虚拟自然场景建模和可视化的若干问题研究
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摘要
虚拟自然场景的建模和可视化是一个极富挑战性的研究课题,在GIS、娱乐与游戏、研究与教学、合成环境、飞行仿真、数字展示、虚拟战场等众多领域都具有广阔的应用前景。
自然场景所包含的内容非常广泛,包括天空、陆地和海洋,以及空中、地上、水上水下的各种现象,这些场景和现象的建模和可视化方法多种多样,非常复杂。虚拟自然场景是一个典型的交叉研究领域,所涉及的领域非常多,包括生物学、物理学、计算机科学等。本文的研究主要从计算机科学与技术的角度出发,针对自然场景建模和可视化研究中所广泛关注的三大目标,即真实性、实时性和可展示性,围绕该领域中关于单株植物的快速建模和可视化、大规模地形的实时绘制、大规模自然场景的软硬件环境构建和交互方法几个主要问题进行了深入研究。本文的具体内容包括:
第一,研究了基于L系统的虚拟植物生长模拟。这类模拟通常是计算和数据密集的过程。本文基于L系统内在的分支结构,利用二叉树作为底层数据组织方式重新实现了一类带括号的随机的上下文相关参数L系统。和传统的利用数组作为底层数据结构的L系统相比,新系统在生长模拟环节有更高的时空效率,且具备更好的可扩展性。此外,利用单株植物生长过程内在的并行逻辑,研究了单株植物的并行生长模拟算法,并实现了单株植物的sort-last并行绘制算法。数值实验证明了多处理器架构下我们并行算法的有效性。
第二,研究了基于不规则三角网的分块地形绘制算法。随着GPU技术的发展,地形实时绘制算法研究的焦点转移到如何充分利用GPU的渲染和计算能力,减轻CPU的实时计算负担上。通过一个预处理过程,分块LOD算法可达到上述目的。但现有算法主要是基于半规则三角网生成技巧设计的,与之相伴的顶点冗余现象会造成实际网格规模要远大于用户的需要。本文基于Bowyer-Watson增量插点技巧,实现了一个健壮的Delaunay网格生成算法,用于生成不包含任何冗余顶点的不规则三角网。典型应用中,新算法能使网格规模降低3成左右,这不仅显著减少了预处理所产生的中间文件大小,也有利于提升后续的绘制效率。
第三,研究了大规模自然场景半沉浸式展示平台的设计方法。该平台使用微机集群进行并行绘制,使用投影机阵列拼接构成大尺寸高分辨率的显示环境,使用摄像机跟踪手势进行人机交互和场景漫游。主要工作包括:(1)系统研究了新型的完全基于通用硬件的大规模自然场景展示平台构建方法,包括整个系统的软硬件架构、并行绘制体系,以及投影仪的几何和色彩校正。(2)提出和实现了一种基于摄像机的手势交互方法。该方法使用经验模型进行肤色分割实现手的检测,使用CamShift算法进行手的跟踪,使用Freeman算法进行轮廓抽取,并根据曲率实现手势识别。最终将手势识别结果转换为通用的鼠标和键盘指令,对场景进行操纵。
最后,为验证和展示上述研究成果,本文以显示墙为显示终端,将本文实现的虚拟植物建模及地形可视化算法,与其他三类景物元素(植被、水和天空)的常用可视化算法相集成,实现了一套具有多种组成元素的复杂场景系统。利用手势交互,用户可以有效地在这些场景中漫游,获取半沉浸式的交互感。
Modeling and visualization of virtual nature scenes is a challenging research area, which is used in a wide variety of applications, such as GIS, 3D game, education, synthesized environment, flight simulation, digital exhibition and virtual battle.
A nature scene consists of plants, terrain, sky, water, and various associated natural phenomena. Research on nature scenes is related to a wide variety of subjects including biology, physics, computer science and so on, therefore it is a typical cross-disciplinary research area. There exist a great number of ways to model and visualize nature sceness, yet most of them are complicated. Motivated by popular objectives from the view of computer science and technology, hoping to render large scale virtual nature scenes in a way of realisticity, real-time and scalibility, this paper addresses some new approaches to modeling and visualizing individual plants, rendering terrains in real time, and exhibiting large scale nature scenes on a display wall with high resolution and interaction functionality. Following are details about our research contents.
Firstly, a new approach to model and visualize individual plants based on L-System is investigated. It usually is a process with intensive computation and datasets. This new approach takes the binary tree as a fundamental data structure, so that it could make great use of the internal branch structure of L-System. Based on this structure, a bracketed, stochastic, context-sensitive and parametric L-System is re-implemented. Compared with traditional L-System based on the array structure, the new algorithm has shown higher efficiency in terms of processing time and space, as well as scalability at the stage of plant development. Furthermore, this paper presents a new parallel algorithm for simulating the growth of individual plants, and also implements a parallel sort-last rendering algorithm. Results of numerical experiments have demonstrated that our parallel strategy works effectively on clusters with a multi-processors architecture.
Secondly, a new chunked LOD algorithm based on Triangulated Irregular Netwrok (TIN) is proposed. With the rapid development of GPU technology, the focus of terrain rendering algorithms has been gradually moved from CPU to GPU, whose objective is to make use of the powerful capability of computation and rendering on GPU, so as to decrease the burden on CPU. Chunked LOD was designed originally for this purpose. However, the current version of chunked LOD is mainly aiming to semi-regular triangular network. The problem is that it easily produces redundant vertices, which will cause the grid scale tremendously expanded. Based on Bowyer-Watson incremental point insertion technique, this paper presents a robust Delaunay algorithm for TIN creation. The new algorithm avoids production of redundant vertices, therefore the grid scale has been greatly decreased about 3 times for typical applicagtion examples. The benefit is not only the decrease of interim file size, but also the efficiency of terrain rendering.
Thirdly, a new approach to construct a semi-immersive display wall for exhibiting large scale nature scenes is introduced. It utilizes sort-first parallel rendering based on PC clusters for a high ratio of performance/price, a software seamless alignment method for great scalability, and also hand gestures based on computer vision for flexible human computer interaction. The major contribution includes: (1) A construction method of a display wall based on popular commodity hardware has been systematically studied, including system architecture, geometry calibration, color calibration, parallel rendering, software platform, and etc. (2) A hand gesture interaction method based on computer vision is introduced. The method detects hands by using the color segmentation model, tracks hands by the CamShift algorithm, extracts hand contour by Freeman algorithm, and at last captures hand gestures by fingers curvature. Once the hand gestures are recognized, they are then mapped to the common keyboard and mouse instructions, which are used to control roaming on nature scenes.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of our research achievement, finally we have designed a platform for exhibiting complex nature scenes, which integrates both the algorithms of virtual plant modeling and terrain visualization mentioned above, as well as regular algorithms for visualizing other elements, including plant communities, water and sky. Several examples have been exhibited. Through hand gesture interaction, users are able to experience the dramatic feeling of interactive, half-immersive roaming on the beautiful nature scenes.
自然场景所包含的内容非常广泛,包括天空、陆地和海洋,以及空中、地上、水上水下的各种现象,这些场景和现象的建模和可视化方法多种多样,非常复杂。虚拟自然场景是一个典型的交叉研究领域,所涉及的领域非常多,包括生物学、物理学、计算机科学等。本文的研究主要从计算机科学与技术的角度出发,针对自然场景建模和可视化研究中所广泛关注的三大目标,即真实性、实时性和可展示性,围绕该领域中关于单株植物的快速建模和可视化、大规模地形的实时绘制、大规模自然场景的软硬件环境构建和交互方法几个主要问题进行了深入研究。本文的具体内容包括:
第一,研究了基于L系统的虚拟植物生长模拟。这类模拟通常是计算和数据密集的过程。本文基于L系统内在的分支结构,利用二叉树作为底层数据组织方式重新实现了一类带括号的随机的上下文相关参数L系统。和传统的利用数组作为底层数据结构的L系统相比,新系统在生长模拟环节有更高的时空效率,且具备更好的可扩展性。此外,利用单株植物生长过程内在的并行逻辑,研究了单株植物的并行生长模拟算法,并实现了单株植物的sort-last并行绘制算法。数值实验证明了多处理器架构下我们并行算法的有效性。
第二,研究了基于不规则三角网的分块地形绘制算法。随着GPU技术的发展,地形实时绘制算法研究的焦点转移到如何充分利用GPU的渲染和计算能力,减轻CPU的实时计算负担上。通过一个预处理过程,分块LOD算法可达到上述目的。但现有算法主要是基于半规则三角网生成技巧设计的,与之相伴的顶点冗余现象会造成实际网格规模要远大于用户的需要。本文基于Bowyer-Watson增量插点技巧,实现了一个健壮的Delaunay网格生成算法,用于生成不包含任何冗余顶点的不规则三角网。典型应用中,新算法能使网格规模降低3成左右,这不仅显著减少了预处理所产生的中间文件大小,也有利于提升后续的绘制效率。
第三,研究了大规模自然场景半沉浸式展示平台的设计方法。该平台使用微机集群进行并行绘制,使用投影机阵列拼接构成大尺寸高分辨率的显示环境,使用摄像机跟踪手势进行人机交互和场景漫游。主要工作包括:(1)系统研究了新型的完全基于通用硬件的大规模自然场景展示平台构建方法,包括整个系统的软硬件架构、并行绘制体系,以及投影仪的几何和色彩校正。(2)提出和实现了一种基于摄像机的手势交互方法。该方法使用经验模型进行肤色分割实现手的检测,使用CamShift算法进行手的跟踪,使用Freeman算法进行轮廓抽取,并根据曲率实现手势识别。最终将手势识别结果转换为通用的鼠标和键盘指令,对场景进行操纵。
最后,为验证和展示上述研究成果,本文以显示墙为显示终端,将本文实现的虚拟植物建模及地形可视化算法,与其他三类景物元素(植被、水和天空)的常用可视化算法相集成,实现了一套具有多种组成元素的复杂场景系统。利用手势交互,用户可以有效地在这些场景中漫游,获取半沉浸式的交互感。
Modeling and visualization of virtual nature scenes is a challenging research area, which is used in a wide variety of applications, such as GIS, 3D game, education, synthesized environment, flight simulation, digital exhibition and virtual battle.
A nature scene consists of plants, terrain, sky, water, and various associated natural phenomena. Research on nature scenes is related to a wide variety of subjects including biology, physics, computer science and so on, therefore it is a typical cross-disciplinary research area. There exist a great number of ways to model and visualize nature sceness, yet most of them are complicated. Motivated by popular objectives from the view of computer science and technology, hoping to render large scale virtual nature scenes in a way of realisticity, real-time and scalibility, this paper addresses some new approaches to modeling and visualizing individual plants, rendering terrains in real time, and exhibiting large scale nature scenes on a display wall with high resolution and interaction functionality. Following are details about our research contents.
Firstly, a new approach to model and visualize individual plants based on L-System is investigated. It usually is a process with intensive computation and datasets. This new approach takes the binary tree as a fundamental data structure, so that it could make great use of the internal branch structure of L-System. Based on this structure, a bracketed, stochastic, context-sensitive and parametric L-System is re-implemented. Compared with traditional L-System based on the array structure, the new algorithm has shown higher efficiency in terms of processing time and space, as well as scalability at the stage of plant development. Furthermore, this paper presents a new parallel algorithm for simulating the growth of individual plants, and also implements a parallel sort-last rendering algorithm. Results of numerical experiments have demonstrated that our parallel strategy works effectively on clusters with a multi-processors architecture.
Secondly, a new chunked LOD algorithm based on Triangulated Irregular Netwrok (TIN) is proposed. With the rapid development of GPU technology, the focus of terrain rendering algorithms has been gradually moved from CPU to GPU, whose objective is to make use of the powerful capability of computation and rendering on GPU, so as to decrease the burden on CPU. Chunked LOD was designed originally for this purpose. However, the current version of chunked LOD is mainly aiming to semi-regular triangular network. The problem is that it easily produces redundant vertices, which will cause the grid scale tremendously expanded. Based on Bowyer-Watson incremental point insertion technique, this paper presents a robust Delaunay algorithm for TIN creation. The new algorithm avoids production of redundant vertices, therefore the grid scale has been greatly decreased about 3 times for typical applicagtion examples. The benefit is not only the decrease of interim file size, but also the efficiency of terrain rendering.
Thirdly, a new approach to construct a semi-immersive display wall for exhibiting large scale nature scenes is introduced. It utilizes sort-first parallel rendering based on PC clusters for a high ratio of performance/price, a software seamless alignment method for great scalability, and also hand gestures based on computer vision for flexible human computer interaction. The major contribution includes: (1) A construction method of a display wall based on popular commodity hardware has been systematically studied, including system architecture, geometry calibration, color calibration, parallel rendering, software platform, and etc. (2) A hand gesture interaction method based on computer vision is introduced. The method detects hands by using the color segmentation model, tracks hands by the CamShift algorithm, extracts hand contour by Freeman algorithm, and at last captures hand gestures by fingers curvature. Once the hand gestures are recognized, they are then mapped to the common keyboard and mouse instructions, which are used to control roaming on nature scenes.
To demonstrate the effectiveness of our research achievement, finally we have designed a platform for exhibiting complex nature scenes, which integrates both the algorithms of virtual plant modeling and terrain visualization mentioned above, as well as regular algorithms for visualizing other elements, including plant communities, water and sky. Several examples have been exhibited. Through hand gesture interaction, users are able to experience the dramatic feeling of interactive, half-immersive roaming on the beautiful nature scenes.
引文
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