微波技术处理船舶压载水沉积物的研究
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摘要
随着世界航运业的迅猛发展,由船舶压载水携带的外来有害生物的传播已经在世界范围内对生态环境和世界经济造成了巨大的影响。2004年国际海事组织对缔约国就船舶压载水及其沉积物管理和控制方面通过了新的国际公约,并将于2009年开始强制执行。如何有效处理船舶压载水沉积物是目前海事管理主管机关以及海洋环境保护部门的当务之急。
本文针对压载水沉积物处理这一难题,在国家科技支撑计划项目(No.2006BAC11B04)的支持下,进行了压载水沉积物的取样及一些基本性质的研究,对压载水沉积物中藻类和孢囊进行了形态学鉴定。并在对提出的无害化处理方法的可行性进行分析的基础上,针对微波法处理压载水沉积物的效果进行了初步探索,为今后的深化研究提供参考。其主要成果有:
1.样品中的生物组成以浮游硅藻类和甲藻孢囊居多,藻类中也有少量的世界广布性赤潮藻种,甲藻孢囊中占优势的是有毒亚历山大藻(Alexanderium spp.)孢囊。经过进一步分析,发现压载水沉积物中藻类及孢囊的种类和数量不仅与各航线的海域环境密切相关,而且还与装载压载水的时间地点有关。
2.微波可造成藻类细胞膜破损,某些细胞器缺失,对其产生致命破坏;对于孢囊能够造成细胞结构破坏,致使孢囊不能萌发。
3.孢囊萌发培养的实验结果进一步说明了微波对孢囊的处理效果,经过微波处理后的样品中的孢囊,微波功率越大,作用时间越长,则孢囊萌发量越少或越不萌发,处理效果也就越好。说明处理效果的好坏与微波功率及作用时间有关,相比之下,微波功率比微波作用时间对处理效果的影响更大。
Invasive species via ship ballast water transport has drawn extensive attention worldwide because they have damaged the marine ecosystems and economic development with the rapid growth of shipping industry.IMO(International Maritime Organization) passed "Intemational convention for the control of ships ballast water and sediments" in 2004 and this convention will be enforced from 2009.It is an urgent affair that how to deal with the ballast sediments for maritime management administrations and marine environment protection departments.
To meet this requirement,this study,supported by National Key Technologies R&D Program(Project No.2006BAC11B04),has been carried out on sampling of ballast sediments,analyzing the basic properties of ballast sediments,and making preliminary morphological identification for the microalgae and cysts in it.Moreover,this study utilizes a microwave method to treat the ballast sediments based on the feasibility study of proposed alternative technologies.The results can be summarzied as below:
1.Organisms in the samples make up of diatom and dinoflagellate cyst which gain the ascendancy over,and also have some harmful algae which distributed worldwide, some cysts of harmful algae such as Alexandrium spp.Then analyzing and find the species and densities of the microalgae and cysts in ballast sediments may be effected according to sea environment of voyage routes and voyage time.
2.Not only has microwave method fatal damage to the cell wall and organelles but also the structure of cyst,which results in non-germinating of the cysts permanently.
3.The result of cyst bourgeon experiment has explained the effect on cysts after microwave treatment,when the power is very large and the action time is very long,the cysts do not germinate permanently.This shows that microwave treatment impact has an relationship with microwave power and action time,compared with action time, microwave power has more contribution to treatment impact.
本文针对压载水沉积物处理这一难题,在国家科技支撑计划项目(No.2006BAC11B04)的支持下,进行了压载水沉积物的取样及一些基本性质的研究,对压载水沉积物中藻类和孢囊进行了形态学鉴定。并在对提出的无害化处理方法的可行性进行分析的基础上,针对微波法处理压载水沉积物的效果进行了初步探索,为今后的深化研究提供参考。其主要成果有:
1.样品中的生物组成以浮游硅藻类和甲藻孢囊居多,藻类中也有少量的世界广布性赤潮藻种,甲藻孢囊中占优势的是有毒亚历山大藻(Alexanderium spp.)孢囊。经过进一步分析,发现压载水沉积物中藻类及孢囊的种类和数量不仅与各航线的海域环境密切相关,而且还与装载压载水的时间地点有关。
2.微波可造成藻类细胞膜破损,某些细胞器缺失,对其产生致命破坏;对于孢囊能够造成细胞结构破坏,致使孢囊不能萌发。
3.孢囊萌发培养的实验结果进一步说明了微波对孢囊的处理效果,经过微波处理后的样品中的孢囊,微波功率越大,作用时间越长,则孢囊萌发量越少或越不萌发,处理效果也就越好。说明处理效果的好坏与微波功率及作用时间有关,相比之下,微波功率比微波作用时间对处理效果的影响更大。
Invasive species via ship ballast water transport has drawn extensive attention worldwide because they have damaged the marine ecosystems and economic development with the rapid growth of shipping industry.IMO(International Maritime Organization) passed "Intemational convention for the control of ships ballast water and sediments" in 2004 and this convention will be enforced from 2009.It is an urgent affair that how to deal with the ballast sediments for maritime management administrations and marine environment protection departments.
To meet this requirement,this study,supported by National Key Technologies R&D Program(Project No.2006BAC11B04),has been carried out on sampling of ballast sediments,analyzing the basic properties of ballast sediments,and making preliminary morphological identification for the microalgae and cysts in it.Moreover,this study utilizes a microwave method to treat the ballast sediments based on the feasibility study of proposed alternative technologies.The results can be summarzied as below:
1.Organisms in the samples make up of diatom and dinoflagellate cyst which gain the ascendancy over,and also have some harmful algae which distributed worldwide, some cysts of harmful algae such as Alexandrium spp.Then analyzing and find the species and densities of the microalgae and cysts in ballast sediments may be effected according to sea environment of voyage routes and voyage time.
2.Not only has microwave method fatal damage to the cell wall and organelles but also the structure of cyst,which results in non-germinating of the cysts permanently.
3.The result of cyst bourgeon experiment has explained the effect on cysts after microwave treatment,when the power is very large and the action time is very long,the cysts do not germinate permanently.This shows that microwave treatment impact has an relationship with microwave power and action time,compared with action time, microwave power has more contribution to treatment impact.
引文
[1]张硕慧.控制船舶压载水传播外来生物立法相关问题的探讨.交通环保,1999,20(5):10-13.
[2]李世信,王学忠.IMO海上环境保护委员会第45届会议.中国船检,2000,1:36-37.
[3]张硕慧.船舶压载水转移外来物种机制的探讨.中国航海,2002,1:43-47.
[4]Howarth J.The presence and implication of foreign organisms in ship ballast waters discharged into the Great Lakes[C].Bioenvironmental Servicds Ltd report to water pollution control directorate,Environment Protection Service,Environment Canada 1981.
[5]Kerr,S.Ballast water ports and shipping study[C].Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service,Ballast Water Research Series,Report No.5,1994.
[6]Hallegreaff G.M.,Valentine J.P.,Marshall,J ＆Bolch C.J.Temperature tolerances of toxic dinoflagellate cysts:Application to the treatment of ships' ballast water[C].Aquatic Ecology,1997.126.
[7]Hebert P.D.,Wilson C.C.,Murdoch M.H.& Lazar R.Demography and ecological impacts of the invading mollusc Dreissena polymorpha[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology 1991,69:4052409.
[8]Hewitt L.and Richard B.Port survey for introduced marine species2background considerations and sampling protocols[C].Hobart,Tas:CSIRO Division of Fisheries.1996.
[9]Hallegraeff,G.M.& Bolch,C.J.Transport of toxic dinoflagellate cysts via ships'ballast water[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin 1991,22(1):27230.
[10]孙儒泳,李博,诸葛阳等编.普通生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993.19221.
[11]CRIMP.Introduced Species List[C].Centre for research on introduced marine pests,CSIRO division of Fisheries,Hobart,Australia.1995.
[12]Hallegraeff,G.M.Harmful Algal Blooms in the Australian Region[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1992,25(528):1862190.
[13]白绍隽.关于船舶压载水管理的介绍[J].船舶设计通讯,2003,(1-2):3-7.
[14]党坤,殷佩海,孙培延.国内外船舶压载水处理技术现状[J].航海技术,2004,(2):64-66.
[15]孙萍.微波技术在环保领域的应用.化工环保,2002,22(2):53-55.
[16]Hansson L,Antti A L.The effect of Microwave Drying on Norway Spruce Woods Strength:a Comparison with Conventional Drying.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2003,141(1):41-50.
[17]王绍林.微波加热技术的应用.北京:机械工业出版社(第一版),2003.
[18]李志刚.城市污水厂污泥微波干燥效能研究:(硕士学位论文)重庆:重庆大学,2007.
[19]牟群英.李贤军.微波加热技术的应用与研究进展.物理学和高新技术,2004,33(6):438-442.
[20]Idis A,Khalid K,OmarW.Drying;of silica sludge using microwave heating.Applied Thermal Engineering,2004,24(5):905-918.
[21]Marek A.Wojtowicz et al.Control of Nitric Oxide Nitrous,Oxide,and Ammonia Emissions Using Microwave Plasmas[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2000,74:81-89.
[22]D.Martin et al.New Method for Removal of SO_2 and NO_x from Combustion Flue Gases[J].Journal of Microwave Power and Electro2Magnetic Energy,1997,32(4):215-218.
[23]张达欣,于爱民,金钦汉.微波-炭还原法处理SO_2的研究[J].微波学报,1998,14(4):341-346.
[24]周玉昆.微波技术在废气脱硫中应用[J].化工环保,1994,14(3):148-150.
[25]谢绍发.汽车废气污染和控制技术[J].机械开发,1999,(3):1-5.
[26]傅大放,蔡明元.污水厂污泥微波处理试验研究[J].中国给水排水,1999,15(6):56-57.
[27]潘涛,丁庭华,王绍堂.染色废水处理及工艺分析[J].中国给水排水,1999,15(3):44-46.
[28]G.Chih et al.Application of Actived Carbon in a Microwave Radiation Field to Treat Trichloroethylene[J].Carbon,1998,36(11):1643-1648.
[29]Hame.A.P(u|¨)schner et al.Direkt Zum Ziel(Desorption Durch Mikrowellen)[J].Chemie Umwelt Technik,1998,99:16-17.
[30]李万捷,阮路.微波场中PAM合成及其在洗煤废水中的应用[J].煤炭转化,1999,22(4):87-89.
[31]Peng Jinhue.The New Process of Production of Activated Carbon by Microwave Radiation [C].The Second European Workshop on Microwave Processing.Karls Riche Germany,1997.
[32]Zhang Jiankun et al.Manufacture of Activated Carbon from Waste Materials of Tanoion Extraction by Microwave Radiation[C].International Conference on Microwave Chemistry,Prague,Czech Rpbublic,1998.
[33]宁平,彭金辉,高建培.ZCMR法在废物中制取活性炭及在含铬废水中的应用[J].中国环境科学,1999,9(4):306-309.
[34]陶陆安.我国建筑环境的现状及综合利用[J].施工技术,1999,28(5):44-45.
[35]丁迎伟.控制动物排泄对环境污染的对策[J].粮食与饲料工业,1998,(8):38-39.
[36]Alschuler et al.Inventor Plumbs Microwave Toilet[J].Garbage,1992,4(5):14-16.
[37]Gonzales et al.Hospitals Adopting New Methods of Handling Waste[J].Sacramen to Business J ournal,2000,16(51):22-24.
[383 Ikawa et al.Reducing Bacteria in Household Sponges[J].Journal of Environmental Health,1999,62(1):18-23.
[39]闫玉虎,白志鹏.医疗垃圾管理与处置方法研究[J].环境导报,2000,(3):19-21.
[40]Werner Curt et al.Hospitals Using New Medical Waste Disposal Methods to Save Money [J].Hospital Materials Management,1993,18(7):10-13.
[41]Fish JR et al.Microwave Solvent Extraction of Chlorinated Pesticides from Soil[J].L CGC,1996,14(3):230-234.
[42]Onuska F.Ⅰ.et al.Microwave Extraction in Analytica Chemistry of Pollutants.Polychlorinated Biphenyls[J].High Resol Chro2matogr,1995,18(7):417-421.
[43]Chee K.K.et al.Microwave Extraction of Phthalate Esters from Marine Sedinent Soil [J].H.K.hromatographia,1996,42(7):378-384.
[44]但德忠,罗若芳,袁东等.土壤及沉积物样品预处理的新技术--微波萃取法[J].矿物岩石,2000,(6):91-95.
[45]Luciano Morselli et al.Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Surrogate Dry Depsition[J].Chemo2sphere,1999,38(4):899-907.
[46]Sander De Galan et al.Microwave Digestion of Organic Substances,a Useful Tool for Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Measurements[J].Water Resource,1999,33(2):548-554.
[47]U.Raveendranath et al.Microwave Technique for Water Pollution study[J].Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy,1995,30(3):188-193.
[48]肖波,王秀萍,徐正达等.微波固化水溶性有机粘结剂砂的研究[J].铸造,1997(3):22-24.
[49]孙萍,肖波,杨家宽,王秀萍.微波技术在环境保护领域的应用[J].化工环保,2002,22(2):71-74.
[50]胡承兵.阻止“搭乘”于压载水中的外来生物入侵者[J].交通环保,1999,20(4):35239.
[51]GREGORY M,RUIZET C.Global spread of microorganisms by ships[J].Nature,2000,408:49250.
[2]李世信,王学忠.IMO海上环境保护委员会第45届会议.中国船检,2000,1:36-37.
[3]张硕慧.船舶压载水转移外来物种机制的探讨.中国航海,2002,1:43-47.
[4]Howarth J.The presence and implication of foreign organisms in ship ballast waters discharged into the Great Lakes[C].Bioenvironmental Servicds Ltd report to water pollution control directorate,Environment Protection Service,Environment Canada 1981.
[5]Kerr,S.Ballast water ports and shipping study[C].Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service,Ballast Water Research Series,Report No.5,1994.
[6]Hallegreaff G.M.,Valentine J.P.,Marshall,J ＆Bolch C.J.Temperature tolerances of toxic dinoflagellate cysts:Application to the treatment of ships' ballast water[C].Aquatic Ecology,1997.126.
[7]Hebert P.D.,Wilson C.C.,Murdoch M.H.& Lazar R.Demography and ecological impacts of the invading mollusc Dreissena polymorpha[J].Canadian Journal of Zoology 1991,69:4052409.
[8]Hewitt L.and Richard B.Port survey for introduced marine species2background considerations and sampling protocols[C].Hobart,Tas:CSIRO Division of Fisheries.1996.
[9]Hallegraeff,G.M.& Bolch,C.J.Transport of toxic dinoflagellate cysts via ships'ballast water[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin 1991,22(1):27230.
[10]孙儒泳,李博,诸葛阳等编.普通生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993.19221.
[11]CRIMP.Introduced Species List[C].Centre for research on introduced marine pests,CSIRO division of Fisheries,Hobart,Australia.1995.
[12]Hallegraeff,G.M.Harmful Algal Blooms in the Australian Region[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1992,25(528):1862190.
[13]白绍隽.关于船舶压载水管理的介绍[J].船舶设计通讯,2003,(1-2):3-7.
[14]党坤,殷佩海,孙培延.国内外船舶压载水处理技术现状[J].航海技术,2004,(2):64-66.
[15]孙萍.微波技术在环保领域的应用.化工环保,2002,22(2):53-55.
[16]Hansson L,Antti A L.The effect of Microwave Drying on Norway Spruce Woods Strength:a Comparison with Conventional Drying.Journal of Materials Processing Technology,2003,141(1):41-50.
[17]王绍林.微波加热技术的应用.北京:机械工业出版社(第一版),2003.
[18]李志刚.城市污水厂污泥微波干燥效能研究:(硕士学位论文)重庆:重庆大学,2007.
[19]牟群英.李贤军.微波加热技术的应用与研究进展.物理学和高新技术,2004,33(6):438-442.
[20]Idis A,Khalid K,OmarW.Drying;of silica sludge using microwave heating.Applied Thermal Engineering,2004,24(5):905-918.
[21]Marek A.Wojtowicz et al.Control of Nitric Oxide Nitrous,Oxide,and Ammonia Emissions Using Microwave Plasmas[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2000,74:81-89.
[22]D.Martin et al.New Method for Removal of SO_2 and NO_x from Combustion Flue Gases[J].Journal of Microwave Power and Electro2Magnetic Energy,1997,32(4):215-218.
[23]张达欣,于爱民,金钦汉.微波-炭还原法处理SO_2的研究[J].微波学报,1998,14(4):341-346.
[24]周玉昆.微波技术在废气脱硫中应用[J].化工环保,1994,14(3):148-150.
[25]谢绍发.汽车废气污染和控制技术[J].机械开发,1999,(3):1-5.
[26]傅大放,蔡明元.污水厂污泥微波处理试验研究[J].中国给水排水,1999,15(6):56-57.
[27]潘涛,丁庭华,王绍堂.染色废水处理及工艺分析[J].中国给水排水,1999,15(3):44-46.
[28]G.Chih et al.Application of Actived Carbon in a Microwave Radiation Field to Treat Trichloroethylene[J].Carbon,1998,36(11):1643-1648.
[29]Hame.A.P(u|¨)schner et al.Direkt Zum Ziel(Desorption Durch Mikrowellen)[J].Chemie Umwelt Technik,1998,99:16-17.
[30]李万捷,阮路.微波场中PAM合成及其在洗煤废水中的应用[J].煤炭转化,1999,22(4):87-89.
[31]Peng Jinhue.The New Process of Production of Activated Carbon by Microwave Radiation [C].The Second European Workshop on Microwave Processing.Karls Riche Germany,1997.
[32]Zhang Jiankun et al.Manufacture of Activated Carbon from Waste Materials of Tanoion Extraction by Microwave Radiation[C].International Conference on Microwave Chemistry,Prague,Czech Rpbublic,1998.
[33]宁平,彭金辉,高建培.ZCMR法在废物中制取活性炭及在含铬废水中的应用[J].中国环境科学,1999,9(4):306-309.
[34]陶陆安.我国建筑环境的现状及综合利用[J].施工技术,1999,28(5):44-45.
[35]丁迎伟.控制动物排泄对环境污染的对策[J].粮食与饲料工业,1998,(8):38-39.
[36]Alschuler et al.Inventor Plumbs Microwave Toilet[J].Garbage,1992,4(5):14-16.
[37]Gonzales et al.Hospitals Adopting New Methods of Handling Waste[J].Sacramen to Business J ournal,2000,16(51):22-24.
[383 Ikawa et al.Reducing Bacteria in Household Sponges[J].Journal of Environmental Health,1999,62(1):18-23.
[39]闫玉虎,白志鹏.医疗垃圾管理与处置方法研究[J].环境导报,2000,(3):19-21.
[40]Werner Curt et al.Hospitals Using New Medical Waste Disposal Methods to Save Money [J].Hospital Materials Management,1993,18(7):10-13.
[41]Fish JR et al.Microwave Solvent Extraction of Chlorinated Pesticides from Soil[J].L CGC,1996,14(3):230-234.
[42]Onuska F.Ⅰ.et al.Microwave Extraction in Analytica Chemistry of Pollutants.Polychlorinated Biphenyls[J].High Resol Chro2matogr,1995,18(7):417-421.
[43]Chee K.K.et al.Microwave Extraction of Phthalate Esters from Marine Sedinent Soil [J].H.K.hromatographia,1996,42(7):378-384.
[44]但德忠,罗若芳,袁东等.土壤及沉积物样品预处理的新技术--微波萃取法[J].矿物岩石,2000,(6):91-95.
[45]Luciano Morselli et al.Heavy Metals in Atmospheric Surrogate Dry Depsition[J].Chemo2sphere,1999,38(4):899-907.
[46]Sander De Galan et al.Microwave Digestion of Organic Substances,a Useful Tool for Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Measurements[J].Water Resource,1999,33(2):548-554.
[47]U.Raveendranath et al.Microwave Technique for Water Pollution study[J].Journal of Microwave Power and Electromagnetic Energy,1995,30(3):188-193.
[48]肖波,王秀萍,徐正达等.微波固化水溶性有机粘结剂砂的研究[J].铸造,1997(3):22-24.
[49]孙萍,肖波,杨家宽,王秀萍.微波技术在环境保护领域的应用[J].化工环保,2002,22(2):71-74.
[50]胡承兵.阻止“搭乘”于压载水中的外来生物入侵者[J].交通环保,1999,20(4):35239.
[51]GREGORY M,RUIZET C.Global spread of microorganisms by ships[J].Nature,2000,408:49250.