贵州凉风洞石笋的古气候记录与古生态环境意义
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摘要
自20世纪60年代以来，探索全球性气候变化规律和环境变迁史的研究工作在世界各国广泛开展。大规模的深海岩芯的研究、中国北方黄土的系统研究、大型湖泊沉积岩芯的研究及对树木年轮、泥炭、珊瑚、冰芯等“自然环境历史档案”开展的研究工作，都为重建古气候和古生态环境提供了大量的资料。
洞穴化学沉积物(石笋)由于其特有的微层结构及其内的稳定氧、碳同位素和微量元素所蕴含的古气候与古生态环境信息，并且具有分布广、时间长、信息保存完整等特点，因此，它是研究地球环境变化很好的自然环境历史档案。本论文通过对凉风洞洞穴体系的综合研究和对凉风洞石笋(微层)生长特征及石笋的碳、氧稳定同位素组成的研究，系统探讨了贵州凉风洞石笋的古气候记录和古生态环境意义，得出以下主要结论：
1．地表植被的类型及生物量等信息可综合反映于洞穴体系的不同组分(气样、土样、水样)中。而洞穴的水动力条件也能很好的被洞穴滴水中所含微量(常量)元素记录。根据分析，洞穴综合体系对外界气候与生态环境的响应关系存在一定规律性。通过对比说明，我们所选的凉风洞基岩的溶蚀和缓冲对水体中的信息影响不大，即洞穴滴水较好的继承了土壤水所携带的地表气候与生态环境信息，是理想的研究对象。
2．凉风洞石笋具有多个沉积旋回，不同沉积旋回的纹层组合及纹层结构存在一定的差异，指示不同的沉积环境。根据年龄数据判断，旋回①至旋回⑧之间年龄跨度为1570—8000 aBP，以呈缓平顶(柱)对称叠复状的沉积形态组合为主，示洞项滴水量较大，滴水点相对稳定，且均匀，与全新世较为稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律相一致。旋回⑧以下至底部石葡萄状沉积物之上部分之间年龄跨度为8000—14220 aBP，期间经历末次冰期晚期向全新世大暖期过渡，受诸如新仙女木事件(Younger Dryas)等的影响，气候变化幅度大，且经历多次反复，石笋生长的沉积学特征表现为斜锥(柱)、尖项锥不对称叠复纹层组合，示洞顶滴水水量较小但变化较大，且洞穴滴水不稳(固)定。与此时间段内不稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律也相一致。
3．凉风洞石笋上段微层具有典型南方石笋微层发育的特性：微层发育较差，层面多弯曲，层间界面模糊等。下段因为沉积间断较多、风化层面厚及受到若干时段内碳酸钙重结晶而导致晶体穿插层位生长的影响，尽管在某些层位有微层发育，但无法对石笋微层作连续观察记录。根据高精度的石笋TIMS、ICP-MS测年数据和在显微镜下所数石笋微层数量的对比，扣除若干个沉积间断及风化层导致的微层缺失，以及显微镜下肉眼对细小微层计数的误差，我们认为，凉风洞石笋微层是年生长层的可能性较大。
4.由于部分测年数据仍在测试中，目前无法精确控制石笋中沉积间断的存在导致的信息缺失，因
此，我们仅仅根据部分石笋测年数据，建立了凉风洞石笋在不同时段的生长速率。全新世以来
石笋的生长速率在22卿/yr一51”m/yr之间，明显高于末次冰期晚期向全新世过渡这一时间段
内的石笋生长速率(16林m/yr).这些数据间接印证了石笋生长响应于外界气候，尤其是降雨的
变化。
5.通过对洞穴体系的综合分析对比，我们判断凉风洞洞穴综合体系相对完整，洞穴化学沉积物的
6’3c值较为直接的响应了土壤c压的6’3c值变化，即反映了地表的植被(。植物和c.植物)的
组成状况。贵州地区降雨80%集中在5一10月份，在此期间，基本受西南季风和东亚季风所控
制。西南季风盛行时贵州各地的降雨频繁，是一年中雨量最集中的时期，在东亚季风影响时期，
贵州多晴少雨，往往形成干早的天气。又西南季风控制区大气降雨6’勺值的加权平均值明显低
于东亚季风控制区大气降雨6勺值的加权平均值。因此，贵州地区年均降雨量和年均降雨6’.0
值主要取决于西南(印度洋)季风的强弱:西南季风加强，降雨量增加，年均降雨6’勺值偏负:
西南季风减弱，降雨量减少，年均降雨6’勺值偏正。洞穴滴水的6’勺值变化基本继承了大气降
水的6’勺值变化.因此，对地处我国西南地区贵州南部的凉风洞，源于洞穴滴水的凉风洞石笋
的6’80值变化直接响应了外界的大气降雨量的变化和西南季风与东亚季风相互的强弱交替。
6.对凉风洞石笋碳、氧同位素组成的时间序列曲线作20点移动平均，发现，特别是进入全新世后，
石笋的6’3c值和6‘.0值几乎具有完全一致的同步变化，只是在变化幅度上在某些时段存在差
异。说明在凉风洞石笋反映的14220一1570 aBP时间段内，尤其是10500一1570 aBP期间，本区
域气候具有雨热(或干冷)同期的气候特征:在气温较高时间段，西南季风增强，气候湿润多
雨，更有利于地表C3植物的生长。气温降低时，随着东亚季风增强，西南季风减弱，气候干早
少雨，地表C。植物的生长占有一定的比例。据此重建和恢复了本地区14220一1570 aBP期间的
古气候和古生态环境:
(1).14220一10500aBP，处于末次冰期晚期，气温较低。凉风洞石笋此时段的6’，c值都
大于一9、8%0，最小值为沟.314%0，最大值达一7.290喻，平均值为一8.552%a。说明凉
It's an important task to reconstruct Paleoclimatic and Paleoecological-Paleoenvironmental changes of global change. Based on the microbanding structure, stable oxygen carbon isotope and trace elements, like other natural materials (loess, ice-core, tree rings, sea deposits and peat), Speleothems especially stalagmite are important repositories of Paleoclimatic and Paleoecological-Paleoenvironmental data. In recent decades, the paleoclimatic records and paleoecological-paleoenvironmenlal meanings of speleothems achieved significiant progress. The stable oxygen isotopic sequences of speleothems can give information about precipitation and temperature, the history of changing vegetation can be traced by the stable carbon isotopic sequences of speleothems, and much high resolution climatic-environment information, such as precipitation, temperature, soil and vegetation are involved in microbanding type and trace elements character of stalagmite.
Based on the systematical studies of the sedimentary characteristics and the carbon (oxygen) isotopes of stalagmite from Liangfeng cave, Guizhou, China, the following conclusions we have been drawn:
1. Based on the systematical studies of the water, gas and soil above Liangfeng cave, the results indicated that some information about climatic and ecological-environmental changes have been recorded well by cave drip water. The Liangfeng cave is a good place to study Paleoclimatic and Paleoecological- Paleoenvironmental changes of global change by stalagmite.
2. The combinations, thickness, grain size and bedding plane structure of depositional laminates in stalagmite are material bases of resuming drip water trends forming stalagmite and the relative paleo-hydrological condition. The sedimentary characteristics and trend changes of paleo-drip water records in stalagmite from Liangfeng cave are studied by examing composition of calcite, rock chemistry, texture, bedding-stucture, as well as typical marks of depositional break or weathering crust ect. Based on the TIMS dating along the axis cores of the stalagmite, during 8000-1570 aBP, the depositional laminates is the smooth peak (or column) shape of the symmetrical superimposed laminates, indicating the drip water amount is great and steady, the growth rate of the stalagmite varies from 22um/yr to 51um/yr. During 14220-8000 aBP, the depositional laminates is the peak (or oblique) cone shape of
the unsyrnmetrical superimposed laminates, indicating the drip water amount is small
and unsteadily, the growth rate of the stalagmite is 16um/yr.
3. Great difference exists between the development of microbanding of stalagmite in the north part of China and that in the south. Microbanding of stalagmite in Northern China usually are thin, with the dark impurities dispersed as a very thin layer. However, the microbanding of stalagmite in Southern China are much thicker, with a high content of dark impurities and high variation of porosity. The difference of these microbanding of stalagmite was controlled by the differently combined seasonality of precipitation and temperature. Comparing TIMS (ICP-MS) dating with microbanding of stalagmite, it is possibly that microbanding of stalagmite equal to annual band.
4. In Guizhou province, the oxygen isotopic characteristics of rainwater are mainly controlled by the monsoon type and the precipitation cloud cluster origins and the amount of rainwater. There is a quite good normal correlation between the δ 18O values of the drip water of cave and the average δ 18O values of the rainwater, which shows that the characteristics of the δ 18O values of the drip water for forming stalagmite can reliably reflect the δ 18O values characteristics of rainwater, and then, the climate characteristics.
Based on the systematical studies of the water, gas and soil above Liangfeng cave, the δ 13C values of stalagmite can be regarded as an ecological-environmental proxy, namely, the smaller the 5 13C values, the larger the proportion o
洞穴化学沉积物(石笋)由于其特有的微层结构及其内的稳定氧、碳同位素和微量元素所蕴含的古气候与古生态环境信息，并且具有分布广、时间长、信息保存完整等特点，因此，它是研究地球环境变化很好的自然环境历史档案。本论文通过对凉风洞洞穴体系的综合研究和对凉风洞石笋(微层)生长特征及石笋的碳、氧稳定同位素组成的研究，系统探讨了贵州凉风洞石笋的古气候记录和古生态环境意义，得出以下主要结论：
1．地表植被的类型及生物量等信息可综合反映于洞穴体系的不同组分(气样、土样、水样)中。而洞穴的水动力条件也能很好的被洞穴滴水中所含微量(常量)元素记录。根据分析，洞穴综合体系对外界气候与生态环境的响应关系存在一定规律性。通过对比说明，我们所选的凉风洞基岩的溶蚀和缓冲对水体中的信息影响不大，即洞穴滴水较好的继承了土壤水所携带的地表气候与生态环境信息，是理想的研究对象。
2．凉风洞石笋具有多个沉积旋回，不同沉积旋回的纹层组合及纹层结构存在一定的差异，指示不同的沉积环境。根据年龄数据判断，旋回①至旋回⑧之间年龄跨度为1570—8000 aBP，以呈缓平顶(柱)对称叠复状的沉积形态组合为主，示洞项滴水量较大，滴水点相对稳定，且均匀，与全新世较为稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律相一致。旋回⑧以下至底部石葡萄状沉积物之上部分之间年龄跨度为8000—14220 aBP，期间经历末次冰期晚期向全新世大暖期过渡，受诸如新仙女木事件(Younger Dryas)等的影响，气候变化幅度大，且经历多次反复，石笋生长的沉积学特征表现为斜锥(柱)、尖项锥不对称叠复纹层组合，示洞顶滴水水量较小但变化较大，且洞穴滴水不稳(固)定。与此时间段内不稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律也相一致。
3．凉风洞石笋上段微层具有典型南方石笋微层发育的特性：微层发育较差，层面多弯曲，层间界面模糊等。下段因为沉积间断较多、风化层面厚及受到若干时段内碳酸钙重结晶而导致晶体穿插层位生长的影响，尽管在某些层位有微层发育，但无法对石笋微层作连续观察记录。根据高精度的石笋TIMS、ICP-MS测年数据和在显微镜下所数石笋微层数量的对比，扣除若干个沉积间断及风化层导致的微层缺失，以及显微镜下肉眼对细小微层计数的误差，我们认为，凉风洞石笋微层是年生长层的可能性较大。
4.由于部分测年数据仍在测试中，目前无法精确控制石笋中沉积间断的存在导致的信息缺失，因
此，我们仅仅根据部分石笋测年数据，建立了凉风洞石笋在不同时段的生长速率。全新世以来
石笋的生长速率在22卿/yr一51”m/yr之间，明显高于末次冰期晚期向全新世过渡这一时间段
内的石笋生长速率(16林m/yr).这些数据间接印证了石笋生长响应于外界气候，尤其是降雨的
变化。
5.通过对洞穴体系的综合分析对比，我们判断凉风洞洞穴综合体系相对完整，洞穴化学沉积物的
6’3c值较为直接的响应了土壤c压的6’3c值变化，即反映了地表的植被(。植物和c.植物)的
组成状况。贵州地区降雨80%集中在5一10月份，在此期间，基本受西南季风和东亚季风所控
制。西南季风盛行时贵州各地的降雨频繁，是一年中雨量最集中的时期，在东亚季风影响时期，
贵州多晴少雨，往往形成干早的天气。又西南季风控制区大气降雨6’勺值的加权平均值明显低
于东亚季风控制区大气降雨6勺值的加权平均值。因此，贵州地区年均降雨量和年均降雨6’.0
值主要取决于西南(印度洋)季风的强弱:西南季风加强，降雨量增加，年均降雨6’勺值偏负:
西南季风减弱，降雨量减少，年均降雨6’勺值偏正。洞穴滴水的6’勺值变化基本继承了大气降
水的6’勺值变化.因此，对地处我国西南地区贵州南部的凉风洞，源于洞穴滴水的凉风洞石笋
的6’80值变化直接响应了外界的大气降雨量的变化和西南季风与东亚季风相互的强弱交替。
6.对凉风洞石笋碳、氧同位素组成的时间序列曲线作20点移动平均，发现，特别是进入全新世后，
石笋的6’3c值和6‘.0值几乎具有完全一致的同步变化，只是在变化幅度上在某些时段存在差
异。说明在凉风洞石笋反映的14220一1570 aBP时间段内，尤其是10500一1570 aBP期间，本区
域气候具有雨热(或干冷)同期的气候特征:在气温较高时间段，西南季风增强，气候湿润多
雨，更有利于地表C3植物的生长。气温降低时，随着东亚季风增强，西南季风减弱，气候干早
少雨，地表C。植物的生长占有一定的比例。据此重建和恢复了本地区14220一1570 aBP期间的
古气候和古生态环境:
(1).14220一10500aBP，处于末次冰期晚期，气温较低。凉风洞石笋此时段的6’，c值都
大于一9、8%0，最小值为沟.314%0，最大值达一7.290喻，平均值为一8.552%a。说明凉
It's an important task to reconstruct Paleoclimatic and Paleoecological-Paleoenvironmental changes of global change. Based on the microbanding structure, stable oxygen carbon isotope and trace elements, like other natural materials (loess, ice-core, tree rings, sea deposits and peat), Speleothems especially stalagmite are important repositories of Paleoclimatic and Paleoecological-Paleoenvironmental data. In recent decades, the paleoclimatic records and paleoecological-paleoenvironmenlal meanings of speleothems achieved significiant progress. The stable oxygen isotopic sequences of speleothems can give information about precipitation and temperature, the history of changing vegetation can be traced by the stable carbon isotopic sequences of speleothems, and much high resolution climatic-environment information, such as precipitation, temperature, soil and vegetation are involved in microbanding type and trace elements character of stalagmite.
Based on the systematical studies of the sedimentary characteristics and the carbon (oxygen) isotopes of stalagmite from Liangfeng cave, Guizhou, China, the following conclusions we have been drawn:
1. Based on the systematical studies of the water, gas and soil above Liangfeng cave, the results indicated that some information about climatic and ecological-environmental changes have been recorded well by cave drip water. The Liangfeng cave is a good place to study Paleoclimatic and Paleoecological- Paleoenvironmental changes of global change by stalagmite.
2. The combinations, thickness, grain size and bedding plane structure of depositional laminates in stalagmite are material bases of resuming drip water trends forming stalagmite and the relative paleo-hydrological condition. The sedimentary characteristics and trend changes of paleo-drip water records in stalagmite from Liangfeng cave are studied by examing composition of calcite, rock chemistry, texture, bedding-stucture, as well as typical marks of depositional break or weathering crust ect. Based on the TIMS dating along the axis cores of the stalagmite, during 8000-1570 aBP, the depositional laminates is the smooth peak (or column) shape of the symmetrical superimposed laminates, indicating the drip water amount is great and steady, the growth rate of the stalagmite varies from 22um/yr to 51um/yr. During 14220-8000 aBP, the depositional laminates is the peak (or oblique) cone shape of
the unsyrnmetrical superimposed laminates, indicating the drip water amount is small
and unsteadily, the growth rate of the stalagmite is 16um/yr.
3. Great difference exists between the development of microbanding of stalagmite in the north part of China and that in the south. Microbanding of stalagmite in Northern China usually are thin, with the dark impurities dispersed as a very thin layer. However, the microbanding of stalagmite in Southern China are much thicker, with a high content of dark impurities and high variation of porosity. The difference of these microbanding of stalagmite was controlled by the differently combined seasonality of precipitation and temperature. Comparing TIMS (ICP-MS) dating with microbanding of stalagmite, it is possibly that microbanding of stalagmite equal to annual band.
4. In Guizhou province, the oxygen isotopic characteristics of rainwater are mainly controlled by the monsoon type and the precipitation cloud cluster origins and the amount of rainwater. There is a quite good normal correlation between the δ 18O values of the drip water of cave and the average δ 18O values of the rainwater, which shows that the characteristics of the δ 18O values of the drip water for forming stalagmite can reliably reflect the δ 18O values characteristics of rainwater, and then, the climate characteristics.
Based on the systematical studies of the water, gas and soil above Liangfeng cave, the δ 13C values of stalagmite can be regarded as an ecological-environmental proxy, namely, the smaller the 5 13C values, the larger the proportion o
引文
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