生存体验的诗性超越
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摘要
塞缪尔·贝克特被公认为20世纪最伟大的作家之一,他的戏剧创作极大影响了二十世纪下半叶西方文学的进程。他一方面继承了古典戏剧的基本元素,另一方面充分发挥创作主体的能动性与积极性,追求形式与内容的浑然一体,抛弃传统的、狭义的“戏剧美”观念,表现美的反面,形成了独特的诗剧风格。1969年,“由于他具有新奇形式的小说、戏剧作品,使现代人从贫困的境地得到了振奋”,贝克特获得了诺贝尔文学奖。贝克特以自己对生活的敏锐感受力,对现实的深刻洞察力,超群出众的艺术想象力,不同凡响的艺术创新精神,将个体对生存的体验和对人性的深刻洞察通过戏剧艺术形式传达给读者和观众,引发对人类存在与人生意义的追问和思考。
论文以贝克特的个体生存体验、时代生存体验为切入点,结合对贝克特戏剧的文本细读,分析剧作家的生存体验与其戏剧创作的历史、文化渊源,探讨贝克特戏剧所特有的人文关怀理念与戏剧美学特质,综合考察贝克特戏剧文学在传统与现代审美视域中所具有的先锋性与经典性,厘定贝克特在西方戏剧从现代主义向后现代主义转型的过程中所起的决定性作用,进而探索二十一世纪语境下戏剧文学的发展道路。论文将尽量避免对贝克特及其戏剧作品进行概念式的、先验式的解读,借助历史的、比较的、逻辑的、诗学的方法去面对庞杂的原始资料,在深入解读的基础上,进行总体性的梳理和辨析,以期还原剧作家贝克特及其戏剧创作在文学史中及当代文化中的真实地位。
贝克特一生经历丰富,几经离乱。爱尔兰文明与智慧是贝克特从事创作的原初动力,爱尔兰的殖民历史与战争体验则成为他一生挥之不去的潜意识,沉积在他的心灵深处,隐现于他的作品中。贝克特在自身的生存体验中对人与自我、人与人、人与社会、人与自然等方面获得了整体性认识,并将其付诸作品,完成了个人、时代与作品的互动。贝克特戏剧的人文关怀指向体现出剧作家敢于直面存在的勇气,反思人类生存的恶劣境遇使他能够超越现实生活,与周遭世界和人类的终极归宿建立起更深层的关联,而戏剧成为他追问人类存在之价值的有效手段。
戏剧文本实践是贝克特摆脱生存困境、实现自我超越的诗学努力。贝克特深刻地体认到二十世纪中期世界文学(戏剧)所面临的困境,他将绘画与音乐等艺术形式大胆引入现代戏剧,塑造“没有语言”的文学,在解构传统戏剧模式的过程中为戏剧注入新的生命力,开辟了戏剧的新天地。贝克特戏剧消解了经典的悲剧英雄,推翻了拖沓的叙事模式,运用多重语言手段形成诗性的广阔视野,在生存与死亡的罅隙中开掘出旺盛的艺术生命。
贝克特的人生经验及其艺术生涯恰到好处地诠释了戏剧精神,即真实把握时代气息,体验生命与存在,并超越环境与成规,以独特的体认方式表现时代的生存体验,反映出现代人的精神状态与价值追求。戏剧发展史已经证明,每当戏剧发展的节奏缓慢或停滞下来时,就会有新的审美范式诞生。贝克特顺应艺术的时代召唤,把历史、文化与戏剧从深层次打通,更本质地呈现戏剧的本源精神。他怀抱人文主义者的道德使命,将人生与创造完美结合起来,在创造中实现了生命的飞扬。
在当今时代,贝克特的生命智慧与艺术光芒依然熠熠生辉。作为一位成功的人类文化探险家,在充满变化和不确定性的现实世界中,贝克特始终保持创造的激情,独立的思考和坚韧的人生态度,致力于建构一套全新的戏剧话语体系。贝克特戏剧所要揭示的一个重要问题是,人的宿命有相悖又相谐的两个方面,一方面是意义,是价值,是发掘,一方面是贝克特式的虚无与荒诞。贝克特在那种特殊的时代,特殊地体验了后者,并真诚而深刻地揭示了它。在体验与揭示的过程中,贝克特以戏剧的方式超越了生存宿命,将人类存在的残酷现实进行艺术升华,使人在观赏中反思自身与生存宿命,由此展开对生命意义与生存生命的深度追问与思考。这也正是贝克特及其作品带给人类的永恒价值。
Samuel Beckett is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century, whose dramatic creation has an enormous influence on the western literature in the second half of the century. On the one hand, he inherits the basic elements of classical drama. On the other hand, with great initiative and enthusiasm, he develops a unique poetic drama by pursuing a unity of form and content, rejecting traditional and narrow sense of drama aesthetics, to represent the opposite of beauty. In 1969, Beckett was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature "for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and drama—in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation". With the aid of his keen sensibility towards life, his deep insight into reality as well as his extraordinary artistic imagination and innovation, Beckett conveys his life experience of and his insight into human nature to a large number of readers and audiences, triggering a close query and consideration on human existence and the meaning of life.
Based on Beckett's life experience, together with a close reading of his major plays, the thesis traces the historical and cultural origin of Beckett's drama, trying to illustrate its unique humanistic care and aesthetic quality. A comprehensive examination is also done into the dual characteristics of Beckett's being vanguard and classic all at once from the perspective of traditional and modern aesthetics so as to define the decisive role Samuel Beckett plays in the transition of western drama from modernism to post-modernism. This will be beneficial to the further development of drama in the 21st century. The thesis will try to avoid the conceptualized and transcendental interpretation of Beckett's plays. Instead, by means of historical, comparative, logical and poetic analysis of the vast original materials, the thesis will make a systematic combing of Beckett's life and creation in order to better understand his unique position in the history of literature and contemporary culture.
Beckett lives an eventful life. He was born in Ireland from which he gets the earliest wisdom for writing. The colonial history of Ireland and the memory of wars become part of his sub-consciousness, which in turn scatters in his works. From his life experience. Beckett obtains an integrated comprehension of the relationship between self and others, man and society, man and nature, etc., which is reflected in his writing. In this way, the interaction between the writer, the times and creation is completed. The humanistic care of Beckett's plays shows his courage to face existence and to reflect on the worsened situation of human beings, which helps him surpass reality and establish a deeper connection between his surroundings and man's ultimate destiny.
For Beckett, writing plays is an artistic attempt to escape existential dilemma and accomplish self-transcendence. Confronted with the literary (dramatic) dilemma in the mid-20th century, Beckett creatively introduces painting and music into modern drama. By deconstructing traditional drama, he invents the "no-word" literature, opening a new world for drama. Beckett's drama dissolves the classic tragic heroes to explore the vigorous life of arts in the rift between existence and death.
Beckett's life and writing career is the very embodiment of the spirit of drama, which involves the faithful appreciation of the contemporary era, the earnest experience of life and existence, the ability to transcend conventions and present the mental state and values of modern man. The history of drama has revealed that whenever the development of drama slows down, a new aesthetic pattern will arise. Embracing the moral mission of a humanist, Beckett achieves a perfect combination of life and creation.
Nowadays, Beckett's life wisdom and artistic achievements are still shining. As a successful cultural explorer, Beckett has never given up his passion for creation, his way of independent thinking and his persevering attitude to life even if the world is full of changes and uncertainties. He devotes himself to establishing a new set of dramatic discourse system. His plays reveal that man's destiny consists of two aspects which are conflicting and harmonious as well. On the one hand, life is meaning, value and exploration; on the other hand, life is nothingness and absurdity. In that specific era, Beckett keenly experiences nothingness and absurdity. In the process of experiencing and discovering, Beckett transcends existential destiny by means of drama. This is the eternal significance of Beckett and his works to the world.
论文以贝克特的个体生存体验、时代生存体验为切入点,结合对贝克特戏剧的文本细读,分析剧作家的生存体验与其戏剧创作的历史、文化渊源,探讨贝克特戏剧所特有的人文关怀理念与戏剧美学特质,综合考察贝克特戏剧文学在传统与现代审美视域中所具有的先锋性与经典性,厘定贝克特在西方戏剧从现代主义向后现代主义转型的过程中所起的决定性作用,进而探索二十一世纪语境下戏剧文学的发展道路。论文将尽量避免对贝克特及其戏剧作品进行概念式的、先验式的解读,借助历史的、比较的、逻辑的、诗学的方法去面对庞杂的原始资料,在深入解读的基础上,进行总体性的梳理和辨析,以期还原剧作家贝克特及其戏剧创作在文学史中及当代文化中的真实地位。
贝克特一生经历丰富,几经离乱。爱尔兰文明与智慧是贝克特从事创作的原初动力,爱尔兰的殖民历史与战争体验则成为他一生挥之不去的潜意识,沉积在他的心灵深处,隐现于他的作品中。贝克特在自身的生存体验中对人与自我、人与人、人与社会、人与自然等方面获得了整体性认识,并将其付诸作品,完成了个人、时代与作品的互动。贝克特戏剧的人文关怀指向体现出剧作家敢于直面存在的勇气,反思人类生存的恶劣境遇使他能够超越现实生活,与周遭世界和人类的终极归宿建立起更深层的关联,而戏剧成为他追问人类存在之价值的有效手段。
戏剧文本实践是贝克特摆脱生存困境、实现自我超越的诗学努力。贝克特深刻地体认到二十世纪中期世界文学(戏剧)所面临的困境,他将绘画与音乐等艺术形式大胆引入现代戏剧,塑造“没有语言”的文学,在解构传统戏剧模式的过程中为戏剧注入新的生命力,开辟了戏剧的新天地。贝克特戏剧消解了经典的悲剧英雄,推翻了拖沓的叙事模式,运用多重语言手段形成诗性的广阔视野,在生存与死亡的罅隙中开掘出旺盛的艺术生命。
贝克特的人生经验及其艺术生涯恰到好处地诠释了戏剧精神,即真实把握时代气息,体验生命与存在,并超越环境与成规,以独特的体认方式表现时代的生存体验,反映出现代人的精神状态与价值追求。戏剧发展史已经证明,每当戏剧发展的节奏缓慢或停滞下来时,就会有新的审美范式诞生。贝克特顺应艺术的时代召唤,把历史、文化与戏剧从深层次打通,更本质地呈现戏剧的本源精神。他怀抱人文主义者的道德使命,将人生与创造完美结合起来,在创造中实现了生命的飞扬。
在当今时代,贝克特的生命智慧与艺术光芒依然熠熠生辉。作为一位成功的人类文化探险家,在充满变化和不确定性的现实世界中,贝克特始终保持创造的激情,独立的思考和坚韧的人生态度,致力于建构一套全新的戏剧话语体系。贝克特戏剧所要揭示的一个重要问题是,人的宿命有相悖又相谐的两个方面,一方面是意义,是价值,是发掘,一方面是贝克特式的虚无与荒诞。贝克特在那种特殊的时代,特殊地体验了后者,并真诚而深刻地揭示了它。在体验与揭示的过程中,贝克特以戏剧的方式超越了生存宿命,将人类存在的残酷现实进行艺术升华,使人在观赏中反思自身与生存宿命,由此展开对生命意义与生存生命的深度追问与思考。这也正是贝克特及其作品带给人类的永恒价值。
Samuel Beckett is one of the greatest writers in the 20th century, whose dramatic creation has an enormous influence on the western literature in the second half of the century. On the one hand, he inherits the basic elements of classical drama. On the other hand, with great initiative and enthusiasm, he develops a unique poetic drama by pursuing a unity of form and content, rejecting traditional and narrow sense of drama aesthetics, to represent the opposite of beauty. In 1969, Beckett was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature "for his writing, which—in new forms for the novel and drama—in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation". With the aid of his keen sensibility towards life, his deep insight into reality as well as his extraordinary artistic imagination and innovation, Beckett conveys his life experience of and his insight into human nature to a large number of readers and audiences, triggering a close query and consideration on human existence and the meaning of life.
Based on Beckett's life experience, together with a close reading of his major plays, the thesis traces the historical and cultural origin of Beckett's drama, trying to illustrate its unique humanistic care and aesthetic quality. A comprehensive examination is also done into the dual characteristics of Beckett's being vanguard and classic all at once from the perspective of traditional and modern aesthetics so as to define the decisive role Samuel Beckett plays in the transition of western drama from modernism to post-modernism. This will be beneficial to the further development of drama in the 21st century. The thesis will try to avoid the conceptualized and transcendental interpretation of Beckett's plays. Instead, by means of historical, comparative, logical and poetic analysis of the vast original materials, the thesis will make a systematic combing of Beckett's life and creation in order to better understand his unique position in the history of literature and contemporary culture.
Beckett lives an eventful life. He was born in Ireland from which he gets the earliest wisdom for writing. The colonial history of Ireland and the memory of wars become part of his sub-consciousness, which in turn scatters in his works. From his life experience. Beckett obtains an integrated comprehension of the relationship between self and others, man and society, man and nature, etc., which is reflected in his writing. In this way, the interaction between the writer, the times and creation is completed. The humanistic care of Beckett's plays shows his courage to face existence and to reflect on the worsened situation of human beings, which helps him surpass reality and establish a deeper connection between his surroundings and man's ultimate destiny.
For Beckett, writing plays is an artistic attempt to escape existential dilemma and accomplish self-transcendence. Confronted with the literary (dramatic) dilemma in the mid-20th century, Beckett creatively introduces painting and music into modern drama. By deconstructing traditional drama, he invents the "no-word" literature, opening a new world for drama. Beckett's drama dissolves the classic tragic heroes to explore the vigorous life of arts in the rift between existence and death.
Beckett's life and writing career is the very embodiment of the spirit of drama, which involves the faithful appreciation of the contemporary era, the earnest experience of life and existence, the ability to transcend conventions and present the mental state and values of modern man. The history of drama has revealed that whenever the development of drama slows down, a new aesthetic pattern will arise. Embracing the moral mission of a humanist, Beckett achieves a perfect combination of life and creation.
Nowadays, Beckett's life wisdom and artistic achievements are still shining. As a successful cultural explorer, Beckett has never given up his passion for creation, his way of independent thinking and his persevering attitude to life even if the world is full of changes and uncertainties. He devotes himself to establishing a new set of dramatic discourse system. His plays reveal that man's destiny consists of two aspects which are conflicting and harmonious as well. On the one hand, life is meaning, value and exploration; on the other hand, life is nothingness and absurdity. In that specific era, Beckett keenly experiences nothingness and absurdity. In the process of experiencing and discovering, Beckett transcends existential destiny by means of drama. This is the eternal significance of Beckett and his works to the world.
引文
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