作物（小麦、玉米）水分生理调控与节水机理研究
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摘要
2007年10月—2008年10月在西北农林科技大学旱区农业水土工程教育部重点实验室分别对冬小麦、夏玉米不同生育期进行了不同程度的(70%-90%、60%-80%、50%-70%、45%-60%田间持水量)水分调控处理组合试验,对不同水分调控处理下冬小麦、夏玉米的生长发育、耗水规律、产量及水分利用效率进行了研究。得出的主要结论如下:
(1)对冬小麦、夏玉米地上部分生长量的研究表明:不同生育阶段不同程度的水分调控均会对植株的生长产生抑制作用,抑制程度与水分调控程度正相关,复水后会产生补偿效应。夏玉米灌浆期前株高随生长时间变化呈直线性增加,各处理的相关系数都高于0.96,均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);叶面积指数与生长时间的关系则可以用Logistic模型进行描述,各处理也都达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。冬小麦(返青期后)、夏玉米叶面积指数与耗水量的关系是:起初,耗水量随叶面积指数增大基本呈线性增大趋势,但当叶面积指数增加较缓慢时,耗水量的增加逐渐趋于最大值,且最大值会持续一段时间。
(2)不同程度的水分调控均降低了冬小麦、夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率,降低程度与调控程度正相关。同一处理下光合速率和蒸腾速率的变化幅度不一致,控水期间光合速率的降幅小于蒸腾速率的降幅,但复水后光合速率的恢复和补偿明显强于蒸腾速率的恢复;二者之间呈非线性关系。
(3)正常供水下冬小麦播种-返青期和成熟期耗水强度较小,拔节期耗水强度最大,为4.02mm/d;其Kc值也在拔节期最大。夏玉米正常供水植株耗水量在抽雄期最大,灌浆期最小;全生育期内其日耗水强度的变化趋势呈抛物线型;Kc值变化呈单峰曲线。冬小麦、夏玉米控水阶段受水分调控处理的耗水强度要远小于正常供水,调控程度越重,耗水强度越低,当恢复到正常供水后,调控处理的耗水强度却明显大于正常供水,但总的耗水强度仍然是调控处理小于正常供水。
(4)水分调控对冬小麦、夏玉米的产量构成及籽粒产量都有显著影响。返青期中度拔节期轻度处理能改变冬小麦产量构成,即增加单株穗数和穗粒数,提高籽粒的饱满度,从而使得产量有所增加;而抽穗期中度调控处理对单株穗数、穗粒数和籽粒的饱满度有不利影响,导致产量下降达8.9%;籽粒产量与各构成因素的相关性(P<0.01)大小次序为:千粒重(R2=0.919)>单株穗数(R2=0.811)>穗粒数(R2=0.802);夏玉米除苗期中度拔节期轻度处理的产量较正常供水提高外,其余处理产量都有所降低。籽粒产量与各构成因素的相关关系为:百粒重与产量存在极显著正相关,相关系数为0.856,秃尖长与产量呈负相关。
(5)不同处理间冬小麦水分利用效率呈极显著差异,除抽穗期轻度处理的水分利用效率接近于正常供水外,其它处理的水分利用效率均有所提高,其中,返青期重度拔节期中度处理提高幅度最大;夏玉米苗期轻度拔节期中度、苗期中度拔节期轻度、苗期重度拔节期中度处理的水分利用效率都较正常供水有所提高,且苗期中度拔节期轻度处理达到极显著水平(P<0.01),其提高幅度分别为:1%、9.95%、3.94%,抽雄期中度、轻度处理水分利用效率较对照有所下降,下降率分别为4.9%和1.9%。
With winter wheat、summer maize as material, the experiment of water regulated controlled (70%-90%、60%-80%、50%-70%、45%-60% of field capacity) in different growth periods was carried during octorber 2007 to octorber 2008, which in the key laboratory for Agricultural Soil and Water Engineer in Arid Area of Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University. The growth、water consumption law、yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat、summer maize was studied. The main results showed as follows:
(1) According to the study of winter wheat、summer maize’s growth in the aerial parts of the plants showed that: different water regulated controlled on different growth period had inhibition role to plant height and leaf area, the degree of inhibition was related to the degree of water regulated controlled, and there was compensation effect after re-watering. The relationship between leaf area index and water consumption quantity of winter wheat(after the period of reviving)、summer maize was that: at first, water consumption quantity increased like line with the leaf area index increasing, but when the leaf area index increased slowly, the increase of water consumption quantity reached to the maximum value, and the maximum value would continue for some time.
(2)Different degree of the water regulated controlled in different growth period would reduce the growth of leaves chlorophyll content、photosynthesis and transpiration, the reduced degree was related to the degree of water regulated controlled. The change range of photosynthesis was not consistent the range of transpiration for the same treatment, the reduced range of photosynthesis was less than that of transpiration during water regulated, but the rehabilitation and compensation of photosynthesis was obvious stronger than that of transpiration; the result also indicated there was a positive non-linear correlation between the two indexes.
(3)For the normal water-supply, the water consumption intensity of seeding and maturity stage were small, shooting stage was the highest to 4.02mm/d of winter wheat; the Kc value was the highest in the period of shooting. the water consumption quantity of summer maize was the highest in the booting stage and smallest in the filling stage; the trend of daily water consumption intensity in the all growth stage was parabolic; the trend of Kc value was a single peak curve. Water consumption intensity of water regulated of winter wheat、summer maize was far lesser than that of normal water-supply, and the stronger of the degree of water regulated, the lesser of the water consumption intensity, when all treatment were rehabitated to normal water-supply, water consumption intensity of water-regulated treatment was obvious more than that of normal water-supply, but that total water consumption intensity of water-regulated was still less than the normal water-supply’s.
(4)There was obvious effect on the yield of winter wheat、summer maize to the water-regulated treatments. The treatment that medial water regulated in reviving stage and light water regulated in shooting stage can change yield components, that was to increase tillering number and kernel numbers per spike, and improved grain plumpness. The treatment that medial water regulated in booting stage had negative effect on tillering number、kernel numbers per spike and grain plumpness, it made yield declined by 8.9%. The correlation coefficient order (P<0.01) between yield components and grain yield was: 1000-grain weight(R2=0.919)﹥tillering number (R2=0.811)﹥kernel numbers(R2=0.802). In terms of summer maize, in addition to the treatment that medial water regulated in seedling stage light water regulated in jointing stage improved production than normal water supply, there was lower to the rest’s production. There was significant positive correlation between 100-grain weight and grain yield, correlation coefficient was 0.856, while the bare tip length was negatively correlated with grain yield.
(5)The water use efficiency of winter wheat between different treatments was significant difference, in according to the treatment that light water regulated was closer to that of normal water supply, the yield water use efficiency of the rest were improved. Among them, the greatest degree of processing increase belonged to the treatment that medial in reviving stage and severe in jointing stage. To summer maize, the yield water use efficiency of treatments these light in seeding medial and in jointing stage、medial in seeding and light in jointing stage、severe in seeding and medial in jointing stage were improved than normal water supply, and the treatment that medial in seeding and light in jointing stage reached to significant level(P<0.01), the improve degree were as follows: 1%、9.95%、3.94%, the yield water use efficiency of these treatment which medial and light in teaseling were declined by 4.9%、1.9% than normal water supply’s.
(1)对冬小麦、夏玉米地上部分生长量的研究表明:不同生育阶段不同程度的水分调控均会对植株的生长产生抑制作用,抑制程度与水分调控程度正相关,复水后会产生补偿效应。夏玉米灌浆期前株高随生长时间变化呈直线性增加,各处理的相关系数都高于0.96,均达到极显著水平(P<0.01);叶面积指数与生长时间的关系则可以用Logistic模型进行描述,各处理也都达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。冬小麦(返青期后)、夏玉米叶面积指数与耗水量的关系是:起初,耗水量随叶面积指数增大基本呈线性增大趋势,但当叶面积指数增加较缓慢时,耗水量的增加逐渐趋于最大值,且最大值会持续一段时间。
(2)不同程度的水分调控均降低了冬小麦、夏玉米叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率,降低程度与调控程度正相关。同一处理下光合速率和蒸腾速率的变化幅度不一致,控水期间光合速率的降幅小于蒸腾速率的降幅,但复水后光合速率的恢复和补偿明显强于蒸腾速率的恢复;二者之间呈非线性关系。
(3)正常供水下冬小麦播种-返青期和成熟期耗水强度较小,拔节期耗水强度最大,为4.02mm/d;其Kc值也在拔节期最大。夏玉米正常供水植株耗水量在抽雄期最大,灌浆期最小;全生育期内其日耗水强度的变化趋势呈抛物线型;Kc值变化呈单峰曲线。冬小麦、夏玉米控水阶段受水分调控处理的耗水强度要远小于正常供水,调控程度越重,耗水强度越低,当恢复到正常供水后,调控处理的耗水强度却明显大于正常供水,但总的耗水强度仍然是调控处理小于正常供水。
(4)水分调控对冬小麦、夏玉米的产量构成及籽粒产量都有显著影响。返青期中度拔节期轻度处理能改变冬小麦产量构成,即增加单株穗数和穗粒数,提高籽粒的饱满度,从而使得产量有所增加;而抽穗期中度调控处理对单株穗数、穗粒数和籽粒的饱满度有不利影响,导致产量下降达8.9%;籽粒产量与各构成因素的相关性(P<0.01)大小次序为:千粒重(R2=0.919)>单株穗数(R2=0.811)>穗粒数(R2=0.802);夏玉米除苗期中度拔节期轻度处理的产量较正常供水提高外,其余处理产量都有所降低。籽粒产量与各构成因素的相关关系为:百粒重与产量存在极显著正相关,相关系数为0.856,秃尖长与产量呈负相关。
(5)不同处理间冬小麦水分利用效率呈极显著差异,除抽穗期轻度处理的水分利用效率接近于正常供水外,其它处理的水分利用效率均有所提高,其中,返青期重度拔节期中度处理提高幅度最大;夏玉米苗期轻度拔节期中度、苗期中度拔节期轻度、苗期重度拔节期中度处理的水分利用效率都较正常供水有所提高,且苗期中度拔节期轻度处理达到极显著水平(P<0.01),其提高幅度分别为:1%、9.95%、3.94%,抽雄期中度、轻度处理水分利用效率较对照有所下降,下降率分别为4.9%和1.9%。
With winter wheat、summer maize as material, the experiment of water regulated controlled (70%-90%、60%-80%、50%-70%、45%-60% of field capacity) in different growth periods was carried during octorber 2007 to octorber 2008, which in the key laboratory for Agricultural Soil and Water Engineer in Arid Area of Ministry of Education, Northwest A & F University. The growth、water consumption law、yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat、summer maize was studied. The main results showed as follows:
(1) According to the study of winter wheat、summer maize’s growth in the aerial parts of the plants showed that: different water regulated controlled on different growth period had inhibition role to plant height and leaf area, the degree of inhibition was related to the degree of water regulated controlled, and there was compensation effect after re-watering. The relationship between leaf area index and water consumption quantity of winter wheat(after the period of reviving)、summer maize was that: at first, water consumption quantity increased like line with the leaf area index increasing, but when the leaf area index increased slowly, the increase of water consumption quantity reached to the maximum value, and the maximum value would continue for some time.
(2)Different degree of the water regulated controlled in different growth period would reduce the growth of leaves chlorophyll content、photosynthesis and transpiration, the reduced degree was related to the degree of water regulated controlled. The change range of photosynthesis was not consistent the range of transpiration for the same treatment, the reduced range of photosynthesis was less than that of transpiration during water regulated, but the rehabilitation and compensation of photosynthesis was obvious stronger than that of transpiration; the result also indicated there was a positive non-linear correlation between the two indexes.
(3)For the normal water-supply, the water consumption intensity of seeding and maturity stage were small, shooting stage was the highest to 4.02mm/d of winter wheat; the Kc value was the highest in the period of shooting. the water consumption quantity of summer maize was the highest in the booting stage and smallest in the filling stage; the trend of daily water consumption intensity in the all growth stage was parabolic; the trend of Kc value was a single peak curve. Water consumption intensity of water regulated of winter wheat、summer maize was far lesser than that of normal water-supply, and the stronger of the degree of water regulated, the lesser of the water consumption intensity, when all treatment were rehabitated to normal water-supply, water consumption intensity of water-regulated treatment was obvious more than that of normal water-supply, but that total water consumption intensity of water-regulated was still less than the normal water-supply’s.
(4)There was obvious effect on the yield of winter wheat、summer maize to the water-regulated treatments. The treatment that medial water regulated in reviving stage and light water regulated in shooting stage can change yield components, that was to increase tillering number and kernel numbers per spike, and improved grain plumpness. The treatment that medial water regulated in booting stage had negative effect on tillering number、kernel numbers per spike and grain plumpness, it made yield declined by 8.9%. The correlation coefficient order (P<0.01) between yield components and grain yield was: 1000-grain weight(R2=0.919)﹥tillering number (R2=0.811)﹥kernel numbers(R2=0.802). In terms of summer maize, in addition to the treatment that medial water regulated in seedling stage light water regulated in jointing stage improved production than normal water supply, there was lower to the rest’s production. There was significant positive correlation between 100-grain weight and grain yield, correlation coefficient was 0.856, while the bare tip length was negatively correlated with grain yield.
(5)The water use efficiency of winter wheat between different treatments was significant difference, in according to the treatment that light water regulated was closer to that of normal water supply, the yield water use efficiency of the rest were improved. Among them, the greatest degree of processing increase belonged to the treatment that medial in reviving stage and severe in jointing stage. To summer maize, the yield water use efficiency of treatments these light in seeding medial and in jointing stage、medial in seeding and light in jointing stage、severe in seeding and medial in jointing stage were improved than normal water supply, and the treatment that medial in seeding and light in jointing stage reached to significant level(P<0.01), the improve degree were as follows: 1%、9.95%、3.94%, the yield water use efficiency of these treatment which medial and light in teaseling were declined by 4.9%、1.9% than normal water supply’s.
引文
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