橡胶基金属铁粒子复合材料的制备及其作为磁流变弹性体在安全工程中应用的研究
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摘要
聚合物基金属复合材料具有普通聚合物无法比拟的光、电、热、磁等优越特性，因而引起了人们的广泛关注。本文在大量文献调研的基础上，综述了聚合物基金属复合材料及其应用的最新研究进展，我们发现磁流变弹性体的出现正进一步拓宽聚合物基金属复合材料的应用领域。磁流变弹性体是新型的机电耦合材料，它具有磁场可控的力学性能，在安全工程领域具有广阔的应用前景，如可以用作硬度可调的减震、减噪器件等方面。然而目前关于磁流变弹性体的制备研究还比较少，而且还没有这方面可以实用的材料。针对这一现象，我们从材料设计的理念出发，采用不同的弹性基体制备了聚合物基金属铁粒子复合材料，详细研究材料的制备方法、粒子和基体的界面关系、材料的微观结构等各种因素和材料的磁流变效应的关系，以实现对材料磁流变性能及其它性能的优化，最后选择其中的MVQ／Fe复合材料为例，讨论其作为磁流变弹性体在安全工程中的可能应用。
归纳起来，本文的研究内容主要有以下五个部分组成：
1．首先采用直接混合法制备了室温硫化硅橡胶基金属铁粒子(RTV／Fe)复合材料，研究了磁性粒子尺寸及其表面化学修饰对体系磁流变效应的影响。另外采用溶剂/γ-射线辐照固化法，成功实现了分子量比室温硫化硅橡胶分子量更大的甲基乙烯基(MVQ)硅橡胶与金属铁粒子的复合，并详细讨论影响磁流变效应和相关力学性能的各种因素，特别是基体的交联程度和各种添加剂等。结果表明在RTV／Fe体系中，当磁性铁粒子无任何化学修饰时，使用3-5μm铁粒子的体系其磁流变效应好，具有平均60μm团聚颗粒尺寸的铁粒子在基体中易于沉降，不利于磁流变效应的提高；通过对铁粒子进行化学修饰可以提高材料的磁流变效应，不同的修饰剂及其修饰方法对磁流变效应的影响程度不同，用RTV704硬脂酸对金属铁粒子进行预修饰的效果较好。在MVQ／Fe体系中，加入一定的增强剂和提高基体的交联程度，会使力学性能增强，但磁流变效应下降；加入增塑剂可以提高磁流变效应，但力学性能下降；加入合适的硅烷偶联剂可以使力学性能和磁流变效应同时提高。针对具体的实验结果，我们还对磁流变效应产生的机理进行了探讨。
Polymer- based metal composites are of growing technological interest for their unique optical, electrical, thermal, magnetic properties compared with common single-phase polymer. The newly progress about polymer-based metal composites and their applications was reviewed based on the investigation of a large amount of literatures. It was found that magnetorheological elastomers (MR) composed of elastic polymer and metal iron particles had special mechanical properties that could be controlled by the magnetic fields. As a type of new electric-mechanic-coupling material or smart material, they held great promise in adaptive tuned vibration absorbers, stiffness tunable mounts, and automobile suspensions that were relative to safety. However the research about the preparation and MR effect of such material was not enough. Until now, MR elastomers that could be used in reality were not reported. To get MR elastomers with high performance, by means of material design, selecting and matching of metal iron particles and elastic polymer, a series of rubber or rubber-hybrid or polymer gels based metal iron particles composites were prepared by different methods and their MR effect and mechanical properties was studied. The factors on MR effect of each composite was discussed in detail including the composition and the way of preparing them and the interface between iron particles and the matrix etc. At last, one of the elastic polymer-based metal iron composite was selected as an sample to be used in the tuned vibration absorber as MR elastomer.
In summary, the research contents of this thesis are as following : 1. RTV silicon rubber based iron particles composites were firstly prepared by directly mixing method. The influence of size of iron particles and its chemical modification or not on MR effect was discussed in detail. The results showed that iron particles with large size about 60 μm were adverse to MR effect for they were easy to subside during its preparation. MR effect could be improved obviously by modifying iron particles with organic reagent such as stearic acid. The effect on MR effect depended on the kinds of modifying reagent and method. Secondly
归纳起来，本文的研究内容主要有以下五个部分组成：
1．首先采用直接混合法制备了室温硫化硅橡胶基金属铁粒子(RTV／Fe)复合材料，研究了磁性粒子尺寸及其表面化学修饰对体系磁流变效应的影响。另外采用溶剂/γ-射线辐照固化法，成功实现了分子量比室温硫化硅橡胶分子量更大的甲基乙烯基(MVQ)硅橡胶与金属铁粒子的复合，并详细讨论影响磁流变效应和相关力学性能的各种因素，特别是基体的交联程度和各种添加剂等。结果表明在RTV／Fe体系中，当磁性铁粒子无任何化学修饰时，使用3-5μm铁粒子的体系其磁流变效应好，具有平均60μm团聚颗粒尺寸的铁粒子在基体中易于沉降，不利于磁流变效应的提高；通过对铁粒子进行化学修饰可以提高材料的磁流变效应，不同的修饰剂及其修饰方法对磁流变效应的影响程度不同，用RTV704硬脂酸对金属铁粒子进行预修饰的效果较好。在MVQ／Fe体系中，加入一定的增强剂和提高基体的交联程度，会使力学性能增强，但磁流变效应下降；加入增塑剂可以提高磁流变效应，但力学性能下降；加入合适的硅烷偶联剂可以使力学性能和磁流变效应同时提高。针对具体的实验结果，我们还对磁流变效应产生的机理进行了探讨。
Polymer- based metal composites are of growing technological interest for their unique optical, electrical, thermal, magnetic properties compared with common single-phase polymer. The newly progress about polymer-based metal composites and their applications was reviewed based on the investigation of a large amount of literatures. It was found that magnetorheological elastomers (MR) composed of elastic polymer and metal iron particles had special mechanical properties that could be controlled by the magnetic fields. As a type of new electric-mechanic-coupling material or smart material, they held great promise in adaptive tuned vibration absorbers, stiffness tunable mounts, and automobile suspensions that were relative to safety. However the research about the preparation and MR effect of such material was not enough. Until now, MR elastomers that could be used in reality were not reported. To get MR elastomers with high performance, by means of material design, selecting and matching of metal iron particles and elastic polymer, a series of rubber or rubber-hybrid or polymer gels based metal iron particles composites were prepared by different methods and their MR effect and mechanical properties was studied. The factors on MR effect of each composite was discussed in detail including the composition and the way of preparing them and the interface between iron particles and the matrix etc. At last, one of the elastic polymer-based metal iron composite was selected as an sample to be used in the tuned vibration absorber as MR elastomer.
In summary, the research contents of this thesis are as following : 1. RTV silicon rubber based iron particles composites were firstly prepared by directly mixing method. The influence of size of iron particles and its chemical modification or not on MR effect was discussed in detail. The results showed that iron particles with large size about 60 μm were adverse to MR effect for they were easy to subside during its preparation. MR effect could be improved obviously by modifying iron particles with organic reagent such as stearic acid. The effect on MR effect depended on the kinds of modifying reagent and method. Secondly
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