光触媒作用下聚光太阳光对垃圾渗滤液有机质的降解
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摘要
垃圾是人类生产和生活过程中产生的废弃物,随着社会发展、城市化进程的加快,城市生活垃圾产生量也急剧增加。在垃圾填埋过程中,由于雨水浸蚀、生物发酵及其它物理化学因素的作用,导致大量垃圾渗滤液的产生,垃圾渗滤液是一种高浓度有机废液,是垃圾衍生产物中危害最大的一种,垃圾及其渗滤液处理是治理和改善人类环境的迫切需要。
本论文采用“钇掺杂玻璃纤维基二氧化钛光触媒丝”作为光催化剂拓展太阳光有效利用的范围,并应用太阳光跟踪聚光器系统聚焦太阳光使采光量扩大。特点在于:采用“钇掺杂玻璃纤维基二氧化钛光触媒丝”作为光催化剂,降低了导致有机物化学键断裂的照射光的能量阈值,把降解的光波从紫外光区(占太阳光强度4%左右)拓展到可见-紫外光光区(占太阳光强度50%左右),太阳光利用率提高了约10倍;透明的“钇掺杂玻璃纤维基二氧化钛光触媒丝”的另一个重要作用是把太阳光导入垃圾渗滤液中,对垃圾渗滤液内部进行光催化降解,使降解反应区域从反应液表面扩展到整个区域;采用太阳光跟踪聚光器系统将采光面积从传统降解方式的液体实际面积转换成透镜的采光面积,太阳光采光总量可以通过增加太阳光跟踪聚光器系统凸透镜面积和数量得到无限延伸,从理论上讲,能够解决“天然治理”不能满足垃圾渗滤液不断剧增的矛盾;通过太阳光跟踪聚光器系统聚光后的太阳光可以通过塑料光导介质管进行传导,使太阳光不能够直接照射到的垃圾渗滤液也能够同样实现降解。
论文主要研究内容包括:钇掺杂玻璃纤维基二氧化钛光触媒丝的制备与表征;研究光触媒丝存在条件下经过透镜聚光的太阳光对垃圾渗滤液中有机质的降解情况;研究温度条件、触媒丝中钇掺杂量条件、空气流量条件、反应液浓度条件、反应液的酸碱度(pH值)及聚光透镜采光面积等因素对降解的影响;绘制降解去除率与时间的实验曲线;对各主要影响因素的实验曲线进行数学拟合和拟合参数的物理意义分析;建立聚光太阳光对垃圾渗滤液有机质的光催化降解动力学模型。
首先,制备和表征了光降解触媒丝:按照工艺步骤可以获得外观平整透明,厚度为20～80nm,粒度≤50nm的钇掺杂二氧化钛光降解触媒丝。
然后,进行光催化降解实验。分析了光降解触媒丝存在时聚光太阳光降解垃圾渗滤液的主要影响因素的程度和原因,同时介绍了实验条件的优化选择。以聚光太阳光为光源可以在钇掺杂二氧化钛光催化降解触媒丝存在下对垃圾渗滤液进行降解,钇掺杂量对降解效果有明显的影响,钇掺杂的比未掺杂的光催化降解触媒丝降解效果好,钇掺杂量为0.2%时钇掺杂二氧化钛光催化降解触媒丝的光降解效果较佳。
随着温度的升高、聚光透镜的采光面积的增加及空气流量的增加,TOC和COD的去除率均呈现增大趋势。随着空气流量的增加降解效果呈逐渐上升趋势,但随着空气流量提高,TOC和COD去除率上升变得较慢,变化幅度变得较小。聚光透镜的采光面积的增加能够明显提高降解效率。
垃圾渗滤液的起始pH值对降解效果的影响在起初较大,但随着反应进行这种影响越来越不明显。
随着初始浓度增大,降解速率增大,但TOC和COD的去除率呈现下降趋势。
最后,参考有机物光催化降解反应的动力学模型,考虑温度、空气流量、反应液浓度和聚光透镜采光面积等影响因素,设计了光催化降解反应的动力学一般方程式,通过实验数据的数学处理确定相关常数值,获得了本实验条件下的垃圾渗滤液有机质光催化降解反应的动力学模型,其方程式为:
将垃圾渗滤液原液稀释40倍后,在反应温度为25℃、采用钇掺杂为0.2 %的二氧化钛光催化降解触媒丝、空气流量为40mL/s、用聚光倍数125倍的太阳光进行光催化降解,经过270分钟后降解效果是:TOC去除率为79.2%、COD去除率为74.5%
采用钇掺杂的玻璃纤维基二氧化钛光触媒丝作为光催化剂,并将太阳光聚光后用于降解垃圾渗滤液有机质,是一种新型的地球化学处理方法,能够体现以“天然治理天然”、低成本、高效益。
由于实验过程的阶段性安排,只采集了一个垃圾场的垃圾渗滤液,所作的降解实验数据有一定针对性或局限性,下一步将扩充采样点,针对不同地区不同区域的样品进行研究。本论文是利用新材料新方法进行的太阳光降解垃圾渗滤液的一种有益探索,还要进一步完善测试分析手段,使垃圾渗滤液中各物质成分的增减能够在线检测出来。
Landfill is a kind of waste residue produced by human life and factory production. And the quantity of which is rapidly increasing with development of society and cities. During landfill is put under the surface of the earth ,a large quantity of landfill leaches is produced because of rain immersing、biologic ferment and physical chemistry reaction. landfill leaches is a kind of high concentration organic waste water ,which is the most harmful substance in all the garbage ramifications. It is a urgent task for human environment to treat landfill leaches.
In the paper,“Y doped fiberglass substrate TiO2 photo catalyst”(YFSTPC)was applied to broaden the effective spectrum of solar rays for degradation ,and a experimental device named“solar rays tracking and focusing system”,was also applied for collecting solar rays. The features of the way are : with the YFTSPC as the photo catalyst , the energy threshold for organic molecular broken is debased , and ray wavelength for photo catalyzing is broadened from ultraviolet spectrum (about 4% in total solar radiation) to visible-ultraviolet spectrum (about 50% in total solar radiation),and then ,the efficiency of solar radiation is raised about 10 times. Another usage of the transparent YFSTPC is to conducting solar rays into the inner of landfill leaches to degrade it ,and then the degradation takes place from surface to all over the whole body of the landfill leaches. A transformation has been brought about: The areas of collected solar rays from the areas of landfill leaches liquid become the areas of the convexes, so, the quantum of the collected solar rays may be enlarged by increasing the areas and number of the convexes, therefore, theoretically , the conflict between quantum of“naturally cope with way”and sequentially increasing landfill leaches may be meet. With light conducting plastic medium of“solar rays tracking and focusing system”, the reaction of degradation of landfill leaches may also take place in the areas where the sun can not shine directly.
Main contents are introduced in the paper: The way of fabrication and characterization of YFSTPC ; Study on the experiment of degradation of landfill leaches over YFSTPC by focused solar rays ; Study on the main factors which affect degradation including :the temperature ,the quantity of doped Y in YFTSPC, the air flux, the concentration of landfill leaches, the pH of landfill leaches, the quantum of the collected solar rays. Drawing experimental curves of relation between the removal rate and the time; Fitting the experimental curves affected by the main factors and analyzing the physical signification about the parameters in fitting formulae; Establishing the kinetic model formula for photo catalytic degradation of landfill leaches by focused solar rays.
The first , YFSTPC was fabricated and characterized. A kind of smooth and transparent YFSTPC may be obtained by the experimental way , with 20-80 nm thickness ,and granularity≤50nm. The second, the of degradation was operated .The degrees and reasons of main factors which affect photo catalytic degradation of landfill leaches by focused solar rays were analyzed ,and the way for optimizing experimental conditions was introduced .
Landfill leaches organic substances may be degraded by focused solar rays with the photo catalyst YFSTPC. The quantum of Y doped may obviously affect the degradation, It is better for photo catalytic degradation of landfill leaches, as the quantum of Y doped was 0.2% .
The removal rates of TOC and COD were increased with the increasing of the temperature ,the collecting areas of convexes and the air flux. The removal rates of TOC and COD were gradually increased with the increasing of the air flux, but the increasing tendency and increasing extent became slow and small with the increasing of the air flux. The increasing of the collecting areas of convexes may obviously raise the efficiency of degradation .
The pH of the landfill leaches affected the efficiency of degradation at the beginning of the reaction , but the affect became weak with the reaction processing. The speed of degradation was increased, but the removal rates of TOC and COD were gradually decreased, with the increasing of beginning concentration of the landfill leaches.
Finally, considering some kinetic models on photo catalytic degradation of organic substances, and according to the main factors containing : temperature ,air flux, concentration of reaction, the collecting areas of convexes , etc., we obtained the kinetic general model formula for photo catalytic degradation, and those constants may be gotten by means of mathematics with experimental data, and then ,the the kinetic model formula for photo catalytic degradation of landfill leaches over YFSTPC by focused solar rays was established ,and the formula is as follow :
Through 270 minutes reacting, the removal rates of TOC and COD were79.2% and 74.5%, with the condition: the landfill leaches were diluted by 40 times, the temperature was 25℃, the quantum of Y doped was 0.2% in YFSTPC, air flux was 40mL/s , the collecting areas of convexes was 125 times of its original liquid.
It is a new geochemistry way to cope with landfill leaches organic substances with photo catalytic degradation over YFSTPC by focused solar rays. There are some advantages of this process :“naturally cope with”, lower cost, higher efficiency .
As the plan arranged ,all the samples of landfill leaches were only take from one landfill plant ,perhaps ,the experimental results were not suitable for other sites. In the following experiment, we would expend the sample collecting sites, and study on samples collecting from different areas and sites .It would be a useful exploration for the paper to cope with landfill leaches by solar rays with a new materials way.
本论文采用“钇掺杂玻璃纤维基二氧化钛光触媒丝”作为光催化剂拓展太阳光有效利用的范围,并应用太阳光跟踪聚光器系统聚焦太阳光使采光量扩大。特点在于:采用“钇掺杂玻璃纤维基二氧化钛光触媒丝”作为光催化剂,降低了导致有机物化学键断裂的照射光的能量阈值,把降解的光波从紫外光区(占太阳光强度4%左右)拓展到可见-紫外光光区(占太阳光强度50%左右),太阳光利用率提高了约10倍;透明的“钇掺杂玻璃纤维基二氧化钛光触媒丝”的另一个重要作用是把太阳光导入垃圾渗滤液中,对垃圾渗滤液内部进行光催化降解,使降解反应区域从反应液表面扩展到整个区域;采用太阳光跟踪聚光器系统将采光面积从传统降解方式的液体实际面积转换成透镜的采光面积,太阳光采光总量可以通过增加太阳光跟踪聚光器系统凸透镜面积和数量得到无限延伸,从理论上讲,能够解决“天然治理”不能满足垃圾渗滤液不断剧增的矛盾;通过太阳光跟踪聚光器系统聚光后的太阳光可以通过塑料光导介质管进行传导,使太阳光不能够直接照射到的垃圾渗滤液也能够同样实现降解。
论文主要研究内容包括:钇掺杂玻璃纤维基二氧化钛光触媒丝的制备与表征;研究光触媒丝存在条件下经过透镜聚光的太阳光对垃圾渗滤液中有机质的降解情况;研究温度条件、触媒丝中钇掺杂量条件、空气流量条件、反应液浓度条件、反应液的酸碱度(pH值)及聚光透镜采光面积等因素对降解的影响;绘制降解去除率与时间的实验曲线;对各主要影响因素的实验曲线进行数学拟合和拟合参数的物理意义分析;建立聚光太阳光对垃圾渗滤液有机质的光催化降解动力学模型。
首先,制备和表征了光降解触媒丝:按照工艺步骤可以获得外观平整透明,厚度为20～80nm,粒度≤50nm的钇掺杂二氧化钛光降解触媒丝。
然后,进行光催化降解实验。分析了光降解触媒丝存在时聚光太阳光降解垃圾渗滤液的主要影响因素的程度和原因,同时介绍了实验条件的优化选择。以聚光太阳光为光源可以在钇掺杂二氧化钛光催化降解触媒丝存在下对垃圾渗滤液进行降解,钇掺杂量对降解效果有明显的影响,钇掺杂的比未掺杂的光催化降解触媒丝降解效果好,钇掺杂量为0.2%时钇掺杂二氧化钛光催化降解触媒丝的光降解效果较佳。
随着温度的升高、聚光透镜的采光面积的增加及空气流量的增加,TOC和COD的去除率均呈现增大趋势。随着空气流量的增加降解效果呈逐渐上升趋势,但随着空气流量提高,TOC和COD去除率上升变得较慢,变化幅度变得较小。聚光透镜的采光面积的增加能够明显提高降解效率。
垃圾渗滤液的起始pH值对降解效果的影响在起初较大,但随着反应进行这种影响越来越不明显。
随着初始浓度增大,降解速率增大,但TOC和COD的去除率呈现下降趋势。
最后,参考有机物光催化降解反应的动力学模型,考虑温度、空气流量、反应液浓度和聚光透镜采光面积等影响因素,设计了光催化降解反应的动力学一般方程式,通过实验数据的数学处理确定相关常数值,获得了本实验条件下的垃圾渗滤液有机质光催化降解反应的动力学模型,其方程式为:
将垃圾渗滤液原液稀释40倍后,在反应温度为25℃、采用钇掺杂为0.2 %的二氧化钛光催化降解触媒丝、空气流量为40mL/s、用聚光倍数125倍的太阳光进行光催化降解,经过270分钟后降解效果是:TOC去除率为79.2%、COD去除率为74.5%
采用钇掺杂的玻璃纤维基二氧化钛光触媒丝作为光催化剂,并将太阳光聚光后用于降解垃圾渗滤液有机质,是一种新型的地球化学处理方法,能够体现以“天然治理天然”、低成本、高效益。
由于实验过程的阶段性安排,只采集了一个垃圾场的垃圾渗滤液,所作的降解实验数据有一定针对性或局限性,下一步将扩充采样点,针对不同地区不同区域的样品进行研究。本论文是利用新材料新方法进行的太阳光降解垃圾渗滤液的一种有益探索,还要进一步完善测试分析手段,使垃圾渗滤液中各物质成分的增减能够在线检测出来。
Landfill is a kind of waste residue produced by human life and factory production. And the quantity of which is rapidly increasing with development of society and cities. During landfill is put under the surface of the earth ,a large quantity of landfill leaches is produced because of rain immersing、biologic ferment and physical chemistry reaction. landfill leaches is a kind of high concentration organic waste water ,which is the most harmful substance in all the garbage ramifications. It is a urgent task for human environment to treat landfill leaches.
In the paper,“Y doped fiberglass substrate TiO2 photo catalyst”(YFSTPC)was applied to broaden the effective spectrum of solar rays for degradation ,and a experimental device named“solar rays tracking and focusing system”,was also applied for collecting solar rays. The features of the way are : with the YFTSPC as the photo catalyst , the energy threshold for organic molecular broken is debased , and ray wavelength for photo catalyzing is broadened from ultraviolet spectrum (about 4% in total solar radiation) to visible-ultraviolet spectrum (about 50% in total solar radiation),and then ,the efficiency of solar radiation is raised about 10 times. Another usage of the transparent YFSTPC is to conducting solar rays into the inner of landfill leaches to degrade it ,and then the degradation takes place from surface to all over the whole body of the landfill leaches. A transformation has been brought about: The areas of collected solar rays from the areas of landfill leaches liquid become the areas of the convexes, so, the quantum of the collected solar rays may be enlarged by increasing the areas and number of the convexes, therefore, theoretically , the conflict between quantum of“naturally cope with way”and sequentially increasing landfill leaches may be meet. With light conducting plastic medium of“solar rays tracking and focusing system”, the reaction of degradation of landfill leaches may also take place in the areas where the sun can not shine directly.
Main contents are introduced in the paper: The way of fabrication and characterization of YFSTPC ; Study on the experiment of degradation of landfill leaches over YFSTPC by focused solar rays ; Study on the main factors which affect degradation including :the temperature ,the quantity of doped Y in YFTSPC, the air flux, the concentration of landfill leaches, the pH of landfill leaches, the quantum of the collected solar rays. Drawing experimental curves of relation between the removal rate and the time; Fitting the experimental curves affected by the main factors and analyzing the physical signification about the parameters in fitting formulae; Establishing the kinetic model formula for photo catalytic degradation of landfill leaches by focused solar rays.
The first , YFSTPC was fabricated and characterized. A kind of smooth and transparent YFSTPC may be obtained by the experimental way , with 20-80 nm thickness ,and granularity≤50nm. The second, the of degradation was operated .The degrees and reasons of main factors which affect photo catalytic degradation of landfill leaches by focused solar rays were analyzed ,and the way for optimizing experimental conditions was introduced .
Landfill leaches organic substances may be degraded by focused solar rays with the photo catalyst YFSTPC. The quantum of Y doped may obviously affect the degradation, It is better for photo catalytic degradation of landfill leaches, as the quantum of Y doped was 0.2% .
The removal rates of TOC and COD were increased with the increasing of the temperature ,the collecting areas of convexes and the air flux. The removal rates of TOC and COD were gradually increased with the increasing of the air flux, but the increasing tendency and increasing extent became slow and small with the increasing of the air flux. The increasing of the collecting areas of convexes may obviously raise the efficiency of degradation .
The pH of the landfill leaches affected the efficiency of degradation at the beginning of the reaction , but the affect became weak with the reaction processing. The speed of degradation was increased, but the removal rates of TOC and COD were gradually decreased, with the increasing of beginning concentration of the landfill leaches.
Finally, considering some kinetic models on photo catalytic degradation of organic substances, and according to the main factors containing : temperature ,air flux, concentration of reaction, the collecting areas of convexes , etc., we obtained the kinetic general model formula for photo catalytic degradation, and those constants may be gotten by means of mathematics with experimental data, and then ,the the kinetic model formula for photo catalytic degradation of landfill leaches over YFSTPC by focused solar rays was established ,and the formula is as follow :
Through 270 minutes reacting, the removal rates of TOC and COD were79.2% and 74.5%, with the condition: the landfill leaches were diluted by 40 times, the temperature was 25℃, the quantum of Y doped was 0.2% in YFSTPC, air flux was 40mL/s , the collecting areas of convexes was 125 times of its original liquid.
It is a new geochemistry way to cope with landfill leaches organic substances with photo catalytic degradation over YFSTPC by focused solar rays. There are some advantages of this process :“naturally cope with”, lower cost, higher efficiency .
As the plan arranged ,all the samples of landfill leaches were only take from one landfill plant ,perhaps ,the experimental results were not suitable for other sites. In the following experiment, we would expend the sample collecting sites, and study on samples collecting from different areas and sites .It would be a useful exploration for the paper to cope with landfill leaches by solar rays with a new materials way.
引文
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