基于概念隐喻和概念整合理论的中英文“生气”概念化对比研究
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摘要
本文以人类基本情感之一“生气”的概念化为切入点,分析汉语和英语中“生气”概念化过程的异同并进行理据分析。
体验哲学认为隐喻映射植根于人类的生理构造、身体体验和人类赖以生存的物质世界。汉语和英语中关于“生气”的隐喻和转喻句都基于“生气”的生理表现和人类生气时的身体体验。本文首先以“生气”时脸色变化为个案,分析中英文相关的隐喻和转喻句,对中英文“生气”的概念化进行了初步地对比研究。然后,利用大量新的语料,全面对比了中英文“生气”的概念化的过程。
本文由五章构成,第一章介绍了本文的研究目标、文章结构和研究方法。第二章进行文献综述,论述了本文的理论基础和相关的研究成果。第三章和第四章是本文的主体部分。利用两种理论,从局部到整体,从表层到深层地分析了中英文“生气”概念化的异同并进行理据分析。第五章总结本文的研究意义并指出不足之处。
本文利用大量的语料系统地对比了中英文“生气”的概念化过程。其中,对表达“生气”的涉及脸色变化的隐喻和转喻句进行的个案分析是一个新的研究视角。汉语和英语中有相同的描述“生气”的隐喻和转喻句,但两种语言中同时又有自己独特的表达“生气”的隐喻和转喻句,本文进一步对这类现象进行了对比分析,分析两种语言中“生气”的概念化的异同。此外,本文引入了概念整合理论,弥补了单独利用概念隐喻理论的两域论解释中英文“生气”的概念化过程的不足,从而可以对中英文“生气”概念化过程进行比较全面地揭示和对比。
通过系统地分析、研究,本文得出如下结论:1)中文和英文“生气”的概念化过程有共性也有差别。2)综合利用概念隐喻理论和概念整合理论,可以对中英文“生气”的概念化过程进行全面地解释和对比分析。3)中英文“生气”的概念化受英汉不同的语言特点和文化因素的影响。
本文的研究对跨文化交流、英汉互译和外语教学都有一定的理论意义和实践价值。
The main purpose of this thesis is to make a comparative study of the conceptualization of ANGER in English and Chinese aiming at revealing the factors underlying the similarities and differences in these processes.
Embodiment Philosophy argues that our primary and most highly structured experience is with physical realm. Metaphors and metonymies of ANGER in English and Chinese are based on the physiological effects of anger. This thesis first conducted a case study on the metaphors and metonymies involving changes of facial color in English and Chinese. Then, conceptualization of ANGER in English and Chinese are compared in detail based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Blending Theory.
There are five chapters in this thesis. Chapter one introduces the objective, layout and methodology; chapter two gives a short literature review on the previous theories and studies; chapter three and chapter four constitute the main body of this thesis; chapter five is the concluding part of this thesis.
This thesis presents a systematic comparison on the conceptualization of ANGER in English and Chinese. Conducting a case study on the metaphors and metonymies of facial color is a new perspective. There are similar metaphors and metonymies of ANGER in English and Chinese as well as language-specific ones into which this thesis makes a deep analysis. The traditional two domains in Conceptual Metaphor Theory are insufficient in explaining the complete conceptualization process; therefore, Conceptual Blending Theory is also used.
This thesis comes to the following conclusions: 1) There are similarities and differences in the conceptualization of ANGER in English and Chinese; 2) Using both Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Blending Theory renders a better understanding of the conceptualization of anger. 3) Specific language characteristics and certain cultural factors influence the conceptualization of anger in these two languages.
The current study hopes to benefit cross-cultural communication, English-Chinese translation and teaching English as a foreign language.
体验哲学认为隐喻映射植根于人类的生理构造、身体体验和人类赖以生存的物质世界。汉语和英语中关于“生气”的隐喻和转喻句都基于“生气”的生理表现和人类生气时的身体体验。本文首先以“生气”时脸色变化为个案,分析中英文相关的隐喻和转喻句,对中英文“生气”的概念化进行了初步地对比研究。然后,利用大量新的语料,全面对比了中英文“生气”的概念化的过程。
本文由五章构成,第一章介绍了本文的研究目标、文章结构和研究方法。第二章进行文献综述,论述了本文的理论基础和相关的研究成果。第三章和第四章是本文的主体部分。利用两种理论,从局部到整体,从表层到深层地分析了中英文“生气”概念化的异同并进行理据分析。第五章总结本文的研究意义并指出不足之处。
本文利用大量的语料系统地对比了中英文“生气”的概念化过程。其中,对表达“生气”的涉及脸色变化的隐喻和转喻句进行的个案分析是一个新的研究视角。汉语和英语中有相同的描述“生气”的隐喻和转喻句,但两种语言中同时又有自己独特的表达“生气”的隐喻和转喻句,本文进一步对这类现象进行了对比分析,分析两种语言中“生气”的概念化的异同。此外,本文引入了概念整合理论,弥补了单独利用概念隐喻理论的两域论解释中英文“生气”的概念化过程的不足,从而可以对中英文“生气”概念化过程进行比较全面地揭示和对比。
通过系统地分析、研究,本文得出如下结论:1)中文和英文“生气”的概念化过程有共性也有差别。2)综合利用概念隐喻理论和概念整合理论,可以对中英文“生气”的概念化过程进行全面地解释和对比分析。3)中英文“生气”的概念化受英汉不同的语言特点和文化因素的影响。
本文的研究对跨文化交流、英汉互译和外语教学都有一定的理论意义和实践价值。
The main purpose of this thesis is to make a comparative study of the conceptualization of ANGER in English and Chinese aiming at revealing the factors underlying the similarities and differences in these processes.
Embodiment Philosophy argues that our primary and most highly structured experience is with physical realm. Metaphors and metonymies of ANGER in English and Chinese are based on the physiological effects of anger. This thesis first conducted a case study on the metaphors and metonymies involving changes of facial color in English and Chinese. Then, conceptualization of ANGER in English and Chinese are compared in detail based on Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Blending Theory.
There are five chapters in this thesis. Chapter one introduces the objective, layout and methodology; chapter two gives a short literature review on the previous theories and studies; chapter three and chapter four constitute the main body of this thesis; chapter five is the concluding part of this thesis.
This thesis presents a systematic comparison on the conceptualization of ANGER in English and Chinese. Conducting a case study on the metaphors and metonymies of facial color is a new perspective. There are similar metaphors and metonymies of ANGER in English and Chinese as well as language-specific ones into which this thesis makes a deep analysis. The traditional two domains in Conceptual Metaphor Theory are insufficient in explaining the complete conceptualization process; therefore, Conceptual Blending Theory is also used.
This thesis comes to the following conclusions: 1) There are similarities and differences in the conceptualization of ANGER in English and Chinese; 2) Using both Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Conceptual Blending Theory renders a better understanding of the conceptualization of anger. 3) Specific language characteristics and certain cultural factors influence the conceptualization of anger in these two languages.
The current study hopes to benefit cross-cultural communication, English-Chinese translation and teaching English as a foreign language.
引文
Barcelona,A.(2000).Metaphor and metonymy at the crossroads:A cognitive perspective.Berlin/New York:Mouton de Gruyter.
Barnet,V.(1994).Contrastive Comparison and other Types of Polylingual Description.In Luelsdorff et al.(Ed.),Praguiana:1945-1990(pp.223-231).John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Brown,R.H.(1987).Society as text:Essays on rhetoric,reason,and reality.Chicago,Illinois:The University of Chicago Press.
Chen,Z.(1989).Zang Xiang Theory of Internal Organs.In W.Jin(Ed.),Jiating yixue quanshu[Family.medicine](pp.1003-1012).Shanghai,China:Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Coulson,S.(1996).Menendez Brothers Virus:Blended Spaces and Internet Humor.In A.Goldberg(Ed.),Conceptual structure,discourse and language(pp.67-81).Stanford:CSLI publications.
Coulson,S.(2001).Semantic leaps:frame-shifting and conceptual blending in meaning construction.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier,G.,& Turner,M.(1994).Conceptual Projection and Middle Spaces(Report No.9401).Institute for Cognitive Science,University of California,San Diego.
Fauconnier,G.,& Turner,M.(1996).Blending as a Central Process of Grammar.In A.Goldberg(Ed.).Conceptual Structure,Discourse and language(pp.113-131).Stanford:CSLI Publications.
Fauconnier,G.,& Turner,M.(1998,February).Conceptual Integration Networks.Cognitive Science,pp.133-187.
Fauconnier,G.,& Turner,M.(2002).The way we think:Conceptual blending and the mind's hidden complexities.New York:Basic Books.
Fauconnier,G.(1985).Mental spaces:Aspects of meaning construction in natural language.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Fauconnier,G.(1997).Mappings in thought and language.Cambridge,U.K:Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier,G.(2001).Conceptual Blending and Analogy.In G.Dedre,K.Holyoak,& B.Kokinov (Ed.),The analogical mind:Perspectives from cognitive science(pp.55-286).Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Fauconnier,G.(2005).Compression and Emergent Structure.In S.Huang(Ed.),Language and linguistics(pp.523-538).http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/～faucon/CES.pdf
Forceville,C.(2004,January).Review of Gilles Fauconnier and MarkTurner-The Way We Think:Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities.Metaphor and symbol,pp.83-89.
复旦大学,2000,英文世界名著1000部[English classics 1000].上海:复旦大学出版社。
Gibbs,R.,Jr.(2000,March/April).Making Good Psychology out of Blending Theory.Cognitive linguistics,pp.347-358.
Grady,J.(1997,April).Theories are Buildings Revisited.Cognitive linguistics,pp.267-290.
Grady,J.(2000,March/April).Cognitive Mechanisms of Conceptual Integration.Cognitive linguistics,pp.335-345.
Grice,H.P.(1975).Logic and Conversation.In P.Cole & J.L.Morgan(Ed.) Syntax and semantics(pp 41-58).New York:Academic Press.
Huang,z.J.[黄祖江],2002,谈汉语表示“愤怒”的概念隐喻.西南民族学院学报 哲学社会科学版(6):186-188.
Johnson,M.(1987).The body in the mind.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Johnson-Laird,P.N.,& Oatley,K.J.(1989).Are there only two primitive emotions? Cognition and emotion.New York:Cambridge University Press.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.,& Lakoff,G.(1987).Metaphors of anger,pride and love.Philadelphia:John Benjamins Pubishing Co.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(1988).The language of love:The semantics of passion in conversational English.Lewisburg,PA:Bushnell University Press.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(1990).Metaphors of anger,pride,and love:A lexical Approach to the Structure of Concepts.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(1991,January).Happiness:a definitional effort.Metaphor and Symbolic Activity,pp.29-46.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(2000).Metaphor and emotion:Language,culture,and body in human feeling.Cambridge/New York:Cambridge University Press.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(2005).Embodiment,Experiential Focus,and Diachronic Change in Metaphor.In R.W.McConchie et al.(Ed.),Selected proceedings of the 2005 Symposium on New Approaches in English Historical Lexis(HEL-LEX)(pp.1-7).Somerville,MA:Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Lakoff,G.,& Johnson,M.(1980).Metaphors we live by.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff,G.,& Johnson,M.(1999).Philosophy in the flesh:The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought.New York:Basic Books.
Lakoff,G.,& K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(1987).The cognitive model of anger inherent in American English.Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Lakoff,G.,& Turner,M.(1989).More than Cool Reason:a field guide to poetic metaphor.Chicago and London:University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff,G.(1987).Women,fire,and dangerous things:what categories reveal about the mind.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Lan,C.[蓝纯],2003,A cognitive approach to spatial metaphors in English and Chinese.
Levenson,R.W.,Ekman P.,Heider K.,& Friesen W.V.(1992,June).Emotion and automatic nervous system activity in the Minangkabau of West Sumatra.Journal of personality and social psychology,pp.972-988.
Lin,Sh,W.[林书武],1998,“愤怒”的概念隐喻.外语与外语教学(2):9-13.
Ma.Q.H.[马清华],2000,隐喻意义的抽取与文化认知.外语教学与研究(4)
Mish F.C.et al.(1977).Webster's new collegiate dictionary.Springfield,Mass:Merriam-Webster.
Ning,Q.X.[宁全新],1998,Anger与隐喻.外国语(5):69-72.
Panther,K.,& Radden,G..(1999).Metonymy in language and thought.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
Plutchik,R.(1994).The psychology and biology of emotion.New York:Harper Collins.
Radden,G.,& K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(1999).Towards a Theory of Metonymy.In K.U.Panther & G.Radden(Ed.),Metonymy in language and thought(pp.17-59).Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Richards,I.A.(1965).The philosophy of rhetoric.Oxford University Press.
Rosaldo,M.Z.(1984).Towards and Anthropology of Self and Feeling.In R.Shweder & R.Levine(Ed.),Culture theory:essays on mind,self and emotion(pp.137-157).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Rosenberg,E.L.(1998,February).Levels of analysis and the organization of effect.Review of general psychology,pp.247-270.
Sapir,E.(1949).The Unconscious patterning of Behavior in Society.In D.G.Mandelbaum(Ed.),Selected writing of Edward Sapir in language,culture and personality(pp.544-559).Berleley,Los Angeles:Unveristy of California Press.
Searle,J.R.(1993).Metaphor.In A.Ortony(Eds.),Metaphor and thought(2nd ed.)(pp.83-111).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Shu,D.F.[束定芳],2000,隐喻学研究.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
Ungerer,F.,& Shrnid,H-J.(1996).An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.New York:Longman.
Wei,D.Y.[危东亚],1995,汉英词典.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
Whorf,B.L.(1956).Language,thought and reality.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Wierzbicka,A.(1992).Semantics,culture and cognition.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Yu,N.(1995,February).Metaphorical Expressions of Anger and Happiness in English and Chinese.Metaphor and Symbolic Activity,pp.59-92.
Yu,N.(1998).The contemporary theory of metaphor:A perspective from Chinese.Amsterdam and Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Yuan,H.M,[袁红梅],2005,A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Emotion Metaphor.Master Dissertation.东南大学.
Barnet,V.(1994).Contrastive Comparison and other Types of Polylingual Description.In Luelsdorff et al.(Ed.),Praguiana:1945-1990(pp.223-231).John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Brown,R.H.(1987).Society as text:Essays on rhetoric,reason,and reality.Chicago,Illinois:The University of Chicago Press.
Chen,Z.(1989).Zang Xiang Theory of Internal Organs.In W.Jin(Ed.),Jiating yixue quanshu[Family.medicine](pp.1003-1012).Shanghai,China:Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Coulson,S.(1996).Menendez Brothers Virus:Blended Spaces and Internet Humor.In A.Goldberg(Ed.),Conceptual structure,discourse and language(pp.67-81).Stanford:CSLI publications.
Coulson,S.(2001).Semantic leaps:frame-shifting and conceptual blending in meaning construction.New York:Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier,G.,& Turner,M.(1994).Conceptual Projection and Middle Spaces(Report No.9401).Institute for Cognitive Science,University of California,San Diego.
Fauconnier,G.,& Turner,M.(1996).Blending as a Central Process of Grammar.In A.Goldberg(Ed.).Conceptual Structure,Discourse and language(pp.113-131).Stanford:CSLI Publications.
Fauconnier,G.,& Turner,M.(1998,February).Conceptual Integration Networks.Cognitive Science,pp.133-187.
Fauconnier,G.,& Turner,M.(2002).The way we think:Conceptual blending and the mind's hidden complexities.New York:Basic Books.
Fauconnier,G.(1985).Mental spaces:Aspects of meaning construction in natural language.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Fauconnier,G.(1997).Mappings in thought and language.Cambridge,U.K:Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier,G.(2001).Conceptual Blending and Analogy.In G.Dedre,K.Holyoak,& B.Kokinov (Ed.),The analogical mind:Perspectives from cognitive science(pp.55-286).Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Fauconnier,G.(2005).Compression and Emergent Structure.In S.Huang(Ed.),Language and linguistics(pp.523-538).http://www.cogsci.ucsd.edu/～faucon/CES.pdf
Forceville,C.(2004,January).Review of Gilles Fauconnier and MarkTurner-The Way We Think:Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities.Metaphor and symbol,pp.83-89.
复旦大学,2000,英文世界名著1000部[English classics 1000].上海:复旦大学出版社。
Gibbs,R.,Jr.(2000,March/April).Making Good Psychology out of Blending Theory.Cognitive linguistics,pp.347-358.
Grady,J.(1997,April).Theories are Buildings Revisited.Cognitive linguistics,pp.267-290.
Grady,J.(2000,March/April).Cognitive Mechanisms of Conceptual Integration.Cognitive linguistics,pp.335-345.
Grice,H.P.(1975).Logic and Conversation.In P.Cole & J.L.Morgan(Ed.) Syntax and semantics(pp 41-58).New York:Academic Press.
Huang,z.J.[黄祖江],2002,谈汉语表示“愤怒”的概念隐喻.西南民族学院学报 哲学社会科学版(6):186-188.
Johnson,M.(1987).The body in the mind.Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Johnson-Laird,P.N.,& Oatley,K.J.(1989).Are there only two primitive emotions? Cognition and emotion.New York:Cambridge University Press.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.,& Lakoff,G.(1987).Metaphors of anger,pride and love.Philadelphia:John Benjamins Pubishing Co.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(1988).The language of love:The semantics of passion in conversational English.Lewisburg,PA:Bushnell University Press.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(1990).Metaphors of anger,pride,and love:A lexical Approach to the Structure of Concepts.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(1991,January).Happiness:a definitional effort.Metaphor and Symbolic Activity,pp.29-46.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(2000).Metaphor and emotion:Language,culture,and body in human feeling.Cambridge/New York:Cambridge University Press.
K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(2005).Embodiment,Experiential Focus,and Diachronic Change in Metaphor.In R.W.McConchie et al.(Ed.),Selected proceedings of the 2005 Symposium on New Approaches in English Historical Lexis(HEL-LEX)(pp.1-7).Somerville,MA:Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Lakoff,G.,& Johnson,M.(1980).Metaphors we live by.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff,G.,& Johnson,M.(1999).Philosophy in the flesh:The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought.New York:Basic Books.
Lakoff,G.,& K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(1987).The cognitive model of anger inherent in American English.Philadelphia:John Benjamins.
Lakoff,G.,& Turner,M.(1989).More than Cool Reason:a field guide to poetic metaphor.Chicago and London:University of Chicago Press.
Lakoff,G.(1987).Women,fire,and dangerous things:what categories reveal about the mind.Chicago:The University of Chicago Press.
Lan,C.[蓝纯],2003,A cognitive approach to spatial metaphors in English and Chinese.
Levenson,R.W.,Ekman P.,Heider K.,& Friesen W.V.(1992,June).Emotion and automatic nervous system activity in the Minangkabau of West Sumatra.Journal of personality and social psychology,pp.972-988.
Lin,Sh,W.[林书武],1998,“愤怒”的概念隐喻.外语与外语教学(2):9-13.
Ma.Q.H.[马清华],2000,隐喻意义的抽取与文化认知.外语教学与研究(4)
Mish F.C.et al.(1977).Webster's new collegiate dictionary.Springfield,Mass:Merriam-Webster.
Ning,Q.X.[宁全新],1998,Anger与隐喻.外国语(5):69-72.
Panther,K.,& Radden,G..(1999).Metonymy in language and thought.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.
Plutchik,R.(1994).The psychology and biology of emotion.New York:Harper Collins.
Radden,G.,& K(o|¨)vecses,Z.(1999).Towards a Theory of Metonymy.In K.U.Panther & G.Radden(Ed.),Metonymy in language and thought(pp.17-59).Amsterdam/Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Richards,I.A.(1965).The philosophy of rhetoric.Oxford University Press.
Rosaldo,M.Z.(1984).Towards and Anthropology of Self and Feeling.In R.Shweder & R.Levine(Ed.),Culture theory:essays on mind,self and emotion(pp.137-157).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Rosenberg,E.L.(1998,February).Levels of analysis and the organization of effect.Review of general psychology,pp.247-270.
Sapir,E.(1949).The Unconscious patterning of Behavior in Society.In D.G.Mandelbaum(Ed.),Selected writing of Edward Sapir in language,culture and personality(pp.544-559).Berleley,Los Angeles:Unveristy of California Press.
Searle,J.R.(1993).Metaphor.In A.Ortony(Eds.),Metaphor and thought(2nd ed.)(pp.83-111).Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Shu,D.F.[束定芳],2000,隐喻学研究.上海:上海外语教育出版社.
Ungerer,F.,& Shrnid,H-J.(1996).An Introduction to Cognitive Linguistics.New York:Longman.
Wei,D.Y.[危东亚],1995,汉英词典.北京:外语教学与研究出版社.
Whorf,B.L.(1956).Language,thought and reality.Cambridge,MA:MIT Press.
Wierzbicka,A.(1992).Semantics,culture and cognition.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Yu,N.(1995,February).Metaphorical Expressions of Anger and Happiness in English and Chinese.Metaphor and Symbolic Activity,pp.59-92.
Yu,N.(1998).The contemporary theory of metaphor:A perspective from Chinese.Amsterdam and Philadelphia:John Benjamins Publishing Co.
Yuan,H.M,[袁红梅],2005,A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Emotion Metaphor.Master Dissertation.东南大学.