情景喜剧中汉英语码转换初探
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摘要
随着不同民族之间交往的不断扩大和民族融合的逐渐增强,世界上的双语社区也日益增多。在每一个双语社区中,势必存在两种或是多种语言的交互使用,这种不同的语言系统在使用中交互转换的现象称之为“语码转换”。语码转换是语言接触中的普遍现象,长期以来受到研究者的关注。近三十年来,语言学家从各个角度对语码转换进行研究,众多的专家学者主要从三个方面进行研究:一是从语言学的角度研究语码转换的结构和结构特点;二是从社会语言学角度研究语码转换的作用与动机;三是从认知心理的角度来看语码转换发生的原因及产生的效果。其中的研究成果大多与书面语码转换关系密切。口语的语码转换也有一定的研究。
在借鉴和吸收前人的研究成果的基础上,本文旨在探讨语码转换的作用与动机、原因及所起到的效果等,以期从不同的角度拓宽研究视野,加深对语码转换的了解,力求在语码转换前人研究的基础上有所创新。本论文目的有二:(1)揭示语码转换的特点、作用、以及动机;(2)尝试从几种相关的语言学理论研究语码转换现象。本论文的全部语料都取自于情景喜剧《天国的嫁衣》和《男亲女爱》。研究中作者精心抽取剧中包含语码转换的语句。语码转换是一种十分复杂的语言现象。迄今为止,没有哪一种理论能够彻底解释这一社会语言现象。
本文在有关的讨论中运用了Verschueren的语言的顺应理论,语码转换是语言顺应性的实现,是一系列的动态的做出选择的过程。这些模式从理论的高度上给本文的研究提供了很多的支持。
作者希望能通过这次研究提高人们对于语码转换重要性的意识,从而达到更好的交流。同时,作者也希望在今后的学习和研究中把这些研究更深入的进行下去。
Along with the increasing communication and strengthened fusion of different nationalities, there have been emerging a great number of bi-lingual speech communities. Two or more languages must be employed in a bi-lingual or multi-lingual speech community, which is generally called“code-switching”. (Thereafter in this thesis called CS). CS is a common phenomenon attracting many researchers’attention. In the last 30 years, the study on CS from different angles has been adopted. Three major perspectives are as follows: the study of the structures and the characteristics of the structures of CS from a linguistic perspective; the study of the functions and motivations of CS from a sociolinguistic perspective; the analysis of the reasons and the effects of CS from a cognitive perspective. Most of the studies are on written form of CS. Spoken form of CS is also under its study scope to some degree.
Based on the achievements made by the previous researchers, the present study will explore the functions, motivations, causes and effects. It is meant to widen the study perspectives and derive a more comprehensive understanding on CS from different angles so as to discover something new. Two purposes of the present study are: (1) to elaborate the characteristics, functions and motivations of CS; (2) to explain CS phenomena with related linguistic theories. All the data of CS in this thesis are analyzed on the extracts from Celestial Wedding Dress and The Wars of the Genders, which are chosen by the author purposely. CS is a complex linguistic phenomenon. Up to now, there has been no optimal theory that can give a full explanation of the complicated social linguistic phenomenon.
The present thesis employs Vershueren’s Linguistic Adaptation theory which states that CS is the realization of adaptation and a series of dynamic processes of choice making. All these theories are great support and guidance to the study in the thesis.
There is much hope that this paper can lighten people’s awareness of the importance of CS and help them achieve better communication with each other. Meanwhile, the writer of this thesis will devote herself to the future study heart and soul.
在借鉴和吸收前人的研究成果的基础上,本文旨在探讨语码转换的作用与动机、原因及所起到的效果等,以期从不同的角度拓宽研究视野,加深对语码转换的了解,力求在语码转换前人研究的基础上有所创新。本论文目的有二:(1)揭示语码转换的特点、作用、以及动机;(2)尝试从几种相关的语言学理论研究语码转换现象。本论文的全部语料都取自于情景喜剧《天国的嫁衣》和《男亲女爱》。研究中作者精心抽取剧中包含语码转换的语句。语码转换是一种十分复杂的语言现象。迄今为止,没有哪一种理论能够彻底解释这一社会语言现象。
本文在有关的讨论中运用了Verschueren的语言的顺应理论,语码转换是语言顺应性的实现,是一系列的动态的做出选择的过程。这些模式从理论的高度上给本文的研究提供了很多的支持。
作者希望能通过这次研究提高人们对于语码转换重要性的意识,从而达到更好的交流。同时,作者也希望在今后的学习和研究中把这些研究更深入的进行下去。
Along with the increasing communication and strengthened fusion of different nationalities, there have been emerging a great number of bi-lingual speech communities. Two or more languages must be employed in a bi-lingual or multi-lingual speech community, which is generally called“code-switching”. (Thereafter in this thesis called CS). CS is a common phenomenon attracting many researchers’attention. In the last 30 years, the study on CS from different angles has been adopted. Three major perspectives are as follows: the study of the structures and the characteristics of the structures of CS from a linguistic perspective; the study of the functions and motivations of CS from a sociolinguistic perspective; the analysis of the reasons and the effects of CS from a cognitive perspective. Most of the studies are on written form of CS. Spoken form of CS is also under its study scope to some degree.
Based on the achievements made by the previous researchers, the present study will explore the functions, motivations, causes and effects. It is meant to widen the study perspectives and derive a more comprehensive understanding on CS from different angles so as to discover something new. Two purposes of the present study are: (1) to elaborate the characteristics, functions and motivations of CS; (2) to explain CS phenomena with related linguistic theories. All the data of CS in this thesis are analyzed on the extracts from Celestial Wedding Dress and The Wars of the Genders, which are chosen by the author purposely. CS is a complex linguistic phenomenon. Up to now, there has been no optimal theory that can give a full explanation of the complicated social linguistic phenomenon.
The present thesis employs Vershueren’s Linguistic Adaptation theory which states that CS is the realization of adaptation and a series of dynamic processes of choice making. All these theories are great support and guidance to the study in the thesis.
There is much hope that this paper can lighten people’s awareness of the importance of CS and help them achieve better communication with each other. Meanwhile, the writer of this thesis will devote herself to the future study heart and soul.
引文
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[2] Alfonzetti, G. The conversational dimension in code-switching between Italian and dialect in Sicily. In Peter Auer, ed. Code-switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction and Identity. London: Routledge, 1992.
[3] Appeal, R. & P, Musyken. Language Contact and Bilingualism. London: Edward Arnold (publisher) Ltd, 1987: 117-121.
[4] Auer, P. Bilingual Conversation. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1984.
[5] Auer, P. The pragmatics of code-switching: A sequential approach. One speakers, two languages: Cross disciplinary perspectives on code-switching. Eds. L, Milroy & P, Muysken. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 1995: 114-135.
[6] Auer, P. ed. Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity. London and New York: Routledge, 1998: 27.
[7] Backus, Ad. Two in one: bilingual speech of Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. Doctoral Dissertation, Katholieke Universiteit Brabant. Published in Pfsff, C. ed. Contacts and conflicts: perspectives from code-switching research, 1995.
[8] Belazi, H. M. Code-switching and X-bar Theory: the Functional Head Constraint. Linguistic Inquiry, 1994.
[9] Bernstein, B. Class, Codes, and Control: Towards a Theory of Educational Transmission. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973.
[10] Blom, J. P. & Gumperz, J. J. Gumperz. Social Meaning in Linguistic Structure: Code-switching in Norway. In J. Gumperz, ed. Language in Social Groups. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1971: 274-310.
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[12] Blommaert, J. Codeswitching and the exclusivity of social identities: some data from Campus Kiswahili. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 13.1/2 (1992): 57-70.
[13] Brown, P. & Levision S. C. Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
[14] Clyne, M. Community languages: the Australian experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
[15] Di piectro, R. Code-switching as a Verbal Strategy among Bilinguals. In F, Eckman (ed.), Current Themes in Linguistics: Bilingualism. Experimental Linguistics and Language Typologies. Washington, D.C.: Hemisphere Publishing, 1997: 3.
[16] Dittmar, N. Sociolinguistics: A critical survey of theory and application. Illinois: Whitehall Company Wheeling, 1976.
[17] Ferguson, C. A. Diglossia World, Vol.15.In Hudson, R. A. 2000. Sociolinguistics 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press, 1959: 325-340.
[18] Fishman, J. A. Who Speakers What Language to Whom and When. In Li W. (ed.), 1965.
[19] Gafaranga, J & Torras, M. Medium repair vs. other-language repair: telling the medium of a bilingual conversation. International Journal of Bilingualism (4) 2000: 327-350.
[20] Gafaranga, J & Torras, M. Medium repair vs. other-language repair: telling the medium of a bilingual conversation. International Journal of Bilingualism (5) 2001: 195-219.
[21] Gafaranga, J & Torras, M. Medium repair vs. other-language repair: telling the medium of a bilingual conversation. International Journal of Bilingualism (6) 2002: 1-22.
[22] Gardner-Chloros, P. Code-switching: An Introduction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
[23] Genesee, F. & Bourhis, R. Y. The social psychological significance of code-switching in cross-cultural communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology (1), 1982: 1-28.
[24] Gibbons, John. Code-mixing and koineizing in the speech of students at the University of Hong Kong. Anthropological Linguistics. Vol.21 (3)1979: 113-123.
[25] Giles, H. et al. Language and Social Psychological. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1979.
[26] Grosjean, F. Processing mixed language: issues, findings, and models. In A.M. de Groot & Kroll. J.F. eds. Tutorials in Bilingualism. Mahwah, Nj: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1997.
[27] Grosjean, Francois. A psychological approach to code-switching: the Recognition of Guest Words by Bilinguals. Milroy, Lesley. One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on Code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995: 259-75.
[28] Grosjean, F. The bilingual as a competent but specific speaker-hear. Journal of Multilingual and multicultural Development (6), 1985: 467-77.
[29] Gumperz, J. J. Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982: 59.
[30] Gumperz, J. J. & Hymes, D. eds. Directions in Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1972(1986).
[31] Gumperz, J. J. The Sociolinguistic Significance of Conversational Codeswitching. Papers on Language and Context. Berkeley: University of California, Language Behavior Research Laboratory, 1976.
[32] Halliday, M. A. K. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2000.
[33] Halliday, M. A. K. Language as Social Semiotic: the social interpretation of language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold, 1978: 67.
[34] Haugen. E. Bilingualism in America: A bibliography and research guide. Alabama: University of Alabama Press/American Dialect Society, 1956.
[35] Jacobson, Roman. Codeswitching I Mouton de Gruyter Berlin. New York (ed.) 1998.
[36] Kolers, P. A. Reading and talking bilingually. American Journal of Psychology, (79) 1966: 357-376.
[37] Lambert, W. A social psychology of bilingualism. Journal Issues 23 (2): 1967: 91-109.
[38] Le Vasan, M. System and process in computer mediated discourse: A case study of business communication in a Malaysian corporation. Unpublished PhD Thesis. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 1996: 16.
[39] Li Wei and Lesley, Milroy.“Conversational Code switching in a Chinese community in Britain: a Sequential Analysis”. Journal of Pragmatics (32) 1995: 281-299.
[40] Li Wei. Starting from the right place: introduction to the special issue on conversational code-switching. Journal of Pragmatics (37) 2005: 275-279.
[41] Li Wei. The bilingualism Reader. London and New York: Routledge, 2000: 375.
[42] Li, D. C. S. Codemixing between Hong Kong Cantonese and English. Foreign Language Teaching and Research. (35) 2003: 7-15.
[43] Li, David C. S. Cantonese-English-Switching in Hong Kong: A Y2K review, World Englishes, Vol.2 (1) 2000: 5-36.
[44] Li, David. C. S. Issues in bilingualism and biculturalism: a Hong Kong case study. New York; Washington: Peter Lang Publishing Inc, 1996.
[45] Luke, K. K. Why two languages might be better than one: motivations of language mixing in Hong Kong. In Language in Hong Kong at century’s en, ed. Pennington, M., 145-160. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997.
[46] Macnamara, J. The bilingual’s linguistic performance: A psychological overview. Journal of Social Issues 23 (2) 1971: 67-71.
[47] Martin-Jones, M. Code-switching in the classroom: two decades of research. In Milroy, L & Muysken, P. eds. One speakers, two languages: Cross disciplinary perspectives on code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
[48] Martin-Jones, M. Turn-taking, power asymmetries, and the positioning of bilingual participants in classroom discourse, Linguistics and Education (8), 1996: 105-123.
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