基于~（137）Cs技术的中国北方农牧交错带土壤侵蚀研究
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摘要
土壤侵蚀引起的土壤退化、水体污染等一系列的生态环境问题受到全世界的关注,是系到我国农业及生态环境可持续发展的重大问题。中国北方农牧交错带作为我国退耕还林、退牧还草的重点区,自然环境与社会经济条件表现出明显的过渡性特点,是农业和牧业相互渗透,交错分布的过渡区,它是遏制荒漠化的重要生态屏障,同时也是生态脆弱地带。
本研究在我国北方农牧交错带中选取2个研究区兰州和大同,在研究区采集背景样和全样共64个样品,用美国ORTEC公司生产的型号为GMX50P4N型同轴型高纯锗γ探测器探测在不同土地利用方式下的土壤样品中的~(137)Cs含量,测得各土地利用类型中~(137)Cs含量从高到低的顺序为:平草地、平耕地、坡灌丛地、退坡耕地、果耕间作地、坡林地、坡耕地、坡草地;大同各种土地利用类型中~(137)Cs含量从高到低的顺序为:平草地、坡草地、平林地、坡耕地、平耕地、坡灌丛地。
依据背景值确定原则,分别确定研究地区的~(137)Cs背景值,研究区背景值分别为:兰州1707.4Bq/m~2、大同1836.3Bq/ m~2。再根据所确定研究区~(137)Cs背景值与所测样品~(137)Cs含量,运用Walling和He提出的质量平衡模型及~(137)Cs深度分布的扩散和迁移复合过程物理模型分别计算耕作土壤与非耕作土壤侵蚀速率。兰州不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀速率范围为1200-76000t/k m~2·a,其中坡耕地侵蚀速率最高达76000 t/km~2·a,坡草地为8300 t/km~2·a,坡林地为7500 t/km~2·a,果耕间作地地为5200t/km~2·a,坡退耕地为4100 t/km~2·a,平耕地为2300 t/km~2·a,坡灌丛地侵蚀速率为1200 t/km~2·a,平草地产生了一定的堆积,堆积速率为2860 t/km~2·a。大同采样点不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀速率范围为600-17500t/km~2·a,其中以坡耕地和平耕地的侵蚀速率最高达17500 t/ km~2·a,坡灌丛地的侵蚀速率为7700 t/km~2·a,平林地的侵蚀速率为600 t/km~2·a,其中坡草地和平草地发生了一定程度的堆积,坡草地的堆积速率为620 t/km~2·a,平草地的堆积速率为1760 t/km~2·a。
从引起土壤侵蚀的人为原因分析得知:无论地表形态是坡地还是平地,不管是农田、林地或者是灌丛,因为有了人类活动的参与,造成了不同程度的土壤颗粒的迁移,结果是导致这些土地利用类型产生了不同程度的土壤侵蚀。而基本没有人为活动影响的草地在一定程度上发生土壤侵蚀的机率比较小、程度也较弱,产生土壤堆积的机率较大。
从自然原因分析土壤侵蚀,研究区的植被覆盖度,以及当地的降雨量,大风日数,都会对研究区不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀产生一定的影响。
Soil erosion caused soil degradation, water pollution and a series of eco-environmental problems, which are not only the world’s attention, but also agriculture and eco-environmental sustainable development important problems. Farming-pastoral Transitional zone in north China, as our county returning farmland to forest and returning cropping land to grassland are the focus areas, natural environment and socio-economic conditions shown a clear transition characterized by the transition zone of the interpenetration and staggered distribution of agriculture and animal husbandry, which is curbing desertification important ecological barrier, but also ecologically fragile belts.
In this study, two study areas Lanzhou and Datong are selected in the farming-pastoral Transitional zone of north China, and collected the background samples and the entire sample a total of 64 samples, with the United States produced by ORTEC model GMX50P4N-type coaxial high purity germaniumγdetector under different land use patterns of the ~(137)Cs content in soil samples, and learned that in Lanzhou ~(137)Cs content of the land-use types in descending order was as follows: flat grassland, flat farmland, slope shrub, slope farmland, the fruit between farming, slope woodland, slope farmland, and slope grassland, and in Datong the ~(137)Cs content of various land use types in descending order was as follows: flat grassland, slope grassland, flat woodland, slope farmland, flat abandoned lands, and slope scrub.
In the study area, According to Background value principle respectively determined the background value of ~(137)Cs. the background value of the study area were as follows: Lanzhou(1707.4Bq/m~2), Datong(1836.3Bq/m~2). Then according to the study area identified by the background value of ~(137)Cs and ~(137)Cs content of the sample measured, using mass balance model and the proliferation of ~(137)Cs depth distribution and migration of complex process physical model are made by walling, and He, and respectively calculated soil erosion rate of farmland and non-tillage farmland. In Lanzhou different land use types of soil erosion rate range of 1200- 76000t/km~2·a, where slope farmland erosion rates of up to 76000 t/km~2·a, slope grassland of 8300 t/km~2·a, slope woodland for 7500 t/km~2·a, fruit farming intercropping for 5200t/km~2·a, slope abandoned lands for 4100 t/km~2·a, flat farmland for the 2300 t/km~2·a, slope shrub erosion rates for 1200 t/km~2·a , flat grassland produced a certain amount of accumulation, accumulation rate of 2860 t/km~2·a. In Datong soil erosion rate of different land use types range of 600-17500t/km~2·a, of which the erosion rates of slope farmland and flat farmland of up to 17500 t/km~2·a, the erosion rate of slope shrub 7700 t/km~2·a, flat woodland erosion rate of 600 t/km~2·a, where the slope grassland and flat grassland occurred in a certain degree of accumulation, which the accumulation rate of the grass slope 620 t/km~2·a, and the accumulation rate of flat grassland 1760 t/km~2·a.
From the analysis of man-made cause soil erosion that Whether the surface shape is slope land or flat land, and regardless of farmland, woodland or scrub, because of the involvement of human activities, resulting migration of soil particle of varying degrees, the result is leading to these land-use types had different degrees of soil erosion. Basically no impact of human activities place on the grassland in a certain extent the chances of soil erosion is relatively small, the degree of weak, resulting in greater risk of soil accumulation.
From the analysis of natural cause soil erosion, the study area's vegetation coverage, local rainfall, as well as strong wind days will be on the study area of soil erosion under different land use types have some impact.
本研究在我国北方农牧交错带中选取2个研究区兰州和大同,在研究区采集背景样和全样共64个样品,用美国ORTEC公司生产的型号为GMX50P4N型同轴型高纯锗γ探测器探测在不同土地利用方式下的土壤样品中的~(137)Cs含量,测得各土地利用类型中~(137)Cs含量从高到低的顺序为:平草地、平耕地、坡灌丛地、退坡耕地、果耕间作地、坡林地、坡耕地、坡草地;大同各种土地利用类型中~(137)Cs含量从高到低的顺序为:平草地、坡草地、平林地、坡耕地、平耕地、坡灌丛地。
依据背景值确定原则,分别确定研究地区的~(137)Cs背景值,研究区背景值分别为:兰州1707.4Bq/m~2、大同1836.3Bq/ m~2。再根据所确定研究区~(137)Cs背景值与所测样品~(137)Cs含量,运用Walling和He提出的质量平衡模型及~(137)Cs深度分布的扩散和迁移复合过程物理模型分别计算耕作土壤与非耕作土壤侵蚀速率。兰州不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀速率范围为1200-76000t/k m~2·a,其中坡耕地侵蚀速率最高达76000 t/km~2·a,坡草地为8300 t/km~2·a,坡林地为7500 t/km~2·a,果耕间作地地为5200t/km~2·a,坡退耕地为4100 t/km~2·a,平耕地为2300 t/km~2·a,坡灌丛地侵蚀速率为1200 t/km~2·a,平草地产生了一定的堆积,堆积速率为2860 t/km~2·a。大同采样点不同土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀速率范围为600-17500t/km~2·a,其中以坡耕地和平耕地的侵蚀速率最高达17500 t/ km~2·a,坡灌丛地的侵蚀速率为7700 t/km~2·a,平林地的侵蚀速率为600 t/km~2·a,其中坡草地和平草地发生了一定程度的堆积,坡草地的堆积速率为620 t/km~2·a,平草地的堆积速率为1760 t/km~2·a。
从引起土壤侵蚀的人为原因分析得知:无论地表形态是坡地还是平地,不管是农田、林地或者是灌丛,因为有了人类活动的参与,造成了不同程度的土壤颗粒的迁移,结果是导致这些土地利用类型产生了不同程度的土壤侵蚀。而基本没有人为活动影响的草地在一定程度上发生土壤侵蚀的机率比较小、程度也较弱,产生土壤堆积的机率较大。
从自然原因分析土壤侵蚀,研究区的植被覆盖度,以及当地的降雨量,大风日数,都会对研究区不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀产生一定的影响。
Soil erosion caused soil degradation, water pollution and a series of eco-environmental problems, which are not only the world’s attention, but also agriculture and eco-environmental sustainable development important problems. Farming-pastoral Transitional zone in north China, as our county returning farmland to forest and returning cropping land to grassland are the focus areas, natural environment and socio-economic conditions shown a clear transition characterized by the transition zone of the interpenetration and staggered distribution of agriculture and animal husbandry, which is curbing desertification important ecological barrier, but also ecologically fragile belts.
In this study, two study areas Lanzhou and Datong are selected in the farming-pastoral Transitional zone of north China, and collected the background samples and the entire sample a total of 64 samples, with the United States produced by ORTEC model GMX50P4N-type coaxial high purity germaniumγdetector under different land use patterns of the ~(137)Cs content in soil samples, and learned that in Lanzhou ~(137)Cs content of the land-use types in descending order was as follows: flat grassland, flat farmland, slope shrub, slope farmland, the fruit between farming, slope woodland, slope farmland, and slope grassland, and in Datong the ~(137)Cs content of various land use types in descending order was as follows: flat grassland, slope grassland, flat woodland, slope farmland, flat abandoned lands, and slope scrub.
In the study area, According to Background value principle respectively determined the background value of ~(137)Cs. the background value of the study area were as follows: Lanzhou(1707.4Bq/m~2), Datong(1836.3Bq/m~2). Then according to the study area identified by the background value of ~(137)Cs and ~(137)Cs content of the sample measured, using mass balance model and the proliferation of ~(137)Cs depth distribution and migration of complex process physical model are made by walling, and He, and respectively calculated soil erosion rate of farmland and non-tillage farmland. In Lanzhou different land use types of soil erosion rate range of 1200- 76000t/km~2·a, where slope farmland erosion rates of up to 76000 t/km~2·a, slope grassland of 8300 t/km~2·a, slope woodland for 7500 t/km~2·a, fruit farming intercropping for 5200t/km~2·a, slope abandoned lands for 4100 t/km~2·a, flat farmland for the 2300 t/km~2·a, slope shrub erosion rates for 1200 t/km~2·a , flat grassland produced a certain amount of accumulation, accumulation rate of 2860 t/km~2·a. In Datong soil erosion rate of different land use types range of 600-17500t/km~2·a, of which the erosion rates of slope farmland and flat farmland of up to 17500 t/km~2·a, the erosion rate of slope shrub 7700 t/km~2·a, flat woodland erosion rate of 600 t/km~2·a, where the slope grassland and flat grassland occurred in a certain degree of accumulation, which the accumulation rate of the grass slope 620 t/km~2·a, and the accumulation rate of flat grassland 1760 t/km~2·a.
From the analysis of man-made cause soil erosion that Whether the surface shape is slope land or flat land, and regardless of farmland, woodland or scrub, because of the involvement of human activities, resulting migration of soil particle of varying degrees, the result is leading to these land-use types had different degrees of soil erosion. Basically no impact of human activities place on the grassland in a certain extent the chances of soil erosion is relatively small, the degree of weak, resulting in greater risk of soil accumulation.
From the analysis of natural cause soil erosion, the study area's vegetation coverage, local rainfall, as well as strong wind days will be on the study area of soil erosion under different land use types have some impact.
引文
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