重金属复合污染农田土壤植物修复的研究
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摘要
土壤重金属污染是当前全球性的环境问题之一,植物修复技术以其成本低廉、环境友好等特点成为治理土壤污染的一种重要方式和途径,而如何提高植物的修复效率则是植物修复技术的关键问题。
本论文依托国家环境保护科技项目及云南省环境保护专项项目《重金属复合污染农田生态修复的关键技术研究》(项目编号：E-2007-06和2007[262]),通过田间试验研究了重金属超富集植物短萼灰叶(Tephrosia candida)、龙葵(Solanum nigrum)和大叶井口边草(Pteris nervosa)3种植物在重金属复合污染农田土壤上对重金属的富集特征,以及对重金属复合污染农田的修复潜力；研究了7个超富集植物物种配置对重金属复合污染农田土壤的修复效果,并筛选出最佳的物种配置；研究了不同水平过磷酸钙对土壤重金属生物活性及7个超富集植物物种配置修复效果的影响。主要研究结果如下：
(1)对Pb超富集植物短萼灰叶、Cd超富集植物龙葵和As超富集植物大叶井口边草进行重金属富集特征及重金属复合污染土壤修复潜力的研究。结果表明,短萼灰叶地上部Pb、龙葵地上部Cd和大叶井口边草地上部As的含量分别达到了365.071mg·kg-1、22.109 mg·kg-1和282.698mg·kg-1,转运系数分别为2.569、1.692和1.611；短萼灰叶对Pb的提取率、龙葵对Cd的提取率及大叶井口边草对As的提取率分别为1.257%、2.550%和0.224%；在假设短萼灰叶、龙葵和大叶井口边草每年收割次数分别为2次、3次和3次的前提下,全面实现重金属复合污染农田土壤的治理污染和修复目的,需利用短萼灰叶对Pb修复2.847a、龙葵对Cd修复9.953a及大叶井口边草对As修复101.023a。3种供试植物在重金属复合污染农田土壤植物修复技术中具有潜在的利用价值。
(2)通过效果试验小区,对7个超富集植物物种配置进行修复重金属复合污染农田土壤效果的研究。结果表明,种植短萼灰叶小区土壤中Pb的下降值、种植龙葵小区土壤中Cd的下降值及种植大叶井口边草小区土壤中As的下降值分别达11.492mg·kg-1、0.177 mg·kg-1和3.376mg·kg-1,为无种植植物小区的1915.3倍、88.5倍和1688.0倍,显示出3种超富集植物对对应重金属污染土壤的巨大修复能力和潜在应用前景；采用层次分析法的改进模型进行综合评估结果表明,修复该重金属复合污染农田土壤的最佳物种配置为单种Cd超富集植物龙葵,其次为龙葵和大叶井口边草混种。
(3)研究了不同水平过磷酸钙对土壤重金属生物活性的影响。结果表明,重金属Pb、Cd和As均以残渣态为主要存在形态,且以Cd的生物活性为最强；随着过磷酸钙施加量的增加,Pb的生物活性呈下降趋势、Cd的生物活性显无规律的细微变化,而As的生物活性显先上升后下降的明显规律,这说明不同水平过磷酸钙对重金属生物活性的影响各不相同。
(4)通过不同水平过磷酸钙处理进行7个超富集植物物种配置修复效率影响的研究。结果表明,在施加量0-600kg·ha-1的范围内,随着施加量的增加,短萼灰叶对Pb修复率的提高幅度显下降趋势、龙葵对Cd修复率的提高值显上升趋势,而大叶井口边草对As修复率的提升幅度则显现出先上升后下降的明显趋势；采用层次分析法的改进模型进行综合评估结果表明,在过磷酸钙施加量600kg·ha-1的前提下,单种Cd超富集植物龙葵为修复该重金属复合污染农田土壤的最佳物种配置。
Heavy metals contamination is one of the global environmental concern, currently, for its low-cost, environmentally-friendly and other characteristics, the technology of phytoremediation is becoming a significant method to remove the contaminat of the agricultural soil.
Relied on the project called "Core-Technology Research of Ecological Remediation in Contaminated Farmland with Heavy Metals" (Item Number: E-2007-06 and 2007). By the field experiments, this thesis studied on the remediation potential and bioconcentration characteristics of three hyperaccumulators grown in the contaminated agricultural soil with heavy metals, and the remediation effects of seven configuration of hyperaccumulators, then the best configuration also has been screened out; the effect of Superphosphate in different levels on biological activity, as well as on the remediation effects for seven configuration of hyperaccumulators was evaluated. The results indicated as follows:
(Ⅰ) A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the phyremediation abilities of three hyperaccumulators, including Tephrosia candida, Solanum nigrum and Pteris nervosa. These experimental fields were contaminated with Pb, Cd and As. The results indicated that Tephrosia candida accumulated 365.071 mg·kg-1Pb, Solanum nigrum accumulated 22.109 mg·kg-1Cd, and Pteris nervosa accumulated 282.698 mg·kg-1As (dry weight) in shoots, with transfer factors (TF) up to 2.569,1.692 and 1.611, respectively. The phytoextraction rates (PER) of Tephrosia candida, Solanum nigrum and Pteris nervosa for Pb, Cd and As were at 1.257%,2.550% and 0.224%, respectively. To control the polluting situation and remediate the contaminated agricultural soil, the remediation years of Tephrosia candida to removal Pb is 2.847 a, Solanum nigrum to removal Cd is 9.953 a, and Pteris nervosa to removal As is 101.023 a, with the assumption that the harvested times each year was two times, three times and three times, respectively. The three tested plants were proved to have the potential value in use of remediation the contaminated field soil.
(Ⅱ) The experimental plots were carried out to research the remediation effects of seven configuration of hyperaccumulators. The results indicated that the plots decline in the value of Pb, Cd and As up to 11.492 mg·kg-1,0.177 mg·kg-1 and 3.376 mg·kg-1, with individual planting of Tephrosia candida, Solanum nigrum and Pteris nervosa, respectively, which indicate that the hyperaccumulators have the huge remediation capacity and potential application prospects in contaminated soil. The comprehensive assessment by improved model of AHP results indicated that the best configuration to remediate this contaminated soil, was individual planting of Cd hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum, and followed by mixed planting of Solanum nigrum and Pteris nervosa.
(Ⅲ) The effect of Superphosphate in different levels on biological activity was evaluated. It is indicated that the residual fraction was the main existing fractions of Pb, Cd and As, and the strongest biological activity of three heavy metals was Cd. With increasing in the amount of Superphosphate, the biological activity of Pb, Cd and As, had a significant trend of downward, erratic subtle change and first increase then decrease, respectively, which indicated that the vary effects of Superphosphate on biological activity of heavy metals in different levels do exist.
(IV) The effect of Superphosphate in different levels on the remediation effects for seven configuration of hyperaccumulators was studied. The results indicated that the increased rates curve of removal of Pb, Cd and As were showing a significant trend of decline, upward, and decline after first increase, respectively, within 0-600 kg·ha-1 by increasing the amount of Superphosphate. The comprehensive assessment by improved model of AHP results indicated that the best configuration to remediate this contaminated soil, was the amount of 600 kg·ha-1 Superphosphate and individual planting of Cd hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum.
本论文依托国家环境保护科技项目及云南省环境保护专项项目《重金属复合污染农田生态修复的关键技术研究》(项目编号：E-2007-06和2007[262]),通过田间试验研究了重金属超富集植物短萼灰叶(Tephrosia candida)、龙葵(Solanum nigrum)和大叶井口边草(Pteris nervosa)3种植物在重金属复合污染农田土壤上对重金属的富集特征,以及对重金属复合污染农田的修复潜力；研究了7个超富集植物物种配置对重金属复合污染农田土壤的修复效果,并筛选出最佳的物种配置；研究了不同水平过磷酸钙对土壤重金属生物活性及7个超富集植物物种配置修复效果的影响。主要研究结果如下：
(1)对Pb超富集植物短萼灰叶、Cd超富集植物龙葵和As超富集植物大叶井口边草进行重金属富集特征及重金属复合污染土壤修复潜力的研究。结果表明,短萼灰叶地上部Pb、龙葵地上部Cd和大叶井口边草地上部As的含量分别达到了365.071mg·kg-1、22.109 mg·kg-1和282.698mg·kg-1,转运系数分别为2.569、1.692和1.611；短萼灰叶对Pb的提取率、龙葵对Cd的提取率及大叶井口边草对As的提取率分别为1.257%、2.550%和0.224%；在假设短萼灰叶、龙葵和大叶井口边草每年收割次数分别为2次、3次和3次的前提下,全面实现重金属复合污染农田土壤的治理污染和修复目的,需利用短萼灰叶对Pb修复2.847a、龙葵对Cd修复9.953a及大叶井口边草对As修复101.023a。3种供试植物在重金属复合污染农田土壤植物修复技术中具有潜在的利用价值。
(2)通过效果试验小区,对7个超富集植物物种配置进行修复重金属复合污染农田土壤效果的研究。结果表明,种植短萼灰叶小区土壤中Pb的下降值、种植龙葵小区土壤中Cd的下降值及种植大叶井口边草小区土壤中As的下降值分别达11.492mg·kg-1、0.177 mg·kg-1和3.376mg·kg-1,为无种植植物小区的1915.3倍、88.5倍和1688.0倍,显示出3种超富集植物对对应重金属污染土壤的巨大修复能力和潜在应用前景；采用层次分析法的改进模型进行综合评估结果表明,修复该重金属复合污染农田土壤的最佳物种配置为单种Cd超富集植物龙葵,其次为龙葵和大叶井口边草混种。
(3)研究了不同水平过磷酸钙对土壤重金属生物活性的影响。结果表明,重金属Pb、Cd和As均以残渣态为主要存在形态,且以Cd的生物活性为最强；随着过磷酸钙施加量的增加,Pb的生物活性呈下降趋势、Cd的生物活性显无规律的细微变化,而As的生物活性显先上升后下降的明显规律,这说明不同水平过磷酸钙对重金属生物活性的影响各不相同。
(4)通过不同水平过磷酸钙处理进行7个超富集植物物种配置修复效率影响的研究。结果表明,在施加量0-600kg·ha-1的范围内,随着施加量的增加,短萼灰叶对Pb修复率的提高幅度显下降趋势、龙葵对Cd修复率的提高值显上升趋势,而大叶井口边草对As修复率的提升幅度则显现出先上升后下降的明显趋势；采用层次分析法的改进模型进行综合评估结果表明,在过磷酸钙施加量600kg·ha-1的前提下,单种Cd超富集植物龙葵为修复该重金属复合污染农田土壤的最佳物种配置。
Heavy metals contamination is one of the global environmental concern, currently, for its low-cost, environmentally-friendly and other characteristics, the technology of phytoremediation is becoming a significant method to remove the contaminat of the agricultural soil.
Relied on the project called "Core-Technology Research of Ecological Remediation in Contaminated Farmland with Heavy Metals" (Item Number: E-2007-06 and 2007). By the field experiments, this thesis studied on the remediation potential and bioconcentration characteristics of three hyperaccumulators grown in the contaminated agricultural soil with heavy metals, and the remediation effects of seven configuration of hyperaccumulators, then the best configuration also has been screened out; the effect of Superphosphate in different levels on biological activity, as well as on the remediation effects for seven configuration of hyperaccumulators was evaluated. The results indicated as follows:
(Ⅰ) A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the phyremediation abilities of three hyperaccumulators, including Tephrosia candida, Solanum nigrum and Pteris nervosa. These experimental fields were contaminated with Pb, Cd and As. The results indicated that Tephrosia candida accumulated 365.071 mg·kg-1Pb, Solanum nigrum accumulated 22.109 mg·kg-1Cd, and Pteris nervosa accumulated 282.698 mg·kg-1As (dry weight) in shoots, with transfer factors (TF) up to 2.569,1.692 and 1.611, respectively. The phytoextraction rates (PER) of Tephrosia candida, Solanum nigrum and Pteris nervosa for Pb, Cd and As were at 1.257%,2.550% and 0.224%, respectively. To control the polluting situation and remediate the contaminated agricultural soil, the remediation years of Tephrosia candida to removal Pb is 2.847 a, Solanum nigrum to removal Cd is 9.953 a, and Pteris nervosa to removal As is 101.023 a, with the assumption that the harvested times each year was two times, three times and three times, respectively. The three tested plants were proved to have the potential value in use of remediation the contaminated field soil.
(Ⅱ) The experimental plots were carried out to research the remediation effects of seven configuration of hyperaccumulators. The results indicated that the plots decline in the value of Pb, Cd and As up to 11.492 mg·kg-1,0.177 mg·kg-1 and 3.376 mg·kg-1, with individual planting of Tephrosia candida, Solanum nigrum and Pteris nervosa, respectively, which indicate that the hyperaccumulators have the huge remediation capacity and potential application prospects in contaminated soil. The comprehensive assessment by improved model of AHP results indicated that the best configuration to remediate this contaminated soil, was individual planting of Cd hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum, and followed by mixed planting of Solanum nigrum and Pteris nervosa.
(Ⅲ) The effect of Superphosphate in different levels on biological activity was evaluated. It is indicated that the residual fraction was the main existing fractions of Pb, Cd and As, and the strongest biological activity of three heavy metals was Cd. With increasing in the amount of Superphosphate, the biological activity of Pb, Cd and As, had a significant trend of downward, erratic subtle change and first increase then decrease, respectively, which indicated that the vary effects of Superphosphate on biological activity of heavy metals in different levels do exist.
(IV) The effect of Superphosphate in different levels on the remediation effects for seven configuration of hyperaccumulators was studied. The results indicated that the increased rates curve of removal of Pb, Cd and As were showing a significant trend of decline, upward, and decline after first increase, respectively, within 0-600 kg·ha-1 by increasing the amount of Superphosphate. The comprehensive assessment by improved model of AHP results indicated that the best configuration to remediate this contaminated soil, was the amount of 600 kg·ha-1 Superphosphate and individual planting of Cd hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum.
引文
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