地带性土壤中菲的土—水界面吸附—解吸行为及其受黑炭影响的机理研究
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摘要
多环芳烃是环境中广泛存在的一类持久性疏水有机污染物,主要来源于人为的化石燃料和生物燃料等的不完全燃烧。多环芳烃自身具有致癌、致畸、致突变的“三致”特性,被人们广泛关注。许多国家已将多环芳烃作为空气和土壤污染检测的对象,并制定、采取了相应措施来控制和减少其环境排放。土壤作为一种重要的环境介质,承担着90%以上的多环芳烃环境负荷。
黑炭是自然界的一种天然吸附剂,由于具有较大比表面积,对多环芳烃等持久性环境污染物质在自然界中的吸附、解吸、迁移、转化、降解、残留等环境行为有着重大影响。为了探讨黑炭对污染物质环境行为的影响及其本身的环境效应,本试验选取多环芳烃中的三环类污染物菲为对象。通过添加外源黑炭的方式,研究了我国境内从南到北海南(土壤1,土壤2)、福建(土壤3)、湖南(土壤4)、浙江(土壤5)、安徽(土壤6)、江苏(土壤7)、辽宁(土壤8)、吉林(土壤9)八个省份的9种典型地带性土壤中菲的吸附/解吸行为以及添加黑炭的土壤样品中菲的吸附/解吸行为。得到了下述结果：
研究发现,9种地带性土壤对菲的吸附能力依次为：土壤9>土壤1>土壤2>土壤8>土壤7>土壤6>土壤5>土壤4>土壤3。统计分析表明,菲的吸附行为与土壤中有机质含量呈显著正相关,与游离态氧化铁的含量呈显著负相关。可能原因是土壤中大量存在的游离态氧化铁会包裹土壤中的有机质,减少有机质对菲的吸附位点,从而降低土壤对菲的吸附。通径分析结果表明游离态氧化铁和有机质对菲的吸附是一种交互效应。
添加黑炭后,地带性土壤对菲的吸附能力随黑炭添加量的升高而升高。添加黑炭后,黑炭和土壤自身有机质共同调控了土壤样品对菲的吸附行为。随着黑炭添加量的增加,菲的吸附等温线的非线性程度逐渐增强。黑炭是造成土壤非线性吸附和吸附能力增加的主要原因,在低平衡浓度水平时(Ce=0.005Sw,Ce为液相平衡浓度,Sw为菲在水相中的溶解度),菲的有机碳标准化分配系数
(Koc)值受到外源黑炭、土壤富里酸和游离态氧化铁这三者的共同影响,在较高的平衡浓度水平时(Ce=0.05Sw,Ce=0.5Sw),外源黑炭则是影响菲的Koc值的主要因素。同时黑炭对菲吸附的贡献率也受到土壤理化性质和外源黑炭添加量的共同影响,当黑炭添加量大于0.5%时,黑炭基本上主导了菲在土壤中的吸附过程。
另外,7种地带性土壤中菲的吸附／解吸行为研究还发现,各样品具有不同的吸附／解吸迟滞系数(HI值),表明菲在各土壤中都存在不同程度的解吸迟滞现象。添加黑炭后,土壤对菲吸附的HI值随着黑炭添加量的增加呈明显上扬的趋势,且HI值与外源黑炭的添加量和土壤比表面积存在显著相关性,表明外源黑炭增强了土壤中菲的吸附／解吸迟滞行为。
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one kind of hydrophobic organic pollutants in the environment which mainly come from the incomplete combustion of man-made fossil fuel and bio-fuels. Because of its high risk of carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic properties, people pay more attention to the behavior of PAHs in the environment. Many countries have set the PAHs as the testing pollutants for air and soil pollution. Besides, some countries have developed and taken appropriate measures to reduce emissions of PAHs in order to control its pollution. As an important environmental media, soil is responsible for more than 90 percent environmental load of PAHs.
Black carbon is a natural adsorbent in the environment. Because of its property of high specific surface area, black carbon can influence the environmental behavior of PAHs and other persistent organic pollutants, such as the transport, degradation and accumulation processes. In order to discuss the influence of black carbon to the environment behavior and the environment effects of organic pollutants, this research selects phenathrene, the representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, as the experimental object.
In this experiment, nine kinds of zonal soils were collected from Hainan (soil 1, soil 2), Fujian (soil 3), Hunan (soil 4), Zhejiang (soil 5), Anhui (soil 6), Jiangsu (soil 7), Liaoning (soil 8), Jilin (soil 9) provinces from southern to northern China. The behavior of adsorption/desorption of phenanthrene in soil-water interface system was studied with and without addition of black carbon to soils. The results are listed as follows.
The adsorption capacities of phenanthrene followed the sequence of soil 9> soil 1>soil 2> soil 8> Soil 7> 6 soil> soil 5> Soil 4> soil 3. Simple correlation analysis indicated that the adsorption of phenanthrene by soils was significantly positively related to the organic matter content, but negatively to the content of free ferric oxide and clay particles in soils. Because the sites of soil organic matters to adsorb phenanthrene might be shielded by ferric oxides,, the adsorption of phenanthrene would be reduced with the increase of ferric oxides in soils. The path analysis indicated that the free ferric oxide and organic matter appeared to function in a relatively complex way on phenanthrene adsorption/desorption.
Adsorption capacity of phenanthrene was increased with the increase of the addition of black carbon to soils. The adsorption capacity of phenanthrene was mainly controlled by black carbon content and soil organic matter, and the nonlinearity of adsorption became larger after the black carbon was added to soils. The added black carbon, soil free ferric oxide and organic matter are the main factors responsible for the phenanthrene's Koc at low equilibrium concentration level (Ce=0.005Sw), but only the exogenous black carbon is the main factor at high equilibrium concentration level (Ce=0.05Sw,Ce=0.5Sw). The adsorption behavior of phenanthrene would be mainly controlled by black carbon when the content of black carbon is higher than 0.5%.
The selected seven zonal soils showed different desorption hysteresis as shown by the hysteresis index (HI) values. The HI value was positively related to the black carbon content and the specific surface area of soils. The presence of black carbon in soil would enhance the adsorption/desorption hysteresis.
黑炭是自然界的一种天然吸附剂,由于具有较大比表面积,对多环芳烃等持久性环境污染物质在自然界中的吸附、解吸、迁移、转化、降解、残留等环境行为有着重大影响。为了探讨黑炭对污染物质环境行为的影响及其本身的环境效应,本试验选取多环芳烃中的三环类污染物菲为对象。通过添加外源黑炭的方式,研究了我国境内从南到北海南(土壤1,土壤2)、福建(土壤3)、湖南(土壤4)、浙江(土壤5)、安徽(土壤6)、江苏(土壤7)、辽宁(土壤8)、吉林(土壤9)八个省份的9种典型地带性土壤中菲的吸附/解吸行为以及添加黑炭的土壤样品中菲的吸附/解吸行为。得到了下述结果：
研究发现,9种地带性土壤对菲的吸附能力依次为：土壤9>土壤1>土壤2>土壤8>土壤7>土壤6>土壤5>土壤4>土壤3。统计分析表明,菲的吸附行为与土壤中有机质含量呈显著正相关,与游离态氧化铁的含量呈显著负相关。可能原因是土壤中大量存在的游离态氧化铁会包裹土壤中的有机质,减少有机质对菲的吸附位点,从而降低土壤对菲的吸附。通径分析结果表明游离态氧化铁和有机质对菲的吸附是一种交互效应。
添加黑炭后,地带性土壤对菲的吸附能力随黑炭添加量的升高而升高。添加黑炭后,黑炭和土壤自身有机质共同调控了土壤样品对菲的吸附行为。随着黑炭添加量的增加,菲的吸附等温线的非线性程度逐渐增强。黑炭是造成土壤非线性吸附和吸附能力增加的主要原因,在低平衡浓度水平时(Ce=0.005Sw,Ce为液相平衡浓度,Sw为菲在水相中的溶解度),菲的有机碳标准化分配系数
(Koc)值受到外源黑炭、土壤富里酸和游离态氧化铁这三者的共同影响,在较高的平衡浓度水平时(Ce=0.05Sw,Ce=0.5Sw),外源黑炭则是影响菲的Koc值的主要因素。同时黑炭对菲吸附的贡献率也受到土壤理化性质和外源黑炭添加量的共同影响,当黑炭添加量大于0.5%时,黑炭基本上主导了菲在土壤中的吸附过程。
另外,7种地带性土壤中菲的吸附／解吸行为研究还发现,各样品具有不同的吸附／解吸迟滞系数(HI值),表明菲在各土壤中都存在不同程度的解吸迟滞现象。添加黑炭后,土壤对菲吸附的HI值随着黑炭添加量的增加呈明显上扬的趋势,且HI值与外源黑炭的添加量和土壤比表面积存在显著相关性,表明外源黑炭增强了土壤中菲的吸附／解吸迟滞行为。
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one kind of hydrophobic organic pollutants in the environment which mainly come from the incomplete combustion of man-made fossil fuel and bio-fuels. Because of its high risk of carcinogenic, teratogenic and mutagenic properties, people pay more attention to the behavior of PAHs in the environment. Many countries have set the PAHs as the testing pollutants for air and soil pollution. Besides, some countries have developed and taken appropriate measures to reduce emissions of PAHs in order to control its pollution. As an important environmental media, soil is responsible for more than 90 percent environmental load of PAHs.
Black carbon is a natural adsorbent in the environment. Because of its property of high specific surface area, black carbon can influence the environmental behavior of PAHs and other persistent organic pollutants, such as the transport, degradation and accumulation processes. In order to discuss the influence of black carbon to the environment behavior and the environment effects of organic pollutants, this research selects phenathrene, the representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, as the experimental object.
In this experiment, nine kinds of zonal soils were collected from Hainan (soil 1, soil 2), Fujian (soil 3), Hunan (soil 4), Zhejiang (soil 5), Anhui (soil 6), Jiangsu (soil 7), Liaoning (soil 8), Jilin (soil 9) provinces from southern to northern China. The behavior of adsorption/desorption of phenanthrene in soil-water interface system was studied with and without addition of black carbon to soils. The results are listed as follows.
The adsorption capacities of phenanthrene followed the sequence of soil 9> soil 1>soil 2> soil 8> Soil 7> 6 soil> soil 5> Soil 4> soil 3. Simple correlation analysis indicated that the adsorption of phenanthrene by soils was significantly positively related to the organic matter content, but negatively to the content of free ferric oxide and clay particles in soils. Because the sites of soil organic matters to adsorb phenanthrene might be shielded by ferric oxides,, the adsorption of phenanthrene would be reduced with the increase of ferric oxides in soils. The path analysis indicated that the free ferric oxide and organic matter appeared to function in a relatively complex way on phenanthrene adsorption/desorption.
Adsorption capacity of phenanthrene was increased with the increase of the addition of black carbon to soils. The adsorption capacity of phenanthrene was mainly controlled by black carbon content and soil organic matter, and the nonlinearity of adsorption became larger after the black carbon was added to soils. The added black carbon, soil free ferric oxide and organic matter are the main factors responsible for the phenanthrene's Koc at low equilibrium concentration level (Ce=0.005Sw), but only the exogenous black carbon is the main factor at high equilibrium concentration level (Ce=0.05Sw,Ce=0.5Sw). The adsorption behavior of phenanthrene would be mainly controlled by black carbon when the content of black carbon is higher than 0.5%.
The selected seven zonal soils showed different desorption hysteresis as shown by the hysteresis index (HI) values. The HI value was positively related to the black carbon content and the specific surface area of soils. The presence of black carbon in soil would enhance the adsorption/desorption hysteresis.
引文
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