基于网络的无纸化考试系统的设计及实现
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摘要
无纸化考试是指利用计算机完成试题库的建立和管理、选题组卷、上机考试和阅卷评分等各个考试环节的活动,可有效地解决传统考试模式中存在的效率低下、试题质量难以控制以及试卷的保存和运输成本过高等问题,是今后考试模式的发展方向。但是,国内现有的无纸化考试系统普遍存在试题库规模不大且题型单一等问题,而且多为某一学科的专用系统,极大地限制了无纸化考试模式的推广。
结合特定应用需求,阐述了一个基于网络的无纸化考试系统IBTS(Internet Based Testing System)的设计思想,给出了系统总体设计原则,描述了系统的基本架构、工作流程及各功能模块的划分,说明了系统从试题库的最初建立到完成考试并生成成绩的一般过程。
为使系统的性能得到根本性的保障,从分析系统数据组织和处理的特点入手,通过合理设计数据库结构,同时结合教育考试理论以及恰当的数据访问技术,完成了与无纸化考试自身特点相适应的四项关键设计:基于动态菜单的用户管理机制;适用于大数据对象处理的数据访问机制;试题库建立、维护和调用过程中的选题策略;随机调整试题顺序的防作弊机制。
根据基于角色的访问控制策略设计了系统动态菜单,实现了用户与访问权限的逻辑分离。结合数据库技术的发展,通过合理地设计数据库结构,实现了试题库对多种题型的支持。根据教育考试理论动态调整试题库中的试题难度和区分度等指标的分布,使各类题型的比例趋向合理。考试开始之前试卷的题序和选项顺序都被随机打乱,从而可有效地防止考生之间可能出现的抄袭行为。
实际运行结果表明,IBTS系统能满足实际应用的需要,且具有较好的可扩展性。
Paperless examination based on computer technology is a process of establishment and management of item bank, selecting exam questions to compose exam papers, making examination on computer and grading exam papers. It can effectively improve the problems under conventional model, which are low efficiency, difficulty to control exam quality and high expense of exam papers for storage and traffic. Paperless examination is deemed to be the trend of all exam models in future, however, the exam systems at present mostly are with the defects of small scale in item bank and single exam question type, some of which are specific application in one subject direction, and these defects extremely confined the popularity of paperless examination model.
Considering some certain special application, the design theory and principle of Internet Based Testing System are expounded. The basic architecture, work flow and partition of every system functional module are described, while the process from initializing item bank to accomplishing test and generating grade is presented.
In order to guarantee the system performance thoroughly, the special characters of data organization and data process are analyzed and database structure is suitably designed. Considering the educational examination theory and proper data access technology, many key designs adapting to paperless examination are accomplished, which are user management mechanism based on dynamic menu, data access mechanism of a good flow of large data object process, selecting strategy in call course, establishment and maintenance of item bank, anti-cheating mechanism of changing the order of test questions randomly.
According to the role-based access control strategy, dynamic menu of system is designed and logic division between user and access authority is implemented. Considering the development of database technology, database structure is reasonably designed and multi exam question type is well implemented. According to the educational test theory, the distribution of exam question difficulty index and separation index are adjusted dynamically in item bank, it makes all kinds of exam question type probable. At the beginning of exam, the exam question sequence numbers and choice sequences are disordered, so it can effectively prevent cheating behaviors from exam candidates.
In practice, IBTS is able to meet the needs of practical application, and has good expansibility.
结合特定应用需求,阐述了一个基于网络的无纸化考试系统IBTS(Internet Based Testing System)的设计思想,给出了系统总体设计原则,描述了系统的基本架构、工作流程及各功能模块的划分,说明了系统从试题库的最初建立到完成考试并生成成绩的一般过程。
为使系统的性能得到根本性的保障,从分析系统数据组织和处理的特点入手,通过合理设计数据库结构,同时结合教育考试理论以及恰当的数据访问技术,完成了与无纸化考试自身特点相适应的四项关键设计:基于动态菜单的用户管理机制;适用于大数据对象处理的数据访问机制;试题库建立、维护和调用过程中的选题策略;随机调整试题顺序的防作弊机制。
根据基于角色的访问控制策略设计了系统动态菜单,实现了用户与访问权限的逻辑分离。结合数据库技术的发展,通过合理地设计数据库结构,实现了试题库对多种题型的支持。根据教育考试理论动态调整试题库中的试题难度和区分度等指标的分布,使各类题型的比例趋向合理。考试开始之前试卷的题序和选项顺序都被随机打乱,从而可有效地防止考生之间可能出现的抄袭行为。
实际运行结果表明,IBTS系统能满足实际应用的需要,且具有较好的可扩展性。
Paperless examination based on computer technology is a process of establishment and management of item bank, selecting exam questions to compose exam papers, making examination on computer and grading exam papers. It can effectively improve the problems under conventional model, which are low efficiency, difficulty to control exam quality and high expense of exam papers for storage and traffic. Paperless examination is deemed to be the trend of all exam models in future, however, the exam systems at present mostly are with the defects of small scale in item bank and single exam question type, some of which are specific application in one subject direction, and these defects extremely confined the popularity of paperless examination model.
Considering some certain special application, the design theory and principle of Internet Based Testing System are expounded. The basic architecture, work flow and partition of every system functional module are described, while the process from initializing item bank to accomplishing test and generating grade is presented.
In order to guarantee the system performance thoroughly, the special characters of data organization and data process are analyzed and database structure is suitably designed. Considering the educational examination theory and proper data access technology, many key designs adapting to paperless examination are accomplished, which are user management mechanism based on dynamic menu, data access mechanism of a good flow of large data object process, selecting strategy in call course, establishment and maintenance of item bank, anti-cheating mechanism of changing the order of test questions randomly.
According to the role-based access control strategy, dynamic menu of system is designed and logic division between user and access authority is implemented. Considering the development of database technology, database structure is reasonably designed and multi exam question type is well implemented. According to the educational test theory, the distribution of exam question difficulty index and separation index are adjusted dynamically in item bank, it makes all kinds of exam question type probable. At the beginning of exam, the exam question sequence numbers and choice sequences are disordered, so it can effectively prevent cheating behaviors from exam candidates.
In practice, IBTS is able to meet the needs of practical application, and has good expansibility.
引文
[1]计正荣.运用现代信息技术转变学生学习方式.网络科技时代,2007,(2):95～96
[2] B. Ibrahim, S.D. Franklin. Advanced educational uses of the world-wide web. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 1995, 27(6): 871～877
[3]明丽宏.网络教学模式势在必行.科技咨询导报,2007,(7):226～227
[4] Junichi Azuma. Creating Educational web sites. IEEE Communication Magazine, 1999, (3): 109～113
[5]王新耀.无纸化考试系统对计算机等级考试促进作用的分析.成都航空职业技术学院学报(综合版),2006,22(1):45～46
[6]郝莹.网上无纸化考试系统的意义与实现.北京建筑工程学院学报,2000,16(2):108～113
[7] J. Messing. Online examinations in an academic environment: a case study at Charles Sturt University. in: ITHET. Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference. 2004. ITHET, 2004. 331～336
[8] P. Suppes. Computer technology and the future of education. Phi Delta Kappan, 1968. 420～423
[9] Robert D. Doverspike. Future Transport Network Architectures. IEEE Communication Magazine, 1999, (8): 96～101
[10]黄安健.实现无纸化考试的二项技术处理.上海应用技术学院学报,2003,3(1):66～68
[11]杨牧祥,王占波.考试系统网络版研究与应用.河北中医药学报,1999,14(4):42～44
[12]朱国华,汪远征,夏敏捷等.网络考试软件的设计.计算机工程与应用,1999,10(4):57～60
[13]冰川.Prometric:净化IT认证生态系统.软件工程师,2003,(12):52～53
[14]段会川,郑向伟,杨敏等.一种基于NT网的机动车驾驶员考试系统.计算机工程与应用,1999,(4):127～128
[15]方风波.基于ASP的无纸化考试系统的设计与实现.软件导刊,2006,(21):94～95
[16]李宏光.《计算机文化基础》无纸化考试系统的设计.滨州师专学报,1999,15(4):70～71
[17]周娟,廖义奎,刘红军.基于ASP和SQL Server的通用网络考试系统设计.广西民族学院学报(自然科学版),2003,9(1):53～55
[18] Oracle. Enterprise DBA Part 1A: Architecture and Administration. America: Oracle Corporation, 1999. 5～7
[19] Dale A. Harris. Online distance education in the United States. IEEE Communication Magazine, 1999, (3): 87～91
[20]朱德全,宋乃庆.现代教育统计与测评技术.第一版.重庆:西南师范大学出版社,2000.12～36
[21]仇芒仙,孙桂利.试题库管理系统中题库建模技术的探讨.山西师大学报(自然科学版),2003,17(3):11～16
[22]李竹宁.试卷质量的统计分析与评价.教学与管理,2006,(36):60～62
[23] D. Garlan, M. Shaw. An Introduction to Software Architecture. Advances in Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering. (First Edition). New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Co. 1993.13～56
[24] D.E. Perry et al. Foundations for the study of software architecture. SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 1992, 17(4): 40～52
[25]车敦仁,周立柱,蒋维杜.软件体系结构、应用平台及框架仓库技术.计算机研究与发展,1996,33(7):501～506
[26]左爱群,黄水松.软件体系结构的发展与研究.计算机工程与应用,1999,35(3):19～21
[27]陈豪,孙正义,张德富.三层客户服务器体系结构的一个应用实例.计算机工程与应用,2000,36(3):173～175
[28]张友生.软件体系结构.第一版.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.59～62
[29] D. A. Menasce, H. A. Gommaa. A method for design and performance modeling of client/server systems. IEEE Trans on Software Engineering, 2000, 26(11): 1066～1085
[30]李琪林,刘强,周明天.论中间件技术及其分类.四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,24(6):657～660
[31] Hafedh Mili, Fatma Mili, Ali Mili. Reusing Software: Issue and Research Direction. IEEE Trans on Software Engineering, 1995, 21(6): 528～535.
[32]杨芙清,梅宏,吕建等.浅论软件技术发展.电子学报,2002,30(12A):1901～1906
[33]武剑,牛文琪.数据库访问中间件的研究和构造.北京轻工业学院学报,2000,18(2):13～18
[34]付鸿鹄.面向数据库的中间件技术——数字图书馆关键技术.现代图书情报技术,2000,83(6):29～31
[35]张伟华,祁新.中间件在远程调用技术的研究及在TreeSVR中的应用.上海铁道大学学报,1999,20(10):49～53
[36]韩伟红,贾焰,王志英.对象事务管理中间件的设计与实现.微计算机应用,2001,22(1):1～4
[37]胡雅庆.面向消息中间件的设计与实现.计算机与现代化,2001,25(3):41～45
[38]陈新,梁选勤,崔智.ODBC的原理、结构和开发技术探讨.小型微型计算机系统,1997,18(2):44～49
[39]才晓峰,刘同明.一种新的数据库访问技术——OLE DB接口技术.华东船舶工业学院学报,2001,15(5):16～20
[40] J.A. Blakeley. Universal data access with OLE DB. in: Bob Werner eds. Compcon'97 Proceedings. San Jose. 1997. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997. 2～7
[41]李寿兵,张佑生.ADO数据存取技术.微型电脑应用,2000,16(6):49～56
[42]成功,杨佃福.VC中几种数据库访问技术的比较与选择.计算机应用研究,2002,19(2):82～84
[43]张奔,王志新,张华.基于ODBC的Visual C++应用程序设计研究.计算机应用,1998,18(11):12～14
[44] R. S. Sandhu, E. J. Coyne, H. L. Feinstein. Role-Based Access Control Models. IEEE Computer, 1996, 29(2): 38~47
[45] Suhyung Jo. Kiyoung Kim. A Study of Security Policy Enforcement using Priority.in:SICE-ICASE. International Joint Conference, 2006. SICE, 2006. 3726～3729
[46] R. S. Sandhu, V. Bhamidipati, Q. Munawer. The ARBAC97 Model for Role-Based Administration of Roles. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, 1999, 2(1): 105～135
[2] B. Ibrahim, S.D. Franklin. Advanced educational uses of the world-wide web. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 1995, 27(6): 871～877
[3]明丽宏.网络教学模式势在必行.科技咨询导报,2007,(7):226～227
[4] Junichi Azuma. Creating Educational web sites. IEEE Communication Magazine, 1999, (3): 109～113
[5]王新耀.无纸化考试系统对计算机等级考试促进作用的分析.成都航空职业技术学院学报(综合版),2006,22(1):45～46
[6]郝莹.网上无纸化考试系统的意义与实现.北京建筑工程学院学报,2000,16(2):108～113
[7] J. Messing. Online examinations in an academic environment: a case study at Charles Sturt University. in: ITHET. Information Technology Based Higher Education and Training, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference. 2004. ITHET, 2004. 331～336
[8] P. Suppes. Computer technology and the future of education. Phi Delta Kappan, 1968. 420～423
[9] Robert D. Doverspike. Future Transport Network Architectures. IEEE Communication Magazine, 1999, (8): 96～101
[10]黄安健.实现无纸化考试的二项技术处理.上海应用技术学院学报,2003,3(1):66～68
[11]杨牧祥,王占波.考试系统网络版研究与应用.河北中医药学报,1999,14(4):42～44
[12]朱国华,汪远征,夏敏捷等.网络考试软件的设计.计算机工程与应用,1999,10(4):57～60
[13]冰川.Prometric:净化IT认证生态系统.软件工程师,2003,(12):52～53
[14]段会川,郑向伟,杨敏等.一种基于NT网的机动车驾驶员考试系统.计算机工程与应用,1999,(4):127～128
[15]方风波.基于ASP的无纸化考试系统的设计与实现.软件导刊,2006,(21):94～95
[16]李宏光.《计算机文化基础》无纸化考试系统的设计.滨州师专学报,1999,15(4):70～71
[17]周娟,廖义奎,刘红军.基于ASP和SQL Server的通用网络考试系统设计.广西民族学院学报(自然科学版),2003,9(1):53～55
[18] Oracle. Enterprise DBA Part 1A: Architecture and Administration. America: Oracle Corporation, 1999. 5～7
[19] Dale A. Harris. Online distance education in the United States. IEEE Communication Magazine, 1999, (3): 87～91
[20]朱德全,宋乃庆.现代教育统计与测评技术.第一版.重庆:西南师范大学出版社,2000.12～36
[21]仇芒仙,孙桂利.试题库管理系统中题库建模技术的探讨.山西师大学报(自然科学版),2003,17(3):11～16
[22]李竹宁.试卷质量的统计分析与评价.教学与管理,2006,(36):60～62
[23] D. Garlan, M. Shaw. An Introduction to Software Architecture. Advances in Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering. (First Edition). New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Co. 1993.13～56
[24] D.E. Perry et al. Foundations for the study of software architecture. SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 1992, 17(4): 40～52
[25]车敦仁,周立柱,蒋维杜.软件体系结构、应用平台及框架仓库技术.计算机研究与发展,1996,33(7):501～506
[26]左爱群,黄水松.软件体系结构的发展与研究.计算机工程与应用,1999,35(3):19～21
[27]陈豪,孙正义,张德富.三层客户服务器体系结构的一个应用实例.计算机工程与应用,2000,36(3):173～175
[28]张友生.软件体系结构.第一版.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.59～62
[29] D. A. Menasce, H. A. Gommaa. A method for design and performance modeling of client/server systems. IEEE Trans on Software Engineering, 2000, 26(11): 1066～1085
[30]李琪林,刘强,周明天.论中间件技术及其分类.四川师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,24(6):657～660
[31] Hafedh Mili, Fatma Mili, Ali Mili. Reusing Software: Issue and Research Direction. IEEE Trans on Software Engineering, 1995, 21(6): 528～535.
[32]杨芙清,梅宏,吕建等.浅论软件技术发展.电子学报,2002,30(12A):1901～1906
[33]武剑,牛文琪.数据库访问中间件的研究和构造.北京轻工业学院学报,2000,18(2):13～18
[34]付鸿鹄.面向数据库的中间件技术——数字图书馆关键技术.现代图书情报技术,2000,83(6):29～31
[35]张伟华,祁新.中间件在远程调用技术的研究及在TreeSVR中的应用.上海铁道大学学报,1999,20(10):49～53
[36]韩伟红,贾焰,王志英.对象事务管理中间件的设计与实现.微计算机应用,2001,22(1):1～4
[37]胡雅庆.面向消息中间件的设计与实现.计算机与现代化,2001,25(3):41～45
[38]陈新,梁选勤,崔智.ODBC的原理、结构和开发技术探讨.小型微型计算机系统,1997,18(2):44～49
[39]才晓峰,刘同明.一种新的数据库访问技术——OLE DB接口技术.华东船舶工业学院学报,2001,15(5):16～20
[40] J.A. Blakeley. Universal data access with OLE DB. in: Bob Werner eds. Compcon'97 Proceedings. San Jose. 1997. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society Press, 1997. 2～7
[41]李寿兵,张佑生.ADO数据存取技术.微型电脑应用,2000,16(6):49～56
[42]成功,杨佃福.VC中几种数据库访问技术的比较与选择.计算机应用研究,2002,19(2):82～84
[43]张奔,王志新,张华.基于ODBC的Visual C++应用程序设计研究.计算机应用,1998,18(11):12～14
[44] R. S. Sandhu, E. J. Coyne, H. L. Feinstein. Role-Based Access Control Models. IEEE Computer, 1996, 29(2): 38~47
[45] Suhyung Jo. Kiyoung Kim. A Study of Security Policy Enforcement using Priority.in:SICE-ICASE. International Joint Conference, 2006. SICE, 2006. 3726～3729
[46] R. S. Sandhu, V. Bhamidipati, Q. Munawer. The ARBAC97 Model for Role-Based Administration of Roles. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security, 1999, 2(1): 105～135