使用PLIEF技术定量研究重型柴油机高负荷类似条件下多组份燃油的喷雾结构和特性
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摘要
发动机新的燃烧技术,包括均质压燃(HCCI)和低温燃烧(LTC)技术,依赖于对柴油喷雾发展过程的深入理解。因为柴油成分繁多、复杂以及光学手段的限制,研究人员都使用单组份或者多组份燃油定量研究实际柴油喷雾的发展过程,到目前为止,对现代柴油机高负荷类似条件下柴油喷雾的定量研究所使用的替代燃油为粘度较低的单一组份燃油,其性质与实际柴油相差较大。为此,本文使用复合激光诱导荧光技术定量研究了现代重型柴油机高负荷类似条件(环境温度950 K,环境密度60 kg/m3)下粘度接近2号轻柴油的多组份燃油气、液相喷雾的浓度场和气相喷雾的温度场,喷油压力和喷孔直径分别为180 MPa和0.10 mm。同时,本文分析了燃油粘度对喷雾发展过程以及着火时刻喷雾结构和特性的影响,为从燃油性质的角度控制燃烧提供重要的参考。
研究发现用单一组份燃油模拟的柴油喷雾可以分为未扰液核(intact core)、液相油滴核(LDC),气相喷雾浓混核(VRC)、低温核(LTcore)以及气相喷雾头部和稀薄外壳。根据这六个结构参数的特征,喷雾的发展过程可以分为三个阶段。通过分析喷雾当量比的微观结构和质量份数分布情况,发现喷雾的三个阶段与燃油的当量比分布存在极大的相关性。同时还发现气相喷雾内部浓度分布极为不均匀,存在明显的分层现象。
对多组份燃油喷雾发展过程的研究发现,多组份燃油喷雾的发展过程同样经历了与单组份燃油喷雾发展相同的三个发展阶段,但内部结构上因为粘度的差别存在较为明显的区别。燃油粘度主要影响燃油的蒸发,燃油粘度增大,蒸发速度明显减慢,而这种影响使得喷雾的内部结构产生了一系列的变化。此外,改变粘度对宏观特性没有明显影响。
对着火时刻喷雾结构和特性的研究发现燃油粘度增大可以有效改善着火时刻头部的均匀性,限制过浓区域(如Φ>2)的发展,VRC均匀性改善,LTcore温度升高。同时,燃油粘度的增大使着火时刻Φ>2的气相燃油质量份数减小,0<Φ<1的气相燃油质量份数增大,这样虽然有利于抑制soot的生成,但是会促进NO的产生。
New engine combustion technologies, including HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition) combustion and Low-Temperature Combustion (LTC), rely on deep understanding to the diesel spray development. Because of the complexity and variety of the diesel fuel as well as the limitation of optical diagnosis technique, researchers have to employ surrogate fuel, including single or multi-component fuel, to quantitatively investigate the diesel spray development. However, the surrogated fuel employed to quantitatively study the spray structure and characteristics so far under the heavy-duty-diesel-engine like conditions was single-component fuel with lower viscosity compared with commercial diesel fuel. With the aim to understand the diesel spray development more accurately, this work investigated the liquid and vapor phase concentration and temperature distribution of multi-component surrogated fuel, which had a similar viscosity with #2 light diesel fuel, under high-load like conditions of heavy duty diesel engine (950 K, 60 kg/m3 for ambient temperature and density). The injection pressure and nozzle hole diameter were 180 MPa and 0.10 mm respectively. Afterwards, the effect of fuel viscosity on spray structure and characteristics at ignition timing were studied, which laid a foundation for combustion control by changing fuel properties.
It was found that the sprays of single-component fuel comprised an intact core, a liquid-droplet core (LDC), a vapor-rich core (VRC), a low-temperature core (LTCore), a spray head and a lean sheath. The development of the spray featured three stages according to the spray structure parameters. By increasing the resolution of the equivalence ratio, it was further found that the micro-distribution of equivalence ratio was extremely heterogeneous with various islands of equivalence ratio in a stratified equivalence ratio zone, and the three stages were well correlated with the distribution of equivalence ratio.
The observation of the spray development of multi-component fuel showed that the spray of multi-component also featured three stages as single-component spray developed. However there were apparent differences between the inner structures of the two kind of fuel, which were resulted from the effect of fuel viscosity. The fuel viscosity mainly influenced evaporation, and the increase of fuel viscosity led to distinct decrease of evaporation rate, thereby inducing a series of changes of inner structures of sprays. Meanwhile, the effect of fuel viscosity on macroscopic characteristics of sprays could be negligible.
It was observed that increasing fuel viscosity could effectively improve the homogeneity of the spray head at ignition timing, while restricted the development of rich region (Φ>2 in this case). It was also found that concentration of VRC was more homogeneously distributed with lower temperature of LTcore at ignition as fuel viscosity increased. Additionally, the strategy of higher fuel viscosity reduced the fuel mass of overly rich mixturesΦ>2, and enhanced lean premixed mixtures of 0<Φ<1, which is favorable for reduction soot but unfavorable for inhibition of NO formation.
研究发现用单一组份燃油模拟的柴油喷雾可以分为未扰液核(intact core)、液相油滴核(LDC),气相喷雾浓混核(VRC)、低温核(LTcore)以及气相喷雾头部和稀薄外壳。根据这六个结构参数的特征,喷雾的发展过程可以分为三个阶段。通过分析喷雾当量比的微观结构和质量份数分布情况,发现喷雾的三个阶段与燃油的当量比分布存在极大的相关性。同时还发现气相喷雾内部浓度分布极为不均匀,存在明显的分层现象。
对多组份燃油喷雾发展过程的研究发现,多组份燃油喷雾的发展过程同样经历了与单组份燃油喷雾发展相同的三个发展阶段,但内部结构上因为粘度的差别存在较为明显的区别。燃油粘度主要影响燃油的蒸发,燃油粘度增大,蒸发速度明显减慢,而这种影响使得喷雾的内部结构产生了一系列的变化。此外,改变粘度对宏观特性没有明显影响。
对着火时刻喷雾结构和特性的研究发现燃油粘度增大可以有效改善着火时刻头部的均匀性,限制过浓区域(如Φ>2)的发展,VRC均匀性改善,LTcore温度升高。同时,燃油粘度的增大使着火时刻Φ>2的气相燃油质量份数减小,0<Φ<1的气相燃油质量份数增大,这样虽然有利于抑制soot的生成,但是会促进NO的产生。
New engine combustion technologies, including HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition) combustion and Low-Temperature Combustion (LTC), rely on deep understanding to the diesel spray development. Because of the complexity and variety of the diesel fuel as well as the limitation of optical diagnosis technique, researchers have to employ surrogate fuel, including single or multi-component fuel, to quantitatively investigate the diesel spray development. However, the surrogated fuel employed to quantitatively study the spray structure and characteristics so far under the heavy-duty-diesel-engine like conditions was single-component fuel with lower viscosity compared with commercial diesel fuel. With the aim to understand the diesel spray development more accurately, this work investigated the liquid and vapor phase concentration and temperature distribution of multi-component surrogated fuel, which had a similar viscosity with #2 light diesel fuel, under high-load like conditions of heavy duty diesel engine (950 K, 60 kg/m3 for ambient temperature and density). The injection pressure and nozzle hole diameter were 180 MPa and 0.10 mm respectively. Afterwards, the effect of fuel viscosity on spray structure and characteristics at ignition timing were studied, which laid a foundation for combustion control by changing fuel properties.
It was found that the sprays of single-component fuel comprised an intact core, a liquid-droplet core (LDC), a vapor-rich core (VRC), a low-temperature core (LTCore), a spray head and a lean sheath. The development of the spray featured three stages according to the spray structure parameters. By increasing the resolution of the equivalence ratio, it was further found that the micro-distribution of equivalence ratio was extremely heterogeneous with various islands of equivalence ratio in a stratified equivalence ratio zone, and the three stages were well correlated with the distribution of equivalence ratio.
The observation of the spray development of multi-component fuel showed that the spray of multi-component also featured three stages as single-component spray developed. However there were apparent differences between the inner structures of the two kind of fuel, which were resulted from the effect of fuel viscosity. The fuel viscosity mainly influenced evaporation, and the increase of fuel viscosity led to distinct decrease of evaporation rate, thereby inducing a series of changes of inner structures of sprays. Meanwhile, the effect of fuel viscosity on macroscopic characteristics of sprays could be negligible.
It was observed that increasing fuel viscosity could effectively improve the homogeneity of the spray head at ignition timing, while restricted the development of rich region (Φ>2 in this case). It was also found that concentration of VRC was more homogeneously distributed with lower temperature of LTcore at ignition as fuel viscosity increased. Additionally, the strategy of higher fuel viscosity reduced the fuel mass of overly rich mixturesΦ>2, and enhanced lean premixed mixtures of 0<Φ<1, which is favorable for reduction soot but unfavorable for inhibition of NO formation.
引文
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