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交通荷载作用下埋地管道的力学性状研究
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摘要
交通荷载是埋设在路面下的管道所承受的主要活荷载之一,随着经济与交通运输业的快速发展,由交通荷载引起的埋地管道的失效与破坏问题需要引起人们更多的重视。以往对埋地管道力学性状的研究主要集中在深埋管道的土压力计算(静力)和管道的地震响应(动力)等方面,较少考虑交通荷载的影响。本文在总结交通荷载的简化模拟、埋地管道的静力分析与动力响应等方面研究现状的基础上,采用理论分析、数值模拟和算例验证并与现行规范相结合的方法,对路面车辆动荷载、埋地管道土压力与管土相互作用、交通荷载作用下埋地管道的静力分析和动力响应以及管道的减荷措施等方面进行了研究,并结合现场试验对文中的有限元模型进行了验证。本文的主要工作与创新点如下:
     (1)采用四分之一车辆振动模型,以路面不平整为激励,运用随机过程理论分析了车辆随机动荷载,探讨了车辆动荷载、动载系数及其峰值的概率分布以及车速、路面状况、车辆参数等对动载系数的影响。运用线性累积疲劳损伤理论推导了车辆对不平整路面的等效动荷载及等效动载系数的表达式,建立了车辆随机动荷载与确定性动荷载之间的联系,从而将车辆动载系数的确定建立在车辆随机振动的基础上,使动载系数的取值更加合理。
     (2)针对常用管道土压力模型大都基于土柱滑动面假设的问题,在考虑管土接触面变形协调的基础上,推导了上埋式圆形管道土压力的弹性解,建立了管周应力与管道截面刚度之间的解析关系,为管道土压力计算提供了一种新的选择途径。针对现行管道设计规范中管土相对刚度计算存在的问题,在考虑管土相互作用的基础上对现行管道结构设计规范中的计算方法提出了修正建议,为更准确合理地判断管土相对刚度提供理论依据。
     (3)根据现行道路与管道设计规范建立平面和三维埋地管道的弹塑性有限元模型,将交通荷载与填土共同作用下的道路结构、路基土体以及埋地管道作为一个相互影响的有机整体,分析了埋地管道在车辆静载作用下管顶和管周应力以及管壁内力的分布规律,探讨了管土相对刚度、管道埋深以及车辆轮胎作用位置对管道受力的影响,并将有限元分析结果与规范中的计算方法结果进行了比较。
     (4)根据实测车辆荷载随时间的变化特性,将路面交通荷载简化为不连续的半波正弦荷载,在考虑管土接触、土体自重应力场以及路基土体弹塑性的基础上,采用动力弹塑性有限元程序分析了单次和重复交通荷载作用下管道的动力响应规律,探讨了荷载参数、道路结构参数以及路基土体参数对埋地管道动力响应的影响。研究表明,动力车辆荷载对管道的不利影响更多地体现在管道的竖向振动以及在多次重复荷载作用下的累积沉降上。
The traffic load is one of the important live loads carried by buried pipelines under pavement surface. With the rapid development of economy and transportation industry in China, various problems of buried pipelines, such as damage and failure caused by vehicle loads, should be paid more attentions. The most of existing researches on mechanical behavior of buried pipelines was mainly focused on aspects such as soil pressure (static) and seismic responses (dynamic) of pipelines, etc., but the effects of vehicle loads have rarely been investigated. In this thesis, a literature review is first carried out on the state-of-the-art of the simplified models of traffic loads, and the static and dynamic analyses of buried pipelines. Based on the literature review, a systematic method, integrating theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, verification by case studies, and current standards, is then developed for studying the characteristics of dynamic vehicle loads on rough pavement, soil pressure on the pipelines and the pipeline-soil interaction, the static and dynamic responses under vehicle loads, and the measures to reduce loads on the pipelines. Finally, a field test is carried out and used to validate the developed finite element analysis (FEA) models. The main research findings are summarized as follows,
    A quarter-vehicle vibration model with two degrees of freedom and four vehicle parameters was built and the pavement surface roughness (PSR) was taken as the excitation in this model. The stochastic vibration theory was used to analyze the dynamic vehicle loads on rough pavement. The probability distribution of dynamic vehicle loads, dynamic load coefficient, peak dynamic load coefficient and the effects of velocity, suspension mass and the four parameters of the vehicle and the PSR on dynamic load coefficient were then obtained. The expression of equivalent dynamic load coefficient (EDLC) of vehicle on concrete pavement was deduced, based on the Palmgren-Miner linear cumulative damage theory and the relationship between random and certain vehicle dynamic loads was established.
    Soil is the medium transferring loads from the vehicle to the buried pipelines. The effects of vehicle loads on buried pipelines are expressed by pipeline-soil interaction. Therefore, the evaluation of soil pressure and pipeline-soil interaction is the basis for the mechanical analysis of buried pipelines. Aiming at the problems of assumption of slip surface adopted by most of pipelines soil pressures models, elastic analytical solution was developed, based on displacement compatibility on pipe wall. In this way, the relationship between stress around pipe-wall and section stiffness was built and the methods for calculating soil pressure on rigid and flexible pipelines were unified.
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