and Sinornithosaurus (dromaeosaurids), not only protofeathers but also the "modern feathers" that have evident rachis and barbules can be observed. These fossils are very important in the study of the definition of protofeathers and in the study of the origin and early evolution of feathers. In the present paper, protofeathers is
引文
于菁珊，李子舜，王思恩等，1996．中国北部晚侏罗世—早白垩世地层层序及地质对比．见：地矿部科技司(编)．地质科学研究论文集．北京：中国经济出版社．33-44．
王元青，胡耀明，李传夔，1998．中国中生代哺乳动物化石及其进化方面的意义．见：北京大学地质学系(编)．北京大学国际地质科学学术研讨会论文集．北京：地震出版社．360-372．
王元青，胡耀明，李传夔，2000．张和兽与现代哺乳动物的系统发育．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．121-128．
王五力，郑少林，张立君等，1989．辽宁西部中生代地层古生物(1)，北京：地质出版社．1-168．
王松山，王元青，胡华光等，2001a．辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代：锆石U-Pb年龄证据．科学通报，46(4)：330-333．
王松山，王元青，李佩贤等，2001b．再论辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代：Ar-Ar年龄证据．岩石学报，17(4)：663-668．
王松山，胡华光，李佩贤，2001c．辽西义县组的地质时代．矿物岩石地球化学通报，20(4)：289-291．
王思恩，1989．中国东部侏罗—白垩纪生物地层．见：中国地质科学院地质研究所地层组．中国东部构造-岩浆演化及成矿规律(二) 中国东部侏罗纪-白垩纪古生物及地层．北京：地质出版社．143-166．
王思恩，1990．热河动物群的起源、演化与机制．地质学报，64(4)：350-360．
王宪曾，任东，王宇飞，2000．辽宁西部义县组被子植物花粉的首次发现．地质学报，74(3)：265-272．
王根厚，张长厚，王果胜等，2001．辽西地区中生代构造格局及其形成演化．现代地质，15(1)：1-7．
王原，2000．中国古老的滑体两栖类．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．62-72．
王原，2001．中国中生代滑体两栖类研究新进展．见：邓涛，王原(主编)．第八届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集．北京：海洋出版社．9-19．
王原，高克勤，1999．亚洲最早的盘舌蟾类化石．科学通报，44(4)：407-412．
卢立伍，1994．辽宁凌源晚侏罗世白鲟化石．古脊椎动物学报，32(2)：134-142．
丛林玉，侯连海，吴肖春等，1998．扬子鳄大体解剖．北京：科学出版社．1-388．
孙知明，杨振宇，赵越等，2002．辽西含鸟化石层同位素年龄讨论——来自磁性地层的证据．地质通报，21(1)：41-44．
孙革，2000．迄今世界最早的被子植物的发现．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．164-172．
孙革，郑少林，2000．中国东北中生代地层划分对比之新见．地层学杂志，24(1)：60-64．
孙革，郑少林，Dilcher D L等，2001．辽西早期被子植物及伴生植物群．上海：上海科技教育出版社．1-227．
任东，卢立伍，郭子光等，1995．北京与邻区侏罗—白垩纪动物群及其地层．北京：地震出
版社．1-222．
任东，卢立伍，姬书安等，1996．燕辽地区晚中生代动物群及其古生态和古地理意义．地球学报，17(增刊)：148-154．
任东，郭子光，卢立伍等，1997．辽宁西部上侏罗统义县组研究新认识．地质论评，43(5)：449-459．
李亚平，董国义，范国清，1998．辽西中生代含鸟层及上下层位的划分和时代．辽宁地质，(3)：175-184．
李佩贤，苏德英，李友桂等，1994．狼鳍鱼层(Lycoptera)岩层的时代归属．地质学报，68(1)：87-100．
李佩贤，庞其清，程政武等，2000．中国北方陆相侏罗系与白垩系分界和临界阶的建立．见：《第三届全国地层会议论文集》编委会．第三届全国地层会议论文集．北京：地质出版社．243-251．
李佩贤，程政武，庞其清，2001．辽西北票孔子鸟Confuciusornis的层位及年代．地质学报，75(1)：1-13．
李锦玲，王原，王元青等，2000．辽宁西部中生代原始哺乳动物一新科．科学通报，45(23)：2545-2549．
杨欣德，李星云(主编)，1997．辽宁省岩石地层．武汉：中国地质大学出版社．1-247．
吴舜卿，1999．辽西热河植物群初步研究．Palaeoworld，11：7-37．
汪筱林，2000．热河生物群的层位与时代．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．99-113．
汪筱林，吕君昌，2001．辽宁西部义县组翼手龙科化石的发现．科学通报，46(3)：230-235．
汪筱林，徐星，2001．辽西义县组禽龙类新属种：杨氏锦州龙．科学通报，46(5)：491-423．
汪筱林，王元青，王原等，1998．辽西四合屯及周边地区义县组下部地层层序与脊椎动物化石层位．古脊椎动物学报，36(2)：81-101．
汪筱林，王元青，金帆等，1999a．辽西热河生物群脊椎动物化石组合序列与地层层序．见：王元青，邓涛(主编)．第七届中国古脊椎动物学会学术年会论文集．北京：海洋出版社．1-12．
汪筱林，王元青，金帆等，1999b．辽西北票四合屯脊椎动物化石组合及其地质背景．Palaeoworld，11：310-327．
汪筱林，王元青，张福成等，2000a．辽宁凌源及内蒙古宁城地区下白垩统义县组脊椎动物生物地层．古脊椎动物学报，38(2)：81-99．
汪筱林，王元青，张江永等，2000b．热河群脊椎动物新发现及中国北方非海相侏罗—白垩系界线．见：《第三届全国地层会议论文集》编委会．第三届全国地层会议论文集．北京：地质出版社．252-259．
陈义贤，陈文寄等，1997．辽西及邻区中生代火山岩—年代学、地球化学和构造背景．北京：地震出版社．1-279．
陈丕基，2000a．中国陆相侏罗、白垩系划分对比述评．地层学杂志，24(2)：114-119．
陈丕基，2000b．热河生物群研究的重大发现与进展．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．154-163．
陈丕基，吴舜卿，1998．热河生物群研究新进展．见：北京大学地质学系(编)．北京大学国际地质科学学术研讨会论文集．北京：地震出版社．355-359．
陈丕基，文世宣，周志炎等，1980．辽宁西部中生代陆相地层的研究．中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所丛刊，1：22-55．
季强，2002．辽西首次发现保存毛发和软体的中生代哺乳动物化石．地质通报，21(1)：29-
34．
季强，姬书安，1996．中国最早鸟类化石的发现及鸟类的起源．中国地质，233：30-32．
季强，姬书安，1997a．原始祖鸟(Protarchaeopteryx gen.nov.)—中国的始祖鸟类化石．中国地质，238：38-41．
季强，姬书安，1997b．中华龙鸟(Sinosauropteryx)化石研究新进展．中国地质，242：30-32．
季强，姬书安，1999a．辽宁凌源中生代鸟类化石一新属．中国地质，262：45-48．
季强，姬书安，1999b．谈谈鸟类的定义问题．科技术语研究，(2)：15-17．
季强，姬书安，任东等，1998．原始羽毛概念的提出及其在羽毛演化研究中的科学意义．江苏地质，22(2)：65-72．
季强，姬书安，任东等，1999．论辽西北票四合屯—尖山沟—带含原始鸟类地层的层序及时代．地质古生物论文集，27：74-80．
张长厚，1999．初论板内造山带．地学前缘，6(4)：295-308．
张弥曼(主编)，2001．热河生物群．上海：上海科学技术出版社．1-150．
张晓红，徐星，赵喜进等，2001．内蒙古上白垩统二连组一长颈的镰刀龙类．古脊椎动物学报，39(4)：282-290．
张福成，周忠和，侯连海等，2000．反鸟的新发现与早期鸟类的辐射．科学通报，45(24)：2650-2657．
郑光美，1995．鸟类学．北京：北京师范大学出版社．1-585．
金帆，1996．辽宁西部晚中生代地层研究之进展及存在问题．古脊椎动物学报，34(2)：102-122．
金帆，1999．冀北、辽西中生代中晚期鲟形鱼类化石，Palaeoworld，11：188-280．
罗修泉，李佩贤，1997．侏罗系—白垩系界线年代研究．地球学报，18(3)：242-247．
罗清华，陈丕基，邹东羽等，1999a．中华龙鸟与孔子鸟类的时代—辽西义县组火山凝灰岩激光~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄测定．地球化学，28(4)：405-409．
罗清华，陈丕基，邹东羽等，1999b．辽西义县组火山凝灰岩激光单晶氩氩与钾氩同位素年龄分析研究．Palaeoworld，11：328-340．
周忠和，1995．辽宁早白垩世一新反鸟化石．古脊椎动物学报，33(2)：99-113．
周忠和，2000a．鸟类起源研究的进展与现状．古脊椎动物学报，38(1)：72-78．
周忠和，2000b．鸟类最早的辐射和鸟类飞行的起源．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．22-32．
周忠和，侯连海，1998．孔子鸟与鸟类的早期演化．古脊椎动物学报，36(2)：136-146．
周忠和，汪筱林，2000．辽宁北票尾羽龙(Caudipteryx)一新种．古脊椎动物学报，38(2)：111-127．
周忠和，张福成，2001．辽西早白垩世今鸟亚纲两新属与现生鸟类的起源．科学通报，46(5)：371-377．
周忠和，金帆，张江永，1992．辽宁中生代一早期鸟类化石的初步研究．科学通报，37(5)：435-437．
周忠和：汪筱林，张福成等，2000．尾羽龙(Caudipteryx)的新材料及其重要骨骼特征的补充和修订．古脊椎动物学报，38(4)：241-254．
侯连海，1996．中国发现侏罗纪龙骨突鸟类．科学通报，41(20)：1861-1864．
侯连海，1997．中国中生代鸟类．南投：台湾省立凤凰谷鸟园．1-228．
侯连海，张江永，1993．辽宁早白垩世早期一鸟化石．古脊椎动物学报，31(2)：217-224．
侯连海，陈丕基，1999．最小的早期鸟类——娇小辽西鸟．科学通报，44(3)：311-315．
侯连海，周忠和，1999．中国古鸟类研究进展．科学通报，44(13)：1378-1383．
侯连海，周忠和，顾玉才等，1995a．侏罗纪鸟类化石在中国的首次发现．科学通报，40(8)：726-729．
侯连海，周忠和，顾玉才等，1995b．辽宁中生代鸟类综述．古脊椎动物学报，33(4)：261-271．
侯连海，Martin L A，周忠和等，1999a．中国发现从始祖鸟到反鸟的重要缺失环节．古脊椎动物学报，37(2)：88-95．
侯连海，张福成，顾玉才，1999b．中国中生代鸟类研究概述．江苏地质，23(3)：129-140．
郝诒纯，苏德英，李友桂等，1982．论中国非海相白垩系的划分及侏罗—白垩系的分界．地质学报，56(3)：187-199．
胡耀明，王元青，2002．中国俊兽(Sinobaatar gen.nov.)：热河生物群中一多瘤齿兽类．科学通报，47(5)：382-386．
胡耀明，王元青，李传夔等，1998．张和兽(Zhangheotherium)的齿列和前肢形态．古脊椎动物学报，36(2)：102-125．
高克勤，唐治路，汪筱林，1999．辽宁晚侏罗世—早白垩世一长颈双弓类爬行动物．古脊椎动物学报，37(1)：1-8．
高克勤，Evans SE，季强等，2000．满洲鳄：中国辽宁晚中生代半水生爬行动物．现代地质，14(3)：323-326．
徐星，2000．中国长羽毛的恐龙．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．41-48．
徐星，汪筱林，1998．辽西义县组鹦鹉嘴龙(鸟臀类，角龙亚目)新材料及其地层学意义．古脊椎动物学报，36(2)：147-158．
徐星，赵喜进，1999．鹦鹉嘴龙化石研究及其地层学意义．见：王元青，邓涛(主编)．第七届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集．北京：海洋出版社．75-80．
徐星，汪筱林，尤海鲁，2000．辽宁早白垩世义县组一原始鸟脚类恐龙．古脊椎动物学报，38(4)：318-325．
顾知微，1962．中国的侏罗系和白垩系．北京：科学出版社．1-80．
梁鸿德，许坤，2000．冀北—辽西地区侏罗—白垩系界线．见：《第三届全国地层会议论文集》编委会．第三届全国地层会议论文集．北京：地质出版社．237-242．
姬书安，1999．中国的翼龙化石综述．见：王元青，邓涛(主编)．第七届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集．北京：海洋出版社．81-88．
姬书安，2001a．热河生物群重大研究进展综述．中国地质，28(4)：19-23．
姬书安，2001b．孔子鸟化石研究新进展．地质科技情报，20(2)：30-34．
姬书安，季强，1997．辽宁西部翼龙类化石的首次发现．地质学报，71(1)：1-6．
姬书安，季强，1998a．中国首次发现的中生代蛙类化石(两栖纲：无尾目)．中国地质，250：39-42．
姬书安，季强，1998b．记辽宁一新翼龙化石(喙嘴龙亚目)．江苏地质，22(4)：199-206．
姬书安，薄海臣，1998．鹦鹉嘴龙类皮肤鳞片化石的发现及其意义．地质论评，44(6)：603-606．
姬书安，卢立伍，薄海臣，2001．细小矢部龙(蜥蜴亚目)化石新材料．国土资源，(3)：41-43．
蒋福兴，陈金华，曹美珍等，2000．关于辽西孔子鸟层时代的讨论．古生物学报，39(2)：307-311．
董枝明，1973．乌尔禾恐龙化石．中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所甲种专刊，11：45-52．
董枝明，王原，1998．辽宁西部早白垩世一新的有尾两栖类(Liaoxitriton zhongjiani)．古脊椎动物学报，36(2)：159-172．
潘永信，朱日祥，Shaw J et al，2001．辽西四合屯含化石层古地磁极性年龄的初步确定．科学
通报，46(8) ：680-684．
Allain R, Taquet P, 2000． A new genus of Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20(2) : 404-407．
Appenzeller T, 1999． T. rex was fierce, yes, but feathered, too. Science, 285: 2052-2053． Azuma Y, Currie P J, 1995． A new giant dromaeosaurid from Japan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15(sup to 3) : 17A.
Azuma Y, Tomida Y, 1997． Japanese dinosaurs. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 375-379．
Barsbold R, 1983． Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologischeskaya Ekspeditsiya Trudy, 19: 1-120． (in Russian with English summary)
Barsbold R, Osmolska H, 1999． The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44: 189-219．
Barsbold R, Osmolska H, Kurzanov S M, 1987． On a new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 33: 49-52．
Barsbold R, Maryanska T, Osmolska H, 1990． Oviraptorosauria. In: Weishampel D B, Dodson P, Osmolska H (eds). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. 249-258．
Barsbold R, Currie P J, Myhrvold N P et al, 2000a. A pygostyle from a non-avian theropod. Nature, 403: 155-156．
Barsbold R, Osmolska H, Watabe M et al, 2000b. A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia: the first dinosaur with a pygostyle. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 45(2) : 97-106．
Bohlin B, 1953． Fossil Reptiles from Mongolia and Kansu. Sino-swedish Expedition Publications, 37: 1-113．
Briggs D E G, Wilby P R, Perez-Moreno B P et al, 1997． The mineralization of dinosaur soft tissue in the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 154: 587-588．
Brinkman D L, Cifelli R L, Czaplewski N J, 1998． First Occurrence of Deinonychus antirrhopus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Aptina-Albian) of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, 146: 1-27．
Britt B B, Chure D J, Stadtman K L et al, 2001． New osteological data and the affinities of Utahraptor from the Cedar Mountain Fm. (Early Cretaceous) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(3) : 36A.
Brochu C A, Norell M A, 2000． Temporal congruence and the origin of birds. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20(1) : 197-200．
Brush A H, 2001． The beginnings of feathers. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 171-179．
Bryant H N, Russell A P, 1993． The occurrence of clavicles within Dinosauria: implications for the homology of the avian furcula and the utility of negative evidence. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13(2) : 171-184．
Burnham D A, Zhou Z H, 1999． Comparing the furcula in birds and dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(sup to 3) : 34A.
Burnham D A, Derstler K L, Linster C J et al, 1997． A new specimen of Velociraptor (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. In: Wolberg D L, Stump E, Rosenberg G D (eds). Dinofest?International: Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by Arizona State University. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences. 73-75．
Burnham D A, Derstler K L, Currie P J et al, 2000． Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, New Series, 13: 1-14．
Chatterjee S, 1997． The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Avian Evolution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1-300
Chen P J, Dong Z M, Zhen S N, 1998． An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature, 391: 147-152．
Chiappe L M, 1995． The first 85 million years of avian evolution. Nature, 378: 349-355．
Chiappe L M, 1997． Aves. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 32-38．
Chiappe L M, 2001． Phylogenetic relationships among basal birds. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 125-139．
Chiappe L M, Norell M A, Clark J M, 1996． Phylogenetic position of Mononykus (Aves: Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39(3) : 557-582．
Chiappe L M, Ji S A, Ji Q et al, 1999． Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the Late Mesozoic of northeastern China. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 242: 1-89．
Chure D J, Madsen J H, 1996． On the presence of furculae in some non-maniraptoran theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16(3) : 573-577．
Clark J M, Norell M A, Chiappe L M, 1999． An oviraptorid skeleton from the Late Cretaceous of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia, preserved in an avian-like brooding position over an oviraptorid nest. American Museum Novitates, 3265: 1-36．
Clark J M, Norell M A, Barsbold R, 2001． Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(2) : 209-213．
Colbert E H, Russell D A, 1969． The small Cretaceous dinosaur Dromaeosaurus. American Museum Novitates, 2380: 1-49．
Currie P J, 1990． Elmisauridae. In: Weishampel D B, Dodson P, Osmolska H (eds). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. 245-248．
Currie P J, 1995． New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15(3) : 576-591．
Currie P J, 1997． Dromaeosauridae. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 194-195．
Currie P J, 2000． Theropods from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. In: Benton M J, Shishkin M A, Unwin D M et al (eds). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 434-455．
Currie P J, Peng J H, 1993． A juvenile specimen of Saurornithoides mongoliensis from the Upper
Cretaceous of northern China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30(10-11) : 2224-2230．
Currie P J, Rigby J K Jr, Sloan R, 1990． Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter K, Currie P J (eds). Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press. 107-125．
Dashzeveg D, Novacek M J, Norell M A et al, 1995． Extraordinary preservation in a new vertebrate assemblage from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature, 374: 446-449．
de Beer G R, 1954． Archaeopteryx lithographica: A Study Based on the British Museum Specimen. London: British Museum (Natural History). 1-68．
Dong Z M, 1997． On small theropods from Mazongshan area, Gansu Province, China. In: Dong Z M (ed). Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 13-18．
Dong Z M, Currie P J, 1996． On the discovery of an oviraptorid skeleton on a nest of eggs at Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33(4) : 631-636． .
Elzanowski A, Wellnhofer P, 1996． Cranial morphology of Archaeopteryx: evidence from the seventh skeleton. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16(1) : 81-94．
Farlow J O, Brinkman D L, Abler W L et al, 1991． Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Modern Geology, 16: 161-198．
Feduccia A, 1999． The Origin and Evolution of Birds (2nd Edition). New Haven: Yale University Press. 1-441．
Feduccia A, Martin L D, 1998． Theropod-bird link reconsidered. Nature, 391: 754．
Fiorillo A R, Currie P J, 1994． Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of south-central Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14(1) : 74-80．
Forster C A, Sampson S D, Chiappe L M et al, 1998． The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science, 279: 1915-1919．
Gao K Q, 2000． Lower tetrapods from the Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 38(sup): 12-13．
Gao K Q, Wang Y, 2000． New anurans from Jehol Fauna and a phylogenetic analysis on archaeobatrachian relationships. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 38(sup): 12．
Gao K Q, Wang Y, 2001． Mesozoic anurans from Liaoning Province, China, and phylogenetic relationships of archaeobatrachian anuran clades. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(3) : 460-476．
Gao K Q, Evans S, Ji Q et al, 2000． Exceptional fossil material of a semi-aquatic reptile from China: the resolution of an enigma. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(3) : 417-421．
Gauthier J, 1986． Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. In: Padian K (ed). The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 8: 1-55．
Gauthier J, de Queiroz K, 2001． Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves". In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 7-41．
Geist N R, Jones T D, Ruben J A, 1997． Implications of soft tissue preservation in the compsognathid dinosaur, Sinosauropteryx. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17(3) : 48A.
Gill F B, 1995． Ornithology, 2nd Edition. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. 1-763．
Gilmore C W, 1924． A new coelurid dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta. Canada Geological Survey Bulletin (Geological Series No. 43) , 38: 1-12．
Grabau A W, 1923． Cretaceous Mollusca from north China. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of China, 5: 183-197．
Grabau A W, 1928． Stratigraphy of China, Part 2, Mesozoic. Peking: Geological Survey of China. 1-774．
Holtz T R Jr, 1994． The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics. Journal of Paleontology, 68(5) : 1100-1117．
Holtz T R Jr, 1996． Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Paleontology, 70(3) : 536-538．
Holtz T R Jr, 2001． Arctometatarsalia revisited: The problem of homoplasy in reconstruction theropod phylogeny. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 99-121．
Hou L H, 1995． Morphological comparisons between Confuciusornis and Archaeopteryx. In: Sun A L, Wang Y Q (eds). Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, Short Papers. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 193-201．
Hou L H, Zhou Z H, Martin L D et al, 1995． A beaked bird from the Jurassic of China. Nature, 377: 616-618．
Hou L H, Martin L D, Zhou Z H et al, 1996． Early adaptive radiation of birds: evidence from fossils from northeastern China. Science, 274: 1164-1167．
Hou L H, Martin L D, Zhou Z H et al, 1999． A diapsid skull in a new species of the primitive bird Confuciusornis. Nature, 399: 679-682．
Howgate M E, 1985． Problems of the osteology of Archaeopteryx: Is the Eichstatt Specimen a distinct genus? In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstatt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 105-112．
Hu Y M, Wang Y Q, Luo Z X et al, 1997． A new symmetrodont mammal from China and its implications for mammalian evolution. Nature, 390: 137-142．
Jenkins F A Jr, 1993． The evolution of the avian shoulder joint. American Journal of Science, 293-A:253-267．
Jerzykiewicz T, Russell DA, 1991． Late Mesozoic stratigraphy and vertebrates of the Gobi Basin. Cretaceous Research, 12(4) : 345-377．
Ji Q, Ji S A, 2001． How can we define a feathered dinosaur as a bird? In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 43-46．
Ji Q, Currie P J, Norell M A et al, 1998． Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature, 393:753-761．
Ji Q, Chiappe L M, Ji S A, 1999a. A new genus of the confuciusornithe birds from China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(1) : 1-7．
Ji Q, Luo Z X, Ji S A, 1999b. A Chinese triconodont mammal and mosaic evolution of the mammalian skeleton. Nature, 398: 326-330．
Ji Q, Norell M A, Gao K Q et al, 2001． The distribution of integumentary structures in a feathered dinosaur. Nature, 410(6832) : 1084-1088．
Ji Q, Luo Z X, Yuan C X et al, 2002． The earliest know eutherian mammal. Nature, 416: 816-822．
Ji S A, 1998a. New pterosaurs (Reptilia: Pterosauria) from northeastern China and the geological age problem of Confuciusornis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(3) : 54A
Ji S A, 1998b. A new long-tailed lizard from Upper Jurassic of Liaoning, China. In: Department of Geology, Peking University (ed). Collected Works of International Symposium on Geological Science Held at Peking University, Beijing, China. Beijing: Seismological Press 496-505．
Ji S A, 1999． Initial report of fossil psittacosaurid skin impression from the uppermost Jurassic of Sihetun, northeastern China. Earth Science, 53(4) : 314-316．
Ji S A, Ji Q, Padian K, 1999． Biostratigraphy of new pterosaurs form China. Nature, 398: 573-574．
Jones T D, Farlow J O, Ruben J A et al, 2000a. Cursoriality in bipedal archosaurs. Nature, 406: 716-718．
Jones T D, Ruben J A, Martin L D et al, 2000b. Non-avian feathers in a Late Triassic archosaur. Science, 288: 2202-2205．
Jones T D, Ruben J A, Maderson P F A et al, 2001． Longisquama fossil and feather morphology: Response. Science, 291: 1901-1902．
Kellner A W A, Maisey J G, Campos D A, 1994． Fossil down feather from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology, 37(3) : 489-492．
Kirkland J, Burge D, Gaston R, 1993． A large dromaeosaur (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Utah. Hunteria, 2(10) : 1-16．
Le Loeuff J, Buffetaut E, 1998． A new dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France. Oryctos, 1: 105-112．
Le Loeuff J, Buffetaut E, Mechin P et al, 1992． The first record of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Maastrichtian of southern Europe: palaeobiogeographicala implications. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, 163(3) : 337-343．
Lucas A M, Stettenheim P R, 1972． Avian Anatomy: Integument. Part I and Part II. Agriculture Handbook 362． Washington D C: U. S. Government Printing Office. 1-750．
Maderson P, Hillenius W, Martin L D et al, 2001． Reconstructing Longisquama skin. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(3) : 76A.
Makovicky P J, Currie P J, 1998． The presence of a furcula in tyrannosaurid theropods, and its phylogenetic and functional implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(1) : 143-149．
Makovicky P J, Sues H D, 1998． Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of theropod dinosaur Microvenator celer from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3240: 1-27．
Martill D M, Filgueira J B M, 1994． A new feather from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology, 37(3) : 483-487．
Martin L D, 1985． The relationship of Archaeopteryx to other birds. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstdtt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 177-183．
Martin L D, 1991． Mesozoic birds and the origin of birds. In: Schultze H-P, Trueb L (eds). Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing Associates. 485-539．
Martin L D, Zhou Z H, Hou L H et al, 1998． Confuciusornis sanctus compared to Archaeopteryx
lithographica. Naturwissenschaften, 85: 286-289．
Matthew W D, Brown B, 1922． The Family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 46: 367-385．
Maxwell W D, Witmer L M, 1996． New material of Deinonychus (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16(3) : 51 A.
Norberg R A, 1985． Function of vane asymmetry and shaft curvature in bird flight feathers; Inferences on flight ability of Archaeopteryx. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstatt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 303-318．
Norell M A, Makovicky P J, 1997． Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton: information from a new specimen. American Museum Novitates, 3215: 1-28．
Norell M A, Makovicky P J, 1998． A revised look at the osteology of dromaeosaurs: evidence from new specimens of Velociraptor. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(3) : 66A.
Norell M A, Makovicky P J, 1999． Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates, 3282: 1-45．
Norell M A, Clark J M, Perle A, 1992． New dromaeosaur material from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12(3) : 45A.
Norell M A, Clark J M, Weintraub R et al, 1995． A nesting dinosaur. Nature, 378: 774-776．
Norell M A, Makovicky P J, Clark J M, 1997． A Velociraptor wishbone. Nature, 389: 447．
Norell M A, Clark J M, Makovicky P J, 2001． Phylogenetic relationships among coelurosauruian theropods. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 49-67．
Norell M A, Ji Q, Gao K Q et al, 2002． "Modern" feathers on a non-avian dinosaur. Nature, 416: 36-37．
Norman D B, 1990． Problematic Theropoda: "Coelurosaurs". In: Weishampel D B, Dodson P, Osmolska H (eds). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. 280-305．
Novas F E, Puerta P F, 1997． New evidence concerning avian origins from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature, 387: 390-392．
Osborn H F, 1924． Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 144: 1-12．
Osmolska H, 1982． Hulsanpes perlei n. g. n. sp. (Deinonychosauria, Saurischia, Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie undPalaontologie Monatshefte, 1982: 440-448．
Osmolska H, 1987． Borogovia gracilicrus gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Ada Palaeontologica Polonica, 32:133-150．
Osmolska H, Barsbold R, 1990． Troodontidae. In: Weishampel D B, Dodson P, Osmolska H (eds). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. 259-268．
Ostrom J H, 1969a. A new theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Postilla, 128: 1-17．
Ostrom J H, 1969b. Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 30: 1-165．
Ostrom J H, 1973． The ancestry of birds. Nature, 242: 136．
Ostrom J H, 1974． The pectoral girdle and forelimb function of Deinonychus (Reptilia: Saurischia): a correction. Postilla, 165: 1-11．
Ostrom J H, 1975． The origin of birds. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 3: 55-77．
Ostrom J H, 1976a. Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 8: 91-182．
Ostrom J H, 1976b. On a new specimen of the Lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus. Museum of Comparative Zoology Breviora, 439: 1-21．
Ostrom J H, 1978． The osteology of Compsognathus longipes Wagner. Zittetiana, 4: 73-118．
Ostrom J H, 1979． Bird flight: how did it begin? American Scientist, 67(1) : 46-56．
Ostrom J H, 1985a. Introduction to Archaeopteryx. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstdtt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 9-20．
Ostrom J H, 1985b. The meaning of Archaeopteryx. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstdtt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 161-176．
Ostrom J H, 1986． The cursorial origin of avian flight. In: Padian K (ed). The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 8: 73-81．
Ostrom J H, 1990． Dromaeosauridae. In: Weishampel D B, Dodson P, Osmolska H (eds). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. 269-279．
Padian K, 1997a. Avialae. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 39-40．
Padian K, 1997b. Maniraptora. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 411-414．
Padian K, 1998． When is a bird not a bird? Nature, 393: 729-730．
Padian K, Chiappe L M, 1997． Bird origins. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 71-79．
Padian K, Chiappe L M, 1998a. The origin and early evolution of birds. Biological Review, 73: 1-42．
Padian K, Chiappe L M, 1998b. The origin of birds and their flight. Scientific American, (2) : 28-37．
Padian K, Hutchinson J R, Holtz T R Jr, 1999． Phylogenetic definitions and nomenclature of the major taxonomic categories of the carnivorous Dinosauria (Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(1) : 69-80．
Padian K, Ji Q, Ji S A, 2001． Feathered dinosaurs and origin of flight. In: Tanke D H, Carpenter K (eds). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 117-135．
Paul G S, 1987． The science and art of restoring the life appearance of dinosaurs and their relatives: a rigorous how-to guide. In: Czerkas S J, Olson E C (eds). Dinosaurs Past and Present, Volume II. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. 5-49．
Paul G S, 1988． Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc. 1-464．
Paul G S, 1999． Birds are dinosaurs. Were some dinosaurs birds? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(3) : 68A.
Perez-Moreno B P, Sanz J L, Buscalioni A D et al, 1994． A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature, 370: 363-367．
Perle A, Norell M A, Chiappe L M et al, 1993． Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia.
Nature, 362: 623-626．
Perle A, Chiappe L M, Barsbold R et al, 1994． Skeletal morphology of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda: Avialae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3105: 1-29．
Perle A, Norell M A, Clark J M, 1999． A new maniraptoran theropod-Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae)-from the Upper Cretaceous of Burkhant, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: Geology Department, National University of Mongolia. 1-106．
Proctor N S, Lynch P J, 1993． Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure & Function. Hew Haven: Yale University Press. 1-340．
Prum R O, 1999． Development and evolutionary origin of feathers. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 285: 291-306．
Prum R O, 2001． Longisquma fossil and feather morphology. Science, 291: 1899-1990．
Rauhut O W M, Werner C, 1995． First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan). Paldontologische Zeitschrift, 69(3/4) : 475-489．
Reisz R R, Sues H-D, 2000． The 'feather' of Longisquama. Nature, 408: 428．
Ren D, 1998． Flower-associated Brachycera flies as fossil evidence for Jurassic angiosperm origins. Science, 280: 85-88．
Rietschel S, 1985． Feathers and wings of Archaeopteryx, and the question of her flight ability. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstdtt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 251-260．
Ruben J A, Jones T D, Geist N R et al, 1997． Lung structure and ventilation in theropod dinosaurs and early birds. Science, 278: 1267-1270．
Ryan M J, 1997． Middle Asian dinosaurs. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 442-444．
Sanz J L, Chiappe L M, Perez-Moreno B P et al, 1996． An early Cretaceous bird from Spain and its implications for the evolution of avian flight. Nature, 382: 442-445．
Schweitzer M H, 2001． Evolutionary implications of possible protofeather structures associated with a specimen of Shuvuuia deserti. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 181-192．
Schweitzer M H, Watt J A, Avci R, 1999． Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous Alvarzsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 285: 146-157．
Sereno P C, 1997． The origin and evolution of dinosaurs. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 25: 435-489．
Sereno P C, 1998． A rationale from phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuchfur Geologie und Palaontologie (Abhandlungen), 210:41-83．
Sereno P C, 1999a. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science, 284: 2137-2147．
Sereno P C, 1999b. Alvarezsaurids (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria): birds or ornithomimosaurs? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(3) : 75A
Sereno P C, 1999c. A rationale for dinosaurian taxonomy. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(4) : 788-790．
Sereno P C, 2001． Alvarezsaurids: birds or ornithomimosaurs? In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 69-98．
Sereno P C, Rao C G, 1992． Early evolution of avian flight and perching: new evidence from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Science, 255: 845-848．
Sharov A G, 1970． An unusual reptile from the Lower Triassic of Fergana. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal,(1) . 127-131． [in Russian]
Smith P E, Evensen N M, York D et al, 1995． Dates and rates in ancient lakes: 40Ar-39Ar evidence for an Early Cretaceous age for the Jehol Group, northeast China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32(9) : 1426-1431．
Stokstad E, 2000． Feathers, or flight of fancy? Science, 288: 2124-2125．
Sues H D, 1977a. The skull of Velociraptor mongoliensis, a small Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Mongolia. Paldontologische Zeitschrift, 51: 173-184．
Sues H D, 1977b. Dentaries of small theropods from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14: 587-592．
Sues H D, 1978． A new small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 62: 381-400．
Sues H D, 1997． On Chirostenotes, a Late Cretaceous oviraptotosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17: 698-716．
Sun A L, Li J L, Ye X K et al, 1992． The Chinese Fossil Reptiles and Their Kins. Beijing: Science Press. 1-260．
Sun G, Dilcher D L, Zheng S L et al, 1998． In search of the first flower: Archaefructus from Northeast China. Science, 282: 1692-1695．
S wisher C C III, Wang Y Q, Wang X L et al, 1999． Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China. Nature, 400: 58-61．
Swisher C C III，汪筱林，周忠和等，2001． 义县组同位素年代新证据及土城子组40Ar/39Ar年 龄测定．科学通报，46(23) ：2009-2012．
Thulborn R A, 1984． The avian relationships of Archaeopteryx, and the origin of birds. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 82: 119-158．
Unwin D M, 1998． Feathers, filaments and theropod dinosaurs. Nature, 391: 119-120．
Unwin D M, Benton M J, 2001． Longisquama fossil and feather morphology. Science, 291: 1900-1901．
Unwin D M, Alifanov V R, Benton M J, 2000． Enigmatic small reptiles from the Middle-Late Triassic of Kirgizstan. In: Benton M J, Shishkin M A, Unwin D M et al (eds). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 177-186．
Wang X L, Wang Y Q, Zhou Z H et al, 2000． Vertebrate faunas and biostratigraphy of the Jehol Group in western Liaoning, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 38(sup): 41-56．
Wang Y, Gao K Q, Xu X, 2000． Early evolution of discoglossid frogs: new evidence from the Mesozoic of China. Naturwissenschaften, 87(9) : 417-420．
Wang Y Q, Hu Y M, Meng J et al, 2001． An ossified Meckel's Cartilage in two Cretaceous mammals and origin of the mammalian middle ear. Science, 294: 357-361．
Weishampel D B, Jianu C-M, 1996． New theropod dinosaur material from the Hateg Basin (Late Cretaceous, western Romania). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 200(3) : 387-404．
Wellnhofer P, 1974． Das funfte Skelettexemplar von Archaeopteryx. Palaeontographica A, 147: 169-216．
Wellnhofer P, 1985． Remarks on the digit and pubis problems of Archaeopteryx. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstatt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 113-122．
Wellnhofer P, 1992． A new specimen of Archaeopteryx from the Solnhofern Limestone. In: Campbell K E, Jr. (ed). Papers in Avian Paleontology: Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series, 36: 3-23．
Wilson M C, Currie P J, 1985． Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia: Theropoda) from the Judith River Formation of Alberta: new findings on metatarsal structure. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22; 1813-1817．
Witmer L M, 1997． A new missing link. Nature, 387: 349-350．
Winner L M, Maxwell W D, 1996． The skull of Deinonychus (Dinosauria: Theropoda): new insights and implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16(3) : 73 A
Xu X, Tang Z L, Wang X L, 1999a. A therizinosaurid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China. Nature, 399: 350-354．
Xu X, Wang X L, Wu X C, 1999b. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature, 401: 262-266．
Xu X, Zhou Z H, Wang X L, 2000． The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur. Nature, 408: 705-708．
Xu X, Zhou Z H, Prum R O, 2001, Branched integumental structures in Sinornithosaurus and the origin of feathers. Nature, 410: 200-204．
Xu X, Norell M A, Wang X L et al, 2002． A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature, 415: 780-784．
Zhang F C, Zhou Z H, 2000． A primitive enantiornithine bird and the origin of feathers. Science, 290: 1955-1959．
Zhou Z H, 1995． The discovery of early Cretaceous birds in China. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg,181:9-22．
Zhou Z H, Martin L D, 1999． Feathered dinosaur or bird? A new look at the hand of Archaeopteryx. In: Olson S L (ed). Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D. C., 4-7 June 1996． Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 89:289-293．
Zhou Z H, Zhang F C, 2001． Origin of feathers-perspectives from fossil evidence. Science Progress, 84(2) : 87-104．
Zhou Z H, Farlow J O, 2001． Flight capability and habits of Confuciusornis. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 237-254．
王元青，胡耀明，李传夔，1998．中国中生代哺乳动物化石及其进化方面的意义．见：北京大学地质学系(编)．北京大学国际地质科学学术研讨会论文集．北京：地震出版社．360-372．
王元青，胡耀明，李传夔，2000．张和兽与现代哺乳动物的系统发育．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．121-128．
王五力，郑少林，张立君等，1989．辽宁西部中生代地层古生物(1)，北京：地质出版社．1-168．
王松山，王元青，胡华光等，2001a．辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代：锆石U-Pb年龄证据．科学通报，46(4)：330-333．
王松山，王元青，李佩贤等，2001b．再论辽西四合屯脊椎动物生存时代：Ar-Ar年龄证据．岩石学报，17(4)：663-668．
王松山，胡华光，李佩贤，2001c．辽西义县组的地质时代．矿物岩石地球化学通报，20(4)：289-291．
王思恩，1989．中国东部侏罗—白垩纪生物地层．见：中国地质科学院地质研究所地层组．中国东部构造-岩浆演化及成矿规律(二) 中国东部侏罗纪-白垩纪古生物及地层．北京：地质出版社．143-166．
王思恩，1990．热河动物群的起源、演化与机制．地质学报，64(4)：350-360．
王宪曾，任东，王宇飞，2000．辽宁西部义县组被子植物花粉的首次发现．地质学报，74(3)：265-272．
王根厚，张长厚，王果胜等，2001．辽西地区中生代构造格局及其形成演化．现代地质，15(1)：1-7．
王原，2000．中国古老的滑体两栖类．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．62-72．
王原，2001．中国中生代滑体两栖类研究新进展．见：邓涛，王原(主编)．第八届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集．北京：海洋出版社．9-19．
王原，高克勤，1999．亚洲最早的盘舌蟾类化石．科学通报，44(4)：407-412．
卢立伍，1994．辽宁凌源晚侏罗世白鲟化石．古脊椎动物学报，32(2)：134-142．
丛林玉，侯连海，吴肖春等，1998．扬子鳄大体解剖．北京：科学出版社．1-388．
孙知明，杨振宇，赵越等，2002．辽西含鸟化石层同位素年龄讨论——来自磁性地层的证据．地质通报，21(1)：41-44．
孙革，2000．迄今世界最早的被子植物的发现．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．164-172．
孙革，郑少林，2000．中国东北中生代地层划分对比之新见．地层学杂志，24(1)：60-64．
孙革，郑少林，Dilcher D L等，2001．辽西早期被子植物及伴生植物群．上海：上海科技教育出版社．1-227．
任东，卢立伍，郭子光等，1995．北京与邻区侏罗—白垩纪动物群及其地层．北京：地震出
版社．1-222．
任东，卢立伍，姬书安等，1996．燕辽地区晚中生代动物群及其古生态和古地理意义．地球学报，17(增刊)：148-154．
任东，郭子光，卢立伍等，1997．辽宁西部上侏罗统义县组研究新认识．地质论评，43(5)：449-459．
李亚平，董国义，范国清，1998．辽西中生代含鸟层及上下层位的划分和时代．辽宁地质，(3)：175-184．
李佩贤，苏德英，李友桂等，1994．狼鳍鱼层(Lycoptera)岩层的时代归属．地质学报，68(1)：87-100．
李佩贤，庞其清，程政武等，2000．中国北方陆相侏罗系与白垩系分界和临界阶的建立．见：《第三届全国地层会议论文集》编委会．第三届全国地层会议论文集．北京：地质出版社．243-251．
李佩贤，程政武，庞其清，2001．辽西北票孔子鸟Confuciusornis的层位及年代．地质学报，75(1)：1-13．
李锦玲，王原，王元青等，2000．辽宁西部中生代原始哺乳动物一新科．科学通报，45(23)：2545-2549．
杨欣德，李星云(主编)，1997．辽宁省岩石地层．武汉：中国地质大学出版社．1-247．
吴舜卿，1999．辽西热河植物群初步研究．Palaeoworld，11：7-37．
汪筱林，2000．热河生物群的层位与时代．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．99-113．
汪筱林，吕君昌，2001．辽宁西部义县组翼手龙科化石的发现．科学通报，46(3)：230-235．
汪筱林，徐星，2001．辽西义县组禽龙类新属种：杨氏锦州龙．科学通报，46(5)：491-423．
汪筱林，王元青，王原等，1998．辽西四合屯及周边地区义县组下部地层层序与脊椎动物化石层位．古脊椎动物学报，36(2)：81-101．
汪筱林，王元青，金帆等，1999a．辽西热河生物群脊椎动物化石组合序列与地层层序．见：王元青，邓涛(主编)．第七届中国古脊椎动物学会学术年会论文集．北京：海洋出版社．1-12．
汪筱林，王元青，金帆等，1999b．辽西北票四合屯脊椎动物化石组合及其地质背景．Palaeoworld，11：310-327．
汪筱林，王元青，张福成等，2000a．辽宁凌源及内蒙古宁城地区下白垩统义县组脊椎动物生物地层．古脊椎动物学报，38(2)：81-99．
汪筱林，王元青，张江永等，2000b．热河群脊椎动物新发现及中国北方非海相侏罗—白垩系界线．见：《第三届全国地层会议论文集》编委会．第三届全国地层会议论文集．北京：地质出版社．252-259．
陈义贤，陈文寄等，1997．辽西及邻区中生代火山岩—年代学、地球化学和构造背景．北京：地震出版社．1-279．
陈丕基，2000a．中国陆相侏罗、白垩系划分对比述评．地层学杂志，24(2)：114-119．
陈丕基，2000b．热河生物群研究的重大发现与进展．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．154-163．
陈丕基，吴舜卿，1998．热河生物群研究新进展．见：北京大学地质学系(编)．北京大学国际地质科学学术研讨会论文集．北京：地震出版社．355-359．
陈丕基，文世宣，周志炎等，1980．辽宁西部中生代陆相地层的研究．中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所丛刊，1：22-55．
季强，2002．辽西首次发现保存毛发和软体的中生代哺乳动物化石．地质通报，21(1)：29-
34．
季强，姬书安，1996．中国最早鸟类化石的发现及鸟类的起源．中国地质，233：30-32．
季强，姬书安，1997a．原始祖鸟(Protarchaeopteryx gen.nov.)—中国的始祖鸟类化石．中国地质，238：38-41．
季强，姬书安，1997b．中华龙鸟(Sinosauropteryx)化石研究新进展．中国地质，242：30-32．
季强，姬书安，1999a．辽宁凌源中生代鸟类化石一新属．中国地质，262：45-48．
季强，姬书安，1999b．谈谈鸟类的定义问题．科技术语研究，(2)：15-17．
季强，姬书安，任东等，1998．原始羽毛概念的提出及其在羽毛演化研究中的科学意义．江苏地质，22(2)：65-72．
季强，姬书安，任东等，1999．论辽西北票四合屯—尖山沟—带含原始鸟类地层的层序及时代．地质古生物论文集，27：74-80．
张长厚，1999．初论板内造山带．地学前缘，6(4)：295-308．
张弥曼(主编)，2001．热河生物群．上海：上海科学技术出版社．1-150．
张晓红，徐星，赵喜进等，2001．内蒙古上白垩统二连组一长颈的镰刀龙类．古脊椎动物学报，39(4)：282-290．
张福成，周忠和，侯连海等，2000．反鸟的新发现与早期鸟类的辐射．科学通报，45(24)：2650-2657．
郑光美，1995．鸟类学．北京：北京师范大学出版社．1-585．
金帆，1996．辽宁西部晚中生代地层研究之进展及存在问题．古脊椎动物学报，34(2)：102-122．
金帆，1999．冀北、辽西中生代中晚期鲟形鱼类化石，Palaeoworld，11：188-280．
罗修泉，李佩贤，1997．侏罗系—白垩系界线年代研究．地球学报，18(3)：242-247．
罗清华，陈丕基，邹东羽等，1999a．中华龙鸟与孔子鸟类的时代—辽西义县组火山凝灰岩激光~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar年龄测定．地球化学，28(4)：405-409．
罗清华，陈丕基，邹东羽等，1999b．辽西义县组火山凝灰岩激光单晶氩氩与钾氩同位素年龄分析研究．Palaeoworld，11：328-340．
周忠和，1995．辽宁早白垩世一新反鸟化石．古脊椎动物学报，33(2)：99-113．
周忠和，2000a．鸟类起源研究的进展与现状．古脊椎动物学报，38(1)：72-78．
周忠和，2000b．鸟类最早的辐射和鸟类飞行的起源．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．22-32．
周忠和，侯连海，1998．孔子鸟与鸟类的早期演化．古脊椎动物学报，36(2)：136-146．
周忠和，汪筱林，2000．辽宁北票尾羽龙(Caudipteryx)一新种．古脊椎动物学报，38(2)：111-127．
周忠和，张福成，2001．辽西早白垩世今鸟亚纲两新属与现生鸟类的起源．科学通报，46(5)：371-377．
周忠和，金帆，张江永，1992．辽宁中生代一早期鸟类化石的初步研究．科学通报，37(5)：435-437．
周忠和：汪筱林，张福成等，2000．尾羽龙(Caudipteryx)的新材料及其重要骨骼特征的补充和修订．古脊椎动物学报，38(4)：241-254．
侯连海，1996．中国发现侏罗纪龙骨突鸟类．科学通报，41(20)：1861-1864．
侯连海，1997．中国中生代鸟类．南投：台湾省立凤凰谷鸟园．1-228．
侯连海，张江永，1993．辽宁早白垩世早期一鸟化石．古脊椎动物学报，31(2)：217-224．
侯连海，陈丕基，1999．最小的早期鸟类——娇小辽西鸟．科学通报，44(3)：311-315．
侯连海，周忠和，1999．中国古鸟类研究进展．科学通报，44(13)：1378-1383．
侯连海，周忠和，顾玉才等，1995a．侏罗纪鸟类化石在中国的首次发现．科学通报，40(8)：726-729．
侯连海，周忠和，顾玉才等，1995b．辽宁中生代鸟类综述．古脊椎动物学报，33(4)：261-271．
侯连海，Martin L A，周忠和等，1999a．中国发现从始祖鸟到反鸟的重要缺失环节．古脊椎动物学报，37(2)：88-95．
侯连海，张福成，顾玉才，1999b．中国中生代鸟类研究概述．江苏地质，23(3)：129-140．
郝诒纯，苏德英，李友桂等，1982．论中国非海相白垩系的划分及侏罗—白垩系的分界．地质学报，56(3)：187-199．
胡耀明，王元青，2002．中国俊兽(Sinobaatar gen.nov.)：热河生物群中一多瘤齿兽类．科学通报，47(5)：382-386．
胡耀明，王元青，李传夔等，1998．张和兽(Zhangheotherium)的齿列和前肢形态．古脊椎动物学报，36(2)：102-125．
高克勤，唐治路，汪筱林，1999．辽宁晚侏罗世—早白垩世一长颈双弓类爬行动物．古脊椎动物学报，37(1)：1-8．
高克勤，Evans SE，季强等，2000．满洲鳄：中国辽宁晚中生代半水生爬行动物．现代地质，14(3)：323-326．
徐星，2000．中国长羽毛的恐龙．见：中国科学院综合计划局(编)．创新者的报告(第5集)．北京：科学出版社．41-48．
徐星，汪筱林，1998．辽西义县组鹦鹉嘴龙(鸟臀类，角龙亚目)新材料及其地层学意义．古脊椎动物学报，36(2)：147-158．
徐星，赵喜进，1999．鹦鹉嘴龙化石研究及其地层学意义．见：王元青，邓涛(主编)．第七届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集．北京：海洋出版社．75-80．
徐星，汪筱林，尤海鲁，2000．辽宁早白垩世义县组一原始鸟脚类恐龙．古脊椎动物学报，38(4)：318-325．
顾知微，1962．中国的侏罗系和白垩系．北京：科学出版社．1-80．
梁鸿德，许坤，2000．冀北—辽西地区侏罗—白垩系界线．见：《第三届全国地层会议论文集》编委会．第三届全国地层会议论文集．北京：地质出版社．237-242．
姬书安，1999．中国的翼龙化石综述．见：王元青，邓涛(主编)．第七届中国古脊椎动物学学术年会论文集．北京：海洋出版社．81-88．
姬书安，2001a．热河生物群重大研究进展综述．中国地质，28(4)：19-23．
姬书安，2001b．孔子鸟化石研究新进展．地质科技情报，20(2)：30-34．
姬书安，季强，1997．辽宁西部翼龙类化石的首次发现．地质学报，71(1)：1-6．
姬书安，季强，1998a．中国首次发现的中生代蛙类化石(两栖纲：无尾目)．中国地质，250：39-42．
姬书安，季强，1998b．记辽宁一新翼龙化石(喙嘴龙亚目)．江苏地质，22(4)：199-206．
姬书安，薄海臣，1998．鹦鹉嘴龙类皮肤鳞片化石的发现及其意义．地质论评，44(6)：603-606．
姬书安，卢立伍，薄海臣，2001．细小矢部龙(蜥蜴亚目)化石新材料．国土资源，(3)：41-43．
蒋福兴，陈金华，曹美珍等，2000．关于辽西孔子鸟层时代的讨论．古生物学报，39(2)：307-311．
董枝明，1973．乌尔禾恐龙化石．中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所甲种专刊，11：45-52．
董枝明，王原，1998．辽宁西部早白垩世一新的有尾两栖类(Liaoxitriton zhongjiani)．古脊椎动物学报，36(2)：159-172．
潘永信，朱日祥，Shaw J et al，2001．辽西四合屯含化石层古地磁极性年龄的初步确定．科学
通报，46(8) ：680-684．
Allain R, Taquet P, 2000． A new genus of Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of France. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20(2) : 404-407．
Appenzeller T, 1999． T. rex was fierce, yes, but feathered, too. Science, 285: 2052-2053． Azuma Y, Currie P J, 1995． A new giant dromaeosaurid from Japan. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15(sup to 3) : 17A.
Azuma Y, Tomida Y, 1997． Japanese dinosaurs. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 375-379．
Barsbold R, 1983． Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologischeskaya Ekspeditsiya Trudy, 19: 1-120． (in Russian with English summary)
Barsbold R, Osmolska H, 1999． The skull of Velociraptor (Theropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 44: 189-219．
Barsbold R, Osmolska H, Kurzanov S M, 1987． On a new troodontid (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 33: 49-52．
Barsbold R, Maryanska T, Osmolska H, 1990． Oviraptorosauria. In: Weishampel D B, Dodson P, Osmolska H (eds). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. 249-258．
Barsbold R, Currie P J, Myhrvold N P et al, 2000a. A pygostyle from a non-avian theropod. Nature, 403: 155-156．
Barsbold R, Osmolska H, Watabe M et al, 2000b. A new oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from Mongolia: the first dinosaur with a pygostyle. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 45(2) : 97-106．
Bohlin B, 1953． Fossil Reptiles from Mongolia and Kansu. Sino-swedish Expedition Publications, 37: 1-113．
Briggs D E G, Wilby P R, Perez-Moreno B P et al, 1997． The mineralization of dinosaur soft tissue in the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas, Spain. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 154: 587-588．
Brinkman D L, Cifelli R L, Czaplewski N J, 1998． First Occurrence of Deinonychus antirrhopus (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous: Aptina-Albian) of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Geological Survey Bulletin, 146: 1-27．
Britt B B, Chure D J, Stadtman K L et al, 2001． New osteological data and the affinities of Utahraptor from the Cedar Mountain Fm. (Early Cretaceous) of Utah. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(3) : 36A.
Brochu C A, Norell M A, 2000． Temporal congruence and the origin of birds. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20(1) : 197-200．
Brush A H, 2001． The beginnings of feathers. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 171-179．
Bryant H N, Russell A P, 1993． The occurrence of clavicles within Dinosauria: implications for the homology of the avian furcula and the utility of negative evidence. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13(2) : 171-184．
Burnham D A, Zhou Z H, 1999． Comparing the furcula in birds and dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(sup to 3) : 34A.
Burnham D A, Derstler K L, Linster C J et al, 1997． A new specimen of Velociraptor (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Two Medicine Formation of Montana. In: Wolberg D L, Stump E, Rosenberg G D (eds). Dinofest?International: Proceedings of a Symposium Sponsored by Arizona State University. Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences. 73-75．
Burnham D A, Derstler K L, Currie P J et al, 2000． Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, New Series, 13: 1-14．
Chatterjee S, 1997． The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Avian Evolution. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1-300
Chen P J, Dong Z M, Zhen S N, 1998． An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature, 391: 147-152．
Chiappe L M, 1995． The first 85 million years of avian evolution. Nature, 378: 349-355．
Chiappe L M, 1997． Aves. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 32-38．
Chiappe L M, 2001． Phylogenetic relationships among basal birds. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 125-139．
Chiappe L M, Norell M A, Clark J M, 1996． Phylogenetic position of Mononykus (Aves: Alvarezsauridae) from the Late Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 39(3) : 557-582．
Chiappe L M, Ji S A, Ji Q et al, 1999． Anatomy and systematics of the Confuciusornithidae (Theropoda: Aves) from the Late Mesozoic of northeastern China. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 242: 1-89．
Chure D J, Madsen J H, 1996． On the presence of furculae in some non-maniraptoran theropods. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16(3) : 573-577．
Clark J M, Norell M A, Chiappe L M, 1999． An oviraptorid skeleton from the Late Cretaceous of Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia, preserved in an avian-like brooding position over an oviraptorid nest. American Museum Novitates, 3265: 1-36．
Clark J M, Norell M A, Barsbold R, 2001． Two new oviraptorids (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria), Upper Cretaceous Djadokhta Formation, Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(2) : 209-213．
Colbert E H, Russell D A, 1969． The small Cretaceous dinosaur Dromaeosaurus. American Museum Novitates, 2380: 1-49．
Currie P J, 1990． Elmisauridae. In: Weishampel D B, Dodson P, Osmolska H (eds). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. 245-248．
Currie P J, 1995． New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 15(3) : 576-591．
Currie P J, 1997． Dromaeosauridae. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 194-195．
Currie P J, 2000． Theropods from the Cretaceous of Mongolia. In: Benton M J, Shishkin M A, Unwin D M et al (eds). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 434-455．
Currie P J, Peng J H, 1993． A juvenile specimen of Saurornithoides mongoliensis from the Upper
Cretaceous of northern China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30(10-11) : 2224-2230．
Currie P J, Rigby J K Jr, Sloan R, 1990． Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada. In: Carpenter K, Currie P J (eds). Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives. New York: Cambridge University Press. 107-125．
Dashzeveg D, Novacek M J, Norell M A et al, 1995． Extraordinary preservation in a new vertebrate assemblage from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Nature, 374: 446-449．
de Beer G R, 1954． Archaeopteryx lithographica: A Study Based on the British Museum Specimen. London: British Museum (Natural History). 1-68．
Dong Z M, 1997． On small theropods from Mazongshan area, Gansu Province, China. In: Dong Z M (ed). Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 13-18．
Dong Z M, Currie P J, 1996． On the discovery of an oviraptorid skeleton on a nest of eggs at Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 33(4) : 631-636． .
Elzanowski A, Wellnhofer P, 1996． Cranial morphology of Archaeopteryx: evidence from the seventh skeleton. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16(1) : 81-94．
Farlow J O, Brinkman D L, Abler W L et al, 1991． Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Modern Geology, 16: 161-198．
Feduccia A, 1999． The Origin and Evolution of Birds (2nd Edition). New Haven: Yale University Press. 1-441．
Feduccia A, Martin L D, 1998． Theropod-bird link reconsidered. Nature, 391: 754．
Fiorillo A R, Currie P J, 1994． Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of south-central Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14(1) : 74-80．
Forster C A, Sampson S D, Chiappe L M et al, 1998． The theropod ancestry of birds: new evidence from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Science, 279: 1915-1919．
Gao K Q, 2000． Lower tetrapods from the Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 38(sup): 12-13．
Gao K Q, Wang Y, 2000． New anurans from Jehol Fauna and a phylogenetic analysis on archaeobatrachian relationships. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 38(sup): 12．
Gao K Q, Wang Y, 2001． Mesozoic anurans from Liaoning Province, China, and phylogenetic relationships of archaeobatrachian anuran clades. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(3) : 460-476．
Gao K Q, Evans S, Ji Q et al, 2000． Exceptional fossil material of a semi-aquatic reptile from China: the resolution of an enigma. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22(3) : 417-421．
Gauthier J, 1986． Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. In: Padian K (ed). The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 8: 1-55．
Gauthier J, de Queiroz K, 2001． Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves". In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 7-41．
Geist N R, Jones T D, Ruben J A, 1997． Implications of soft tissue preservation in the compsognathid dinosaur, Sinosauropteryx. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17(3) : 48A.
Gill F B, 1995． Ornithology, 2nd Edition. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company. 1-763．
Gilmore C W, 1924． A new coelurid dinosaur from the Belly River Cretaceous of Alberta. Canada Geological Survey Bulletin (Geological Series No. 43) , 38: 1-12．
Grabau A W, 1923． Cretaceous Mollusca from north China. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of China, 5: 183-197．
Grabau A W, 1928． Stratigraphy of China, Part 2, Mesozoic. Peking: Geological Survey of China. 1-774．
Holtz T R Jr, 1994． The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics. Journal of Paleontology, 68(5) : 1100-1117．
Holtz T R Jr, 1996． Phylogenetic taxonomy of the Coelurosauria (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Paleontology, 70(3) : 536-538．
Holtz T R Jr, 2001． Arctometatarsalia revisited: The problem of homoplasy in reconstruction theropod phylogeny. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 99-121．
Hou L H, 1995． Morphological comparisons between Confuciusornis and Archaeopteryx. In: Sun A L, Wang Y Q (eds). Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, Short Papers. Beijing: China Ocean Press. 193-201．
Hou L H, Zhou Z H, Martin L D et al, 1995． A beaked bird from the Jurassic of China. Nature, 377: 616-618．
Hou L H, Martin L D, Zhou Z H et al, 1996． Early adaptive radiation of birds: evidence from fossils from northeastern China. Science, 274: 1164-1167．
Hou L H, Martin L D, Zhou Z H et al, 1999． A diapsid skull in a new species of the primitive bird Confuciusornis. Nature, 399: 679-682．
Howgate M E, 1985． Problems of the osteology of Archaeopteryx: Is the Eichstatt Specimen a distinct genus? In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstatt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 105-112．
Hu Y M, Wang Y Q, Luo Z X et al, 1997． A new symmetrodont mammal from China and its implications for mammalian evolution. Nature, 390: 137-142．
Jenkins F A Jr, 1993． The evolution of the avian shoulder joint. American Journal of Science, 293-A:253-267．
Jerzykiewicz T, Russell DA, 1991． Late Mesozoic stratigraphy and vertebrates of the Gobi Basin. Cretaceous Research, 12(4) : 345-377．
Ji Q, Ji S A, 2001． How can we define a feathered dinosaur as a bird? In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 43-46．
Ji Q, Currie P J, Norell M A et al, 1998． Two feathered dinosaurs from northeastern China. Nature, 393:753-761．
Ji Q, Chiappe L M, Ji S A, 1999a. A new genus of the confuciusornithe birds from China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(1) : 1-7．
Ji Q, Luo Z X, Ji S A, 1999b. A Chinese triconodont mammal and mosaic evolution of the mammalian skeleton. Nature, 398: 326-330．
Ji Q, Norell M A, Gao K Q et al, 2001． The distribution of integumentary structures in a feathered dinosaur. Nature, 410(6832) : 1084-1088．
Ji Q, Luo Z X, Yuan C X et al, 2002． The earliest know eutherian mammal. Nature, 416: 816-822．
Ji S A, 1998a. New pterosaurs (Reptilia: Pterosauria) from northeastern China and the geological age problem of Confuciusornis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(3) : 54A
Ji S A, 1998b. A new long-tailed lizard from Upper Jurassic of Liaoning, China. In: Department of Geology, Peking University (ed). Collected Works of International Symposium on Geological Science Held at Peking University, Beijing, China. Beijing: Seismological Press 496-505．
Ji S A, 1999． Initial report of fossil psittacosaurid skin impression from the uppermost Jurassic of Sihetun, northeastern China. Earth Science, 53(4) : 314-316．
Ji S A, Ji Q, Padian K, 1999． Biostratigraphy of new pterosaurs form China. Nature, 398: 573-574．
Jones T D, Farlow J O, Ruben J A et al, 2000a. Cursoriality in bipedal archosaurs. Nature, 406: 716-718．
Jones T D, Ruben J A, Martin L D et al, 2000b. Non-avian feathers in a Late Triassic archosaur. Science, 288: 2202-2205．
Jones T D, Ruben J A, Maderson P F A et al, 2001． Longisquama fossil and feather morphology: Response. Science, 291: 1901-1902．
Kellner A W A, Maisey J G, Campos D A, 1994． Fossil down feather from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology, 37(3) : 489-492．
Kirkland J, Burge D, Gaston R, 1993． A large dromaeosaur (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of eastern Utah. Hunteria, 2(10) : 1-16．
Le Loeuff J, Buffetaut E, 1998． A new dromaeosaurid theropod from the Upper Cretaceous of southern France. Oryctos, 1: 105-112．
Le Loeuff J, Buffetaut E, Mechin P et al, 1992． The first record of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs (Saurischia, Theropoda) in the Maastrichtian of southern Europe: palaeobiogeographicala implications. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, 163(3) : 337-343．
Lucas A M, Stettenheim P R, 1972． Avian Anatomy: Integument. Part I and Part II. Agriculture Handbook 362． Washington D C: U. S. Government Printing Office. 1-750．
Maderson P, Hillenius W, Martin L D et al, 2001． Reconstructing Longisquama skin. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 21(3) : 76A.
Makovicky P J, Currie P J, 1998． The presence of a furcula in tyrannosaurid theropods, and its phylogenetic and functional implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(1) : 143-149．
Makovicky P J, Sues H D, 1998． Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of theropod dinosaur Microvenator celer from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3240: 1-27．
Martill D M, Filgueira J B M, 1994． A new feather from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Palaeontology, 37(3) : 483-487．
Martin L D, 1985． The relationship of Archaeopteryx to other birds. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstdtt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 177-183．
Martin L D, 1991． Mesozoic birds and the origin of birds. In: Schultze H-P, Trueb L (eds). Origins of the Higher Groups of Tetrapods. Ithaca: Comstock Publishing Associates. 485-539．
Martin L D, Zhou Z H, Hou L H et al, 1998． Confuciusornis sanctus compared to Archaeopteryx
lithographica. Naturwissenschaften, 85: 286-289．
Matthew W D, Brown B, 1922． The Family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 46: 367-385．
Maxwell W D, Witmer L M, 1996． New material of Deinonychus (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16(3) : 51 A.
Norberg R A, 1985． Function of vane asymmetry and shaft curvature in bird flight feathers; Inferences on flight ability of Archaeopteryx. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstatt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 303-318．
Norell M A, Makovicky P J, 1997． Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton: information from a new specimen. American Museum Novitates, 3215: 1-28．
Norell M A, Makovicky P J, 1998． A revised look at the osteology of dromaeosaurs: evidence from new specimens of Velociraptor. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 18(3) : 66A.
Norell M A, Makovicky P J, 1999． Important features of the dromaeosaurid skeleton II: information from newly collected specimens of Velociraptor mongoliensis. American Museum Novitates, 3282: 1-45．
Norell M A, Clark J M, Perle A, 1992． New dromaeosaur material from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 12(3) : 45A.
Norell M A, Clark J M, Weintraub R et al, 1995． A nesting dinosaur. Nature, 378: 774-776．
Norell M A, Makovicky P J, Clark J M, 1997． A Velociraptor wishbone. Nature, 389: 447．
Norell M A, Clark J M, Makovicky P J, 2001． Phylogenetic relationships among coelurosauruian theropods. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 49-67．
Norell M A, Ji Q, Gao K Q et al, 2002． "Modern" feathers on a non-avian dinosaur. Nature, 416: 36-37．
Norman D B, 1990． Problematic Theropoda: "Coelurosaurs". In: Weishampel D B, Dodson P, Osmolska H (eds). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. 280-305．
Novas F E, Puerta P F, 1997． New evidence concerning avian origins from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature, 387: 390-392．
Osborn H F, 1924． Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 144: 1-12．
Osmolska H, 1982． Hulsanpes perlei n. g. n. sp. (Deinonychosauria, Saurischia, Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie undPalaontologie Monatshefte, 1982: 440-448．
Osmolska H, 1987． Borogovia gracilicrus gen. et sp. n., a new troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. Ada Palaeontologica Polonica, 32:133-150．
Osmolska H, Barsbold R, 1990． Troodontidae. In: Weishampel D B, Dodson P, Osmolska H (eds). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. 259-268．
Ostrom J H, 1969a. A new theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Postilla, 128: 1-17．
Ostrom J H, 1969b. Osteology of Deinonychus antirrhopus, an unusual theropod from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Peabody Museum of Natural History Bulletin, 30: 1-165．
Ostrom J H, 1973． The ancestry of birds. Nature, 242: 136．
Ostrom J H, 1974． The pectoral girdle and forelimb function of Deinonychus (Reptilia: Saurischia): a correction. Postilla, 165: 1-11．
Ostrom J H, 1975． The origin of birds. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 3: 55-77．
Ostrom J H, 1976a. Archaeopteryx and the origin of birds. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 8: 91-182．
Ostrom J H, 1976b. On a new specimen of the Lower Cretaceous theropod dinosaur Deinonychus antirrhopus. Museum of Comparative Zoology Breviora, 439: 1-21．
Ostrom J H, 1978． The osteology of Compsognathus longipes Wagner. Zittetiana, 4: 73-118．
Ostrom J H, 1979． Bird flight: how did it begin? American Scientist, 67(1) : 46-56．
Ostrom J H, 1985a. Introduction to Archaeopteryx. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstdtt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 9-20．
Ostrom J H, 1985b. The meaning of Archaeopteryx. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstdtt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 161-176．
Ostrom J H, 1986． The cursorial origin of avian flight. In: Padian K (ed). The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 8: 73-81．
Ostrom J H, 1990． Dromaeosauridae. In: Weishampel D B, Dodson P, Osmolska H (eds). The Dinosauria. Berkeley: University of California Press. 269-279．
Padian K, 1997a. Avialae. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 39-40．
Padian K, 1997b. Maniraptora. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 411-414．
Padian K, 1998． When is a bird not a bird? Nature, 393: 729-730．
Padian K, Chiappe L M, 1997． Bird origins. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 71-79．
Padian K, Chiappe L M, 1998a. The origin and early evolution of birds. Biological Review, 73: 1-42．
Padian K, Chiappe L M, 1998b. The origin of birds and their flight. Scientific American, (2) : 28-37．
Padian K, Hutchinson J R, Holtz T R Jr, 1999． Phylogenetic definitions and nomenclature of the major taxonomic categories of the carnivorous Dinosauria (Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(1) : 69-80．
Padian K, Ji Q, Ji S A, 2001． Feathered dinosaurs and origin of flight. In: Tanke D H, Carpenter K (eds). Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 117-135．
Paul G S, 1987． The science and art of restoring the life appearance of dinosaurs and their relatives: a rigorous how-to guide. In: Czerkas S J, Olson E C (eds). Dinosaurs Past and Present, Volume II. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. 5-49．
Paul G S, 1988． Predatory Dinosaurs of the World. New York: Simon & Schuster Inc. 1-464．
Paul G S, 1999． Birds are dinosaurs. Were some dinosaurs birds? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(3) : 68A.
Perez-Moreno B P, Sanz J L, Buscalioni A D et al, 1994． A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature, 370: 363-367．
Perle A, Norell M A, Chiappe L M et al, 1993． Flightless bird from the Cretaceous of Mongolia.
Nature, 362: 623-626．
Perle A, Chiappe L M, Barsbold R et al, 1994． Skeletal morphology of Mononykus olecranus (Theropoda: Avialae) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3105: 1-29．
Perle A, Norell M A, Clark J M, 1999． A new maniraptoran theropod-Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae)-from the Upper Cretaceous of Burkhant, Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: Geology Department, National University of Mongolia. 1-106．
Proctor N S, Lynch P J, 1993． Manual of Ornithology: Avian Structure & Function. Hew Haven: Yale University Press. 1-340．
Prum R O, 1999． Development and evolutionary origin of feathers. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 285: 291-306．
Prum R O, 2001． Longisquma fossil and feather morphology. Science, 291: 1899-1990．
Rauhut O W M, Werner C, 1995． First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan). Paldontologische Zeitschrift, 69(3/4) : 475-489．
Reisz R R, Sues H-D, 2000． The 'feather' of Longisquama. Nature, 408: 428．
Ren D, 1998． Flower-associated Brachycera flies as fossil evidence for Jurassic angiosperm origins. Science, 280: 85-88．
Rietschel S, 1985． Feathers and wings of Archaeopteryx, and the question of her flight ability. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstdtt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 251-260．
Ruben J A, Jones T D, Geist N R et al, 1997． Lung structure and ventilation in theropod dinosaurs and early birds. Science, 278: 1267-1270．
Ryan M J, 1997． Middle Asian dinosaurs. In: Currie P J, Padian K (eds). Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. San Diego: Academic Press. 442-444．
Sanz J L, Chiappe L M, Perez-Moreno B P et al, 1996． An early Cretaceous bird from Spain and its implications for the evolution of avian flight. Nature, 382: 442-445．
Schweitzer M H, 2001． Evolutionary implications of possible protofeather structures associated with a specimen of Shuvuuia deserti. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 181-192．
Schweitzer M H, Watt J A, Avci R, 1999． Beta-keratin specific immunological reactivity in feather-like structures of the Cretaceous Alvarzsaurid, Shuvuuia deserti. Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution), 285: 146-157．
Sereno P C, 1997． The origin and evolution of dinosaurs. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 25: 435-489．
Sereno P C, 1998． A rationale from phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher-level taxonomy of Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuchfur Geologie und Palaontologie (Abhandlungen), 210:41-83．
Sereno P C, 1999a. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science, 284: 2137-2147．
Sereno P C, 1999b. Alvarezsaurids (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria): birds or ornithomimosaurs? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(3) : 75A
Sereno P C, 1999c. A rationale for dinosaurian taxonomy. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19(4) : 788-790．
Sereno P C, 2001． Alvarezsaurids: birds or ornithomimosaurs? In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 69-98．
Sereno P C, Rao C G, 1992． Early evolution of avian flight and perching: new evidence from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Science, 255: 845-848．
Sharov A G, 1970． An unusual reptile from the Lower Triassic of Fergana. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal,(1) . 127-131． [in Russian]
Smith P E, Evensen N M, York D et al, 1995． Dates and rates in ancient lakes: 40Ar-39Ar evidence for an Early Cretaceous age for the Jehol Group, northeast China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 32(9) : 1426-1431．
Stokstad E, 2000． Feathers, or flight of fancy? Science, 288: 2124-2125．
Sues H D, 1977a. The skull of Velociraptor mongoliensis, a small Cretaceous theropod dinosaur from Mongolia. Paldontologische Zeitschrift, 51: 173-184．
Sues H D, 1977b. Dentaries of small theropods from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 14: 587-592．
Sues H D, 1978． A new small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 62: 381-400．
Sues H D, 1997． On Chirostenotes, a Late Cretaceous oviraptotosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17: 698-716．
Sun A L, Li J L, Ye X K et al, 1992． The Chinese Fossil Reptiles and Their Kins. Beijing: Science Press. 1-260．
Sun G, Dilcher D L, Zheng S L et al, 1998． In search of the first flower: Archaefructus from Northeast China. Science, 282: 1692-1695．
S wisher C C III, Wang Y Q, Wang X L et al, 1999． Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China. Nature, 400: 58-61．
Swisher C C III，汪筱林，周忠和等，2001． 义县组同位素年代新证据及土城子组40Ar/39Ar年 龄测定．科学通报，46(23) ：2009-2012．
Thulborn R A, 1984． The avian relationships of Archaeopteryx, and the origin of birds. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 82: 119-158．
Unwin D M, 1998． Feathers, filaments and theropod dinosaurs. Nature, 391: 119-120．
Unwin D M, Benton M J, 2001． Longisquama fossil and feather morphology. Science, 291: 1900-1901．
Unwin D M, Alifanov V R, Benton M J, 2000． Enigmatic small reptiles from the Middle-Late Triassic of Kirgizstan. In: Benton M J, Shishkin M A, Unwin D M et al (eds). The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 177-186．
Wang X L, Wang Y Q, Zhou Z H et al, 2000． Vertebrate faunas and biostratigraphy of the Jehol Group in western Liaoning, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 38(sup): 41-56．
Wang Y, Gao K Q, Xu X, 2000． Early evolution of discoglossid frogs: new evidence from the Mesozoic of China. Naturwissenschaften, 87(9) : 417-420．
Wang Y Q, Hu Y M, Meng J et al, 2001． An ossified Meckel's Cartilage in two Cretaceous mammals and origin of the mammalian middle ear. Science, 294: 357-361．
Weishampel D B, Jianu C-M, 1996． New theropod dinosaur material from the Hateg Basin (Late Cretaceous, western Romania). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen, 200(3) : 387-404．
Wellnhofer P, 1974． Das funfte Skelettexemplar von Archaeopteryx. Palaeontographica A, 147: 169-216．
Wellnhofer P, 1985． Remarks on the digit and pubis problems of Archaeopteryx. In: Hecht M K, Ostrom J H, Viohl G et al (eds). The Beginnings of Birds: Proceedings of the International Archaeopteryx Conference Eichstatt. Willibaldsburg: Freunde des Jura-Museums Eichstatt. 113-122．
Wellnhofer P, 1992． A new specimen of Archaeopteryx from the Solnhofern Limestone. In: Campbell K E, Jr. (ed). Papers in Avian Paleontology: Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series, 36: 3-23．
Wilson M C, Currie P J, 1985． Stenonychosaurus inequalis (Saurischia: Theropoda) from the Judith River Formation of Alberta: new findings on metatarsal structure. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22; 1813-1817．
Witmer L M, 1997． A new missing link. Nature, 387: 349-350．
Winner L M, Maxwell W D, 1996． The skull of Deinonychus (Dinosauria: Theropoda): new insights and implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16(3) : 73 A
Xu X, Tang Z L, Wang X L, 1999a. A therizinosaurid dinosaur with integumentary structures from China. Nature, 399: 350-354．
Xu X, Wang X L, Wu X C, 1999b. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature, 401: 262-266．
Xu X, Zhou Z H, Wang X L, 2000． The smallest known non-avian theropod dinosaur. Nature, 408: 705-708．
Xu X, Zhou Z H, Prum R O, 2001, Branched integumental structures in Sinornithosaurus and the origin of feathers. Nature, 410: 200-204．
Xu X, Norell M A, Wang X L et al, 2002． A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China. Nature, 415: 780-784．
Zhang F C, Zhou Z H, 2000． A primitive enantiornithine bird and the origin of feathers. Science, 290: 1955-1959．
Zhou Z H, 1995． The discovery of early Cretaceous birds in China. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg,181:9-22．
Zhou Z H, Martin L D, 1999． Feathered dinosaur or bird? A new look at the hand of Archaeopteryx. In: Olson S L (ed). Avian Paleontology at the Close of the 20th Century: Proceedings of the 4th International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution, Washington, D. C., 4-7 June 1996． Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 89:289-293．
Zhou Z H, Zhang F C, 2001． Origin of feathers-perspectives from fossil evidence. Science Progress, 84(2) : 87-104．
Zhou Z H, Farlow J O, 2001． Flight capability and habits of Confuciusornis. In: Gauthier J, Gall L F (eds). New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. New Haven: Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. 237-254．
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |