膨胀土湿热耦合性状与路堑边坡防护机理研究
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摘要
本文以广西南宁膨胀土为研究对象,采用现场试验、室内试验和数值计算模拟的方法,对大气作用下膨胀土的工程性状、膨胀土路堑边坡的灾变机理以及多种防护方法的工作特性进行了分析。
首先,进行了大型膨胀土堑坡的现场试验,通过气象观测、边坡温湿度和渗透特性的测试以及坡体变形的监测,对大气作用下膨胀土堑坡的灾变机理进行了分析,并对植被和框锚结构防护系统的工作特性进行了探讨。结果表明,膨胀土的工程性质与蒸发和降雨过程息息相关;土体含水量的变化是影响边坡变形的主要因素,而温度变化是促进因素,二者的耦合作用使得边坡趋向不稳定;含水量变化下的大气影响深度随季节性干湿循环而变大,但其变化滞后于温度;植被防护可减小温度、湿度的变动幅度,降低影响深度;降雨持续时间决定坡体变形,一定降雨强度下持续的降雨过程才能使边坡趋于破坏;大气剧烈影响深度范围内土体的胀缩性会对锚杆工作状态产生较大的影响,在边坡上早期施加锚杆和框架梁后,框架梁可通过锚杆对梁的约束力限制土体的膨胀变形,进而保证土体的强度,同时框锚结构系统在实际受荷过程中会释放部分膨胀力,降低梁底土体反力,有利于框锚结构的稳定。
其次,采用室内试验的方法,考虑脱湿速率、吸湿速率、水化状态和干湿循环作用的影响,模拟自然环境下膨胀土的湿热状态,对其力学性质、持水特征、胀缩性和渗透性进行了深入分析。结果表明,湿热状态会对膨胀土的工程性状产生较大影响:反复的吸湿、脱湿使土体趋于松散,强度降低,渗透性增强;脱湿速率越小,土体的收缩变形越大,进气值越大;吸湿速率越小,土体的膨胀变形越大,膨胀后强度越低;在水化过程中,水化时间越长、温度越高,土体强度越低,强度呈现变动特性。
第三,基于现场试验和室内试验,结合自编的处理软件对膨胀土的裂隙特性展开分析。结果表明,二值化像素和分形维数统计的方法均是对膨胀土裂隙的平面描述,而渗透试验和变形模量测试的方法可以从空间上反映膨胀土裂隙的发育状态。
第四,在考虑膨胀土湿热耦合性状和裂隙分布的基础上,采用数值计算模拟的方法,对大气作用下膨胀土边坡的工作特性进行了分析,并结合植被的生理特征和力学特性对植被护坡的机理开展了深入研究。结果表明,膨胀土堑坡的灾变过程与膨胀土的工程性状紧密相关,而气候环境是促进因素,季节性的干湿循环、高湿的持续蒸发、连绵的降雨过程均是最不利于膨胀土堑坡稳定的气象状态;植被护坡在降雨过程中主要是根系的力学效应发挥作用,而后植被的蒸发、蒸腾作用可缩短土体水化的时间,阻止土体强度的进一步衰减,降低坡体的风化程度,有利于边坡长期的稳定。
最后,采用数值计算模拟的方法,对浆砌片石和框锚结构防护系统的工作特性进行了分析。结果表明,浆砌片石护坡可保持边坡湿度场稳定,减缓温差及温度变化对坡体的影响,降低浅层土体风化程度,阻止大气影响深度向土体深处发展;在框锚结构护坡系统中,锚杆在强风化区内设置自由段,既不会降低边坡的安全系数还有利于锚杆的稳定,框架梁的存在使边坡滑动土体的下滑推力转由深部土体承担,可有效维持浅层土体的稳定性,锚杆轴向力和框架梁弯矩的分布特征可为工程设计提供科学依据和优化措施。
In this thesis, expansive soil moisture-heat coupling behavior, disastrous mechanism and protection mechanism of cut slope is analyzed by the method of field test, lab experimentation and numerical simulation.
Firstly, a large scale field test of expansive soil cut slope is carried out. Disastrous mechanism of the cut slope is analyzed based on weather observation, slope moisture-heat and permeability test, and deformation monitor. Working characteristic of vegetation and frame-anchor protection is also discussed. The results show that expansive soil engineering behavior is related with rainfall and evaporation closely. The change of water content is key factor to the slope deformation, and the change of temperature may accelerate the process. Therefore, the coupling action makes the slope unstable. Influence depth of water content increases with seasonal drying-wetting circulation, but the change of water content lags the heat. With vegetation covered, the fluctuate scope of moisture and heat is lessened, which prevent the developing of atmosphere influence depth. The deformation of slope is controlled by raining time, and only successive raining in certain intensity can induce large deformation. Swell-shrink behavior of expansive soil in the high weathering zone may make a great influence on the anchor bolt. When frame-anchor structure is built, the beam can confine the swelling of expansive soil, and keep the strength. At the same time, frame-anchor structure may release the swelling force, which contributes to the stability of slope protection system greatly.
Secondly, by the method of lab experimentation moisture-heat coupling behavior of expansive soil is analyzed from the viewpoints of considering the effects of drying rate, wetting rate, hydration state and drying-wetting cyclic process. The results show that moisture and heat state has a great influence on expansive soil engineering behavior. Drying-wetting cyclic process makes soil more loose, lower strength, and higher permeability. A low drying rate induces a large shrinkage and air-entry value. A low wetting rate contributes a large swell deformation, and weakens the strength. During hydrating, the strength presents dynamic, and the state of long term and high temperature may lead to a low strength parameter.
Thirdly, fissure feature is analyzed through the way of field test and lab experimentation combined with programmed software. The results show that statistic of two-value pixels and fractal dimension depicts the fissure in view of plane, and test of permeability and deformation modulus describes it from a spatial perspective.
Then, working trait of expansive soil cut slope is analyzed by the method of numerical simulation considering expansive soil moisture-heat coupling behavior and fissure characteristic. And the vegetation protection mechanism is also studied taking into account of the mechanics characteristic and physiological trait. The results show that cut slope disastrous process correlates with expansive soil engineering behavior, and weather is a driving factor. The condition of seasonal drying-wetting circulation, evaporating process with a high humidity, and successive raining makes against the stability of expansive soil cut slope mostly. During raining root mechanics puts to effect primarily, and afterward, evaporation and transpiration puts into action which shortens the hydration time, prevents the strength decreased, reduces the weathering degree and is propitious to the long-term stability.
Finally, protection characteristic of grouted rubble and frame-anchor structure is analyzed by means of numerical simulation. The results show that grouted rubble may keep the slope moisture steadily, lessen the influence caused by heat and difference in temperature, and prevent the developing of atmosphere influence depth. To frame-anchor structure that setting anchor bolts a free part in the high weathering zone can not only keep the safety coefficient of slope but also be in favor of the stability of anchor. Frame beam can let the deep soil bear the push force of slide mass, and then, make the surface stable. The distribute format of anchor axial force and frame beam bending moment is useful to design and optimization.
首先,进行了大型膨胀土堑坡的现场试验,通过气象观测、边坡温湿度和渗透特性的测试以及坡体变形的监测,对大气作用下膨胀土堑坡的灾变机理进行了分析,并对植被和框锚结构防护系统的工作特性进行了探讨。结果表明,膨胀土的工程性质与蒸发和降雨过程息息相关;土体含水量的变化是影响边坡变形的主要因素,而温度变化是促进因素,二者的耦合作用使得边坡趋向不稳定;含水量变化下的大气影响深度随季节性干湿循环而变大,但其变化滞后于温度;植被防护可减小温度、湿度的变动幅度,降低影响深度;降雨持续时间决定坡体变形,一定降雨强度下持续的降雨过程才能使边坡趋于破坏;大气剧烈影响深度范围内土体的胀缩性会对锚杆工作状态产生较大的影响,在边坡上早期施加锚杆和框架梁后,框架梁可通过锚杆对梁的约束力限制土体的膨胀变形,进而保证土体的强度,同时框锚结构系统在实际受荷过程中会释放部分膨胀力,降低梁底土体反力,有利于框锚结构的稳定。
其次,采用室内试验的方法,考虑脱湿速率、吸湿速率、水化状态和干湿循环作用的影响,模拟自然环境下膨胀土的湿热状态,对其力学性质、持水特征、胀缩性和渗透性进行了深入分析。结果表明,湿热状态会对膨胀土的工程性状产生较大影响:反复的吸湿、脱湿使土体趋于松散,强度降低,渗透性增强;脱湿速率越小,土体的收缩变形越大,进气值越大;吸湿速率越小,土体的膨胀变形越大,膨胀后强度越低;在水化过程中,水化时间越长、温度越高,土体强度越低,强度呈现变动特性。
第三,基于现场试验和室内试验,结合自编的处理软件对膨胀土的裂隙特性展开分析。结果表明,二值化像素和分形维数统计的方法均是对膨胀土裂隙的平面描述,而渗透试验和变形模量测试的方法可以从空间上反映膨胀土裂隙的发育状态。
第四,在考虑膨胀土湿热耦合性状和裂隙分布的基础上,采用数值计算模拟的方法,对大气作用下膨胀土边坡的工作特性进行了分析,并结合植被的生理特征和力学特性对植被护坡的机理开展了深入研究。结果表明,膨胀土堑坡的灾变过程与膨胀土的工程性状紧密相关,而气候环境是促进因素,季节性的干湿循环、高湿的持续蒸发、连绵的降雨过程均是最不利于膨胀土堑坡稳定的气象状态;植被护坡在降雨过程中主要是根系的力学效应发挥作用,而后植被的蒸发、蒸腾作用可缩短土体水化的时间,阻止土体强度的进一步衰减,降低坡体的风化程度,有利于边坡长期的稳定。
最后,采用数值计算模拟的方法,对浆砌片石和框锚结构防护系统的工作特性进行了分析。结果表明,浆砌片石护坡可保持边坡湿度场稳定,减缓温差及温度变化对坡体的影响,降低浅层土体风化程度,阻止大气影响深度向土体深处发展;在框锚结构护坡系统中,锚杆在强风化区内设置自由段,既不会降低边坡的安全系数还有利于锚杆的稳定,框架梁的存在使边坡滑动土体的下滑推力转由深部土体承担,可有效维持浅层土体的稳定性,锚杆轴向力和框架梁弯矩的分布特征可为工程设计提供科学依据和优化措施。
In this thesis, expansive soil moisture-heat coupling behavior, disastrous mechanism and protection mechanism of cut slope is analyzed by the method of field test, lab experimentation and numerical simulation.
Firstly, a large scale field test of expansive soil cut slope is carried out. Disastrous mechanism of the cut slope is analyzed based on weather observation, slope moisture-heat and permeability test, and deformation monitor. Working characteristic of vegetation and frame-anchor protection is also discussed. The results show that expansive soil engineering behavior is related with rainfall and evaporation closely. The change of water content is key factor to the slope deformation, and the change of temperature may accelerate the process. Therefore, the coupling action makes the slope unstable. Influence depth of water content increases with seasonal drying-wetting circulation, but the change of water content lags the heat. With vegetation covered, the fluctuate scope of moisture and heat is lessened, which prevent the developing of atmosphere influence depth. The deformation of slope is controlled by raining time, and only successive raining in certain intensity can induce large deformation. Swell-shrink behavior of expansive soil in the high weathering zone may make a great influence on the anchor bolt. When frame-anchor structure is built, the beam can confine the swelling of expansive soil, and keep the strength. At the same time, frame-anchor structure may release the swelling force, which contributes to the stability of slope protection system greatly.
Secondly, by the method of lab experimentation moisture-heat coupling behavior of expansive soil is analyzed from the viewpoints of considering the effects of drying rate, wetting rate, hydration state and drying-wetting cyclic process. The results show that moisture and heat state has a great influence on expansive soil engineering behavior. Drying-wetting cyclic process makes soil more loose, lower strength, and higher permeability. A low drying rate induces a large shrinkage and air-entry value. A low wetting rate contributes a large swell deformation, and weakens the strength. During hydrating, the strength presents dynamic, and the state of long term and high temperature may lead to a low strength parameter.
Thirdly, fissure feature is analyzed through the way of field test and lab experimentation combined with programmed software. The results show that statistic of two-value pixels and fractal dimension depicts the fissure in view of plane, and test of permeability and deformation modulus describes it from a spatial perspective.
Then, working trait of expansive soil cut slope is analyzed by the method of numerical simulation considering expansive soil moisture-heat coupling behavior and fissure characteristic. And the vegetation protection mechanism is also studied taking into account of the mechanics characteristic and physiological trait. The results show that cut slope disastrous process correlates with expansive soil engineering behavior, and weather is a driving factor. The condition of seasonal drying-wetting circulation, evaporating process with a high humidity, and successive raining makes against the stability of expansive soil cut slope mostly. During raining root mechanics puts to effect primarily, and afterward, evaporation and transpiration puts into action which shortens the hydration time, prevents the strength decreased, reduces the weathering degree and is propitious to the long-term stability.
Finally, protection characteristic of grouted rubble and frame-anchor structure is analyzed by means of numerical simulation. The results show that grouted rubble may keep the slope moisture steadily, lessen the influence caused by heat and difference in temperature, and prevent the developing of atmosphere influence depth. To frame-anchor structure that setting anchor bolts a free part in the high weathering zone can not only keep the safety coefficient of slope but also be in favor of the stability of anchor. Frame beam can let the deep soil bear the push force of slide mass, and then, make the surface stable. The distribute format of anchor axial force and frame beam bending moment is useful to design and optimization.
引文
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