失业保险促进就业功能研究
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摘要
失业,是一个困扰世界的难题。对个体而言失业会对心理健康、家庭和睦、社会地位等产生重要影响,普遍存在的失业问题则会关系到社会秩序的安定。在我国,随着改革开放以及我国社会转型的逐步深入,失业问题在一些时期和地区更几乎达到了影响社会安全稳定的临界状态。解决失业问题的关键在于促进就业,从促进就业的视角去分析我国的失业保险制度,通过改革我国失业保险制度达到促进就业的目的,有十分重要的现实紧迫性和重要的理论意义。本文通过对沈阳市TX区的实证研究,主要从促进就业的研究视角,对失业保险这一社会政策做一微观实证研究。通过对不同失业保险政策对象的调查研究,比较单、双收入家庭对失业保险政策的反应,即失业保险对于不同失业者是否起到促进就业的有效作用,这种作用对不同失业者效果的差别是什么,现有的政策在具体执行之中和政策目标有哪些背离,是否有效促进了就业的实现,失业群体,企业和社会三者在失业保险政策的框架下是如何博弈的。并对研究中发现的问题进行了对策性的建议。
Unemployment is a problem that beset the world. Of unemployment for individuals would be mental health, family harmony, social status, a significant impact, widespread unemployment, a problem that is related to the social order and stability. In today's world, whether developed or developing countries, regardless of market economy or in transition countries have to face the hardships of unemployment, while China's special national conditions and the sudden economic crisis, more so that this problem doubly difficult.
In China, with reform and opening up, as well as the gradual deepening of China's social transformation, in some periods and regions, more unemployment has almost reached that affect social security and stability of the critical state. Due to statistical coverage and statistical methods for special reasons, China's actual unemployment situation is much worse. The seriousness of the unemployment problem in China is also reflected in the following aspects: first, an annual increase of the large number of working-age population. Second, in the process of urbanization of rural surplus labor force migrant workers. Third, because college enrollment and other factors caused the unemployment increase in the number of university graduates. To solve the unemployment problem lies in the promotion of employment, from the perspective of promoting employment to analyze China's unemployment insurance system, through reform of our unemployment insurance system to achieve the purpose of promoting employment, there is a very important and urgent, and important theoretical significance. Unemployment insurance in the deepening social transformation today, should be to maintain social stability and promoting an important mechanism for achieving social justice.
China's unemployment insurance system since its inception in 1986, initially in the protection of people's livelihood, protection of state-owned enterprise reform and economic system, the smooth transition has played a "shock absorber" role. Into the twenty-first century, more new situations but also prompted the emergence of the unemployment insurance system has a lot of inappropriate places, reflect on these issues is to further improve the unemployment insurance system in China's urgent demand. Be summarized as following: First, laws and regulations need to be improved. First, the performance of its main legislative level low. The second is the guiding principle of the track. Second, the urgent need to improve the level of protection. First, the coverage of mainly small. Second, the income compensation for poor results. Third, ignore the principle of fairness. Third, the promotion of employment function is not strong. First, its main performance benefit projects, the lack of specific operational requirements, the unemployed often do not know when and under what circumstances, by what What kind of be able to enjoy such subsidies. Second, the unemployment insurance system, the lack of employment policies and regulations and other related links. Third, payment mechanism is not conducive to the promotion of employment, including payment of sequence, the payment period, pay the standard and so to protect the life-oriented and not conducive to the promotion of employment.
In this paper, the study from the perspective of promoting employment, unemployment insurance, social policies that make a micro-empirical studies. Unemployment insurance policies through different research objects, comparing single-and double-income families on the unemployment insurance policy responses, namely, unemployment insurance, unemployed people, would serve as a catalyst for different employment, the effective role, which the difference between the different effects of the unemployed what is the specific implementation of existing policies and policy objectives among which depart from, whether the realization of the effective promotion of employment, unemployment groups, enterprises and social relativity in the framework of unemployment insurance policy, how the game, which is this innovations.
From the perspective of sociology of labor, employment and society are closely related to the job market. The labor market mainly by the different levels of a variety of occupations, that can be divided into good jobs and poor job, good job shall be excellent job market, characterized by high wages, good benefits, good working environment, technical requiring high levels of development opportunities. A bad job shall be poor employment market, since the characteristics and excellent market conditions just the opposite. This makes people more inclined to enter the market, excellent work, rather than poor first choice to enter the market, causing unemployment to wait too long, so that society as a whole rising levels of unemployment, the unemployed, the unemployment cycle is too long, thereby increasing the unemployment insurance payments pressure. However, the working poor is also somebody has to do, and because a good job on education, technology and other high requirements, open and natural with a non-exclusive, therefore, the total amount of a good job is limited. This requires the Government and the unemployment insurance management department to strengthen vocational training, advocacy, institutional encouragement and support vocational training and encourage poor start to start the work of the market, and gradually accumulated job skills, to increase market liquidity and a good job of personal capital .
This study first sort out the problems identified for the literature, there are targeted attempts in the Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, a certain district of single, dual-income families as the investigation object of study to conduct exploratory empirical research with a view to the unemployment insurance as a policy evaluation part of the basis. View of the above characteristics of the study, this study compared select literature study and qualitative study of a combination of research methods. Limited to the level of researchers, as well as the practical difficulty of sample surveys, this study used a subjective choice selection interviews with the object's methodology, introduced by friends and relatives to find interviews with the object. Do not be designing the questionnaire, only the outline design of interviews, through interviews with the object of the interview data collection and analysis to clarify the causes of the case process and the development trend, and then explain the problem and find solutions to the problem. In an interview on the specific methods for different characteristics of the respondents, maximize the use of structured interviews and non-structured interview method of combining.
In the sample, the present study adopted a subjective sample. Both the subjective and select a different type of unemployed people, different type of unemployed, the main criteria for a single-income families, or two-income families; also select a few state-owned enterprises or the private person in charge, and also interviews with a social security departments of the government officials. At the same time, but also try to consider the sample of sex, age, household income in the past and the present comparison and so on. Through interviews with data analysis, researchers found that the following key issues:
First, respect for the unemployed, the following questions: First, the state-owned enterprises in the unemployed, the main causes of unemployment because business bankruptcies. That which reflects China's economic and social transformation process, mainly in the state-owned enterprises took place among the unemployed. Older unemployed persons (usually more than 5 years of unemployment), generally do not receive the unemployment insurance payment, which part of the unemployed, mainly through the minimal needs for relief and other social security policies. Second, the unemployed laws and regulations, as well as a weak awareness of rights protection. The unemployed who do not know to participate in social insurance and enjoy the treatment is its due obligations and legal rights. Third, some of the unemployed fear of losing face, or have a tendency to superior occupational mobility, and no more pressure of life and prefer not to receive unemployment insurance. 4, the unemployment insurance system, complicated application procedures, receive fewer subsidies, can not solve the basic living problems of the unemployed, not to mention the promotion of employment, and from this sense that the existing unemployment insurance system is worthy of improvement. 5, the Government's re-employment training for out of touch with reality. Many government training, support training institutions that provide training services to a mere formality, can not effectively re-employment for the unemployed to provide the necessary services. This makes the unemployed re-employment training of government enthusiasm is low. 6, the main mode of the unemployed looking for work is to ask relatives, friends introduced the respondents in this study, only two cases to find a job through the career agency case. This shows that the two reasons: First, the unemployed looking for work, lack of initiative, and second, led by the government employment service agencies, there is no better way to provide services for the unemployed. 7, by odd and even-income families of the unemployed comparison, the majority of the unemployed tend to re-employment aspirations, but there are slight differences between the two - single-income families, unemployed because of family pressure, is more inclined to on the receiving unemployment insurance, unemployment insurance, but this part of the amount of degrees too small to maintain family life, and therefore their desire to re-employment more intense. For some dual-income families, the unemployed, because of their family income is relatively well-off pressure is not too great desire to receive insurance money is not strong, so the desire to re-employment is not too strong, and that their re-employment is more inclined to Excellent job market liquidity.
Second, for the enterprises and institutions, have the following questions: First, are basically full and timely payment of unemployment insurance, co-ordination, but have a different attitude toward unemployment insurance. Private boss, or even the mandatory government social insurance, and the voluntary nature of commercial insurance confused that participate or not participate in social insurance is the right unit. 2, from whether to assist the unemployed receiving social insurance perspective, a number of state-owned enterprises to be more proactive, while the private sector is relatively small the initiative to inform the unemployed and to assist them to receive unemployment insurance payments, for the private sector this situation, there are two main reasons: First, the private sector employee mobility, some employees work less than a year, are not entitled to conditions; the other hand, because the former employee not willing to receive. There are some special reasons. 3, from whether to participate in the Government's re-employment point of view, the impact of policies of state-owned enterprises are governed by larger, tend to absorb the unemployed people re-employed as a political task, and less economic and market considerations. While the private sector are even more inclined to consider economic factors to see is not profitable.
Third, from the perspective of the government administration, are mainly the following problems: First, potentially fraudulent behavior more prominent, hidden unemployment, difficult to monitor such a system vulnerabilities can not be avoided. Second, is to protect the form of a single, low level of insurance coverage, incentives not perfect, can not effectively restrain the frictional unemployment and promoting employment. Third, the re-employment training, become a mere formality, the lack of the unemployed, re-employment training sector, and unemployment insurance management synergies and constraints. So that the unemployed are not interested in this type of training, so that unemployment insurance in promoting re-employment function can not be effectively achieved. Fourth, coverage of the narrow, failed to effectively cover the floating population of migrant workers and so on. Fifth, punishment is not strong, the lack of relevant laws and regulations, as well as in unemployment insurance greatly reduced coercive force.
As a result, this paper put forward the following recommendations targeted:
First, improve the unemployment benefits system, and make it with the unemployment insurance system to achieve a good interface.
Second, unemployment insurance and employment service linkage. Mainly include the following measures: First, strengthening the country's employment service system; Second, unemployment and employment services, integration services, and employment services, the unemployment systematically integrated together to help the unemployed re-employed as soon as possible.
Third, enhance the management level, mainly including the following aspects: One is to raise the level of legal management; 2 is to improve the level of social management; 3 is to improve the information management level.
Unemployment is a problem that beset the world. Of unemployment for individuals would be mental health, family harmony, social status, a significant impact, widespread unemployment, a problem that is related to the social order and stability. In today's world, whether developed or developing countries, regardless of market economy or in transition countries have to face the hardships of unemployment, while China's special national conditions and the sudden economic crisis, more so that this problem doubly difficult.
In China, with reform and opening up, as well as the gradual deepening of China's social transformation, in some periods and regions, more unemployment has almost reached that affect social security and stability of the critical state. Due to statistical coverage and statistical methods for special reasons, China's actual unemployment situation is much worse. The seriousness of the unemployment problem in China is also reflected in the following aspects: first, an annual increase of the large number of working-age population. Second, in the process of urbanization of rural surplus labor force migrant workers. Third, because college enrollment and other factors caused the unemployment increase in the number of university graduates. To solve the unemployment problem lies in the promotion of employment, from the perspective of promoting employment to analyze China's unemployment insurance system, through reform of our unemployment insurance system to achieve the purpose of promoting employment, there is a very important and urgent, and important theoretical significance. Unemployment insurance in the deepening social transformation today, should be to maintain social stability and promoting an important mechanism for achieving social justice.
China's unemployment insurance system since its inception in 1986, initially in the protection of people's livelihood, protection of state-owned enterprise reform and economic system, the smooth transition has played a "shock absorber" role. Into the twenty-first century, more new situations but also prompted the emergence of the unemployment insurance system has a lot of inappropriate places, reflect on these issues is to further improve the unemployment insurance system in China's urgent demand. Be summarized as following: First, laws and regulations need to be improved. First, the performance of its main legislative level low. The second is the guiding principle of the track. Second, the urgent need to improve the level of protection. First, the coverage of mainly small. Second, the income compensation for poor results. Third, ignore the principle of fairness. Third, the promotion of employment function is not strong. First, its main performance benefit projects, the lack of specific operational requirements, the unemployed often do not know when and under what circumstances, by what What kind of be able to enjoy such subsidies. Second, the unemployment insurance system, the lack of employment policies and regulations and other related links. Third, payment mechanism is not conducive to the promotion of employment, including payment of sequence, the payment period, pay the standard and so to protect the life-oriented and not conducive to the promotion of employment.
In this paper, the study from the perspective of promoting employment, unemployment insurance, social policies that make a micro-empirical studies. Unemployment insurance policies through different research objects, comparing single-and double-income families on the unemployment insurance policy responses, namely, unemployment insurance, unemployed people, would serve as a catalyst for different employment, the effective role, which the difference between the different effects of the unemployed what is the specific implementation of existing policies and policy objectives among which depart from, whether the realization of the effective promotion of employment, unemployment groups, enterprises and social relativity in the framework of unemployment insurance policy, how the game, which is this innovations.
From the perspective of sociology of labor, employment and society are closely related to the job market. The labor market mainly by the different levels of a variety of occupations, that can be divided into good jobs and poor job, good job shall be excellent job market, characterized by high wages, good benefits, good working environment, technical requiring high levels of development opportunities. A bad job shall be poor employment market, since the characteristics and excellent market conditions just the opposite. This makes people more inclined to enter the market, excellent work, rather than poor first choice to enter the market, causing unemployment to wait too long, so that society as a whole rising levels of unemployment, the unemployed, the unemployment cycle is too long, thereby increasing the unemployment insurance payments pressure. However, the working poor is also somebody has to do, and because a good job on education, technology and other high requirements, open and natural with a non-exclusive, therefore, the total amount of a good job is limited. This requires the Government and the unemployment insurance management department to strengthen vocational training, advocacy, institutional encouragement and support vocational training and encourage poor start to start the work of the market, and gradually accumulated job skills, to increase market liquidity and a good job of personal capital .
This study first sort out the problems identified for the literature, there are targeted attempts in the Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, a certain district of single, dual-income families as the investigation object of study to conduct exploratory empirical research with a view to the unemployment insurance as a policy evaluation part of the basis. View of the above characteristics of the study, this study compared select literature study and qualitative study of a combination of research methods. Limited to the level of researchers, as well as the practical difficulty of sample surveys, this study used a subjective choice selection interviews with the object's methodology, introduced by friends and relatives to find interviews with the object. Do not be designing the questionnaire, only the outline design of interviews, through interviews with the object of the interview data collection and analysis to clarify the causes of the case process and the development trend, and then explain the problem and find solutions to the problem. In an interview on the specific methods for different characteristics of the respondents, maximize the use of structured interviews and non-structured interview method of combining.
In the sample, the present study adopted a subjective sample. Both the subjective and select a different type of unemployed people, different type of unemployed, the main criteria for a single-income families, or two-income families; also select a few state-owned enterprises or the private person in charge, and also interviews with a social security departments of the government officials. At the same time, but also try to consider the sample of sex, age, household income in the past and the present comparison and so on. Through interviews with data analysis, researchers found that the following key issues:
First, respect for the unemployed, the following questions: First, the state-owned enterprises in the unemployed, the main causes of unemployment because business bankruptcies. That which reflects China's economic and social transformation process, mainly in the state-owned enterprises took place among the unemployed. Older unemployed persons (usually more than 5 years of unemployment), generally do not receive the unemployment insurance payment, which part of the unemployed, mainly through the minimal needs for relief and other social security policies. Second, the unemployed laws and regulations, as well as a weak awareness of rights protection. The unemployed who do not know to participate in social insurance and enjoy the treatment is its due obligations and legal rights. Third, some of the unemployed fear of losing face, or have a tendency to superior occupational mobility, and no more pressure of life and prefer not to receive unemployment insurance. 4, the unemployment insurance system, complicated application procedures, receive fewer subsidies, can not solve the basic living problems of the unemployed, not to mention the promotion of employment, and from this sense that the existing unemployment insurance system is worthy of improvement. 5, the Government's re-employment training for out of touch with reality. Many government training, support training institutions that provide training services to a mere formality, can not effectively re-employment for the unemployed to provide the necessary services. This makes the unemployed re-employment training of government enthusiasm is low. 6, the main mode of the unemployed looking for work is to ask relatives, friends introduced the respondents in this study, only two cases to find a job through the career agency case. This shows that the two reasons: First, the unemployed looking for work, lack of initiative, and second, led by the government employment service agencies, there is no better way to provide services for the unemployed. 7, by odd and even-income families of the unemployed comparison, the majority of the unemployed tend to re-employment aspirations, but there are slight differences between the two - single-income families, unemployed because of family pressure, is more inclined to on the receiving unemployment insurance, unemployment insurance, but this part of the amount of degrees too small to maintain family life, and therefore their desire to re-employment more intense. For some dual-income families, the unemployed, because of their family income is relatively well-off pressure is not too great desire to receive insurance money is not strong, so the desire to re-employment is not too strong, and that their re-employment is more inclined to Excellent job market liquidity.
Second, for the enterprises and institutions, have the following questions: First, are basically full and timely payment of unemployment insurance, co-ordination, but have a different attitude toward unemployment insurance. Private boss, or even the mandatory government social insurance, and the voluntary nature of commercial insurance confused that participate or not participate in social insurance is the right unit. 2, from whether to assist the unemployed receiving social insurance perspective, a number of state-owned enterprises to be more proactive, while the private sector is relatively small the initiative to inform the unemployed and to assist them to receive unemployment insurance payments, for the private sector this situation, there are two main reasons: First, the private sector employee mobility, some employees work less than a year, are not entitled to conditions; the other hand, because the former employee not willing to receive. There are some special reasons. 3, from whether to participate in the Government's re-employment point of view, the impact of policies of state-owned enterprises are governed by larger, tend to absorb the unemployed people re-employed as a political task, and less economic and market considerations. While the private sector are even more inclined to consider economic factors to see is not profitable.
Third, from the perspective of the government administration, are mainly the following problems: First, potentially fraudulent behavior more prominent, hidden unemployment, difficult to monitor such a system vulnerabilities can not be avoided. Second, is to protect the form of a single, low level of insurance coverage, incentives not perfect, can not effectively restrain the frictional unemployment and promoting employment. Third, the re-employment training, become a mere formality, the lack of the unemployed, re-employment training sector, and unemployment insurance management synergies and constraints. So that the unemployed are not interested in this type of training, so that unemployment insurance in promoting re-employment function can not be effectively achieved. Fourth, coverage of the narrow, failed to effectively cover the floating population of migrant workers and so on. Fifth, punishment is not strong, the lack of relevant laws and regulations, as well as in unemployment insurance greatly reduced coercive force.
As a result, this paper put forward the following recommendations targeted:
First, improve the unemployment benefits system, and make it with the unemployment insurance system to achieve a good interface.
Second, unemployment insurance and employment service linkage. Mainly include the following measures: First, strengthening the country's employment service system; Second, unemployment and employment services, integration services, and employment services, the unemployment systematically integrated together to help the unemployed re-employed as soon as possible.
Third, enhance the management level, mainly including the following aspects: One is to raise the level of legal management; 2 is to improve the level of social management; 3 is to improve the information management level.
引文
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2数据来源:http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/qttjgb/qgqttjgb/t20090519_402559984.htm
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3数据来源:http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2008-12-24/143416912163.shtml
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22、王延中,“中国积极劳动政策的实践”,《管理世界》,2003年第3期。
23、信长星,“借鉴国外经验充分发挥失业保险促进就业的作用”,《中国党政干部论坛》,2007年第8期。
24、杨方方,“就业保障——失业保险制度的发展取向”,《四川财政》,2003年第2期。
25、杨方方,“构建中国的就业保障体系”,《北京行政学院学报》,2004年第2期。
26、杨伟民、罗桂芬,《失业保险》,北京,中国人民大学出版社,2000。
27、杨峰丽,“从促进就业入手构建我国失业保险法律体系”,《中国煤炭经济学院学报》,2000年6月第2期。
28、尹大明,“我国失业保险制度的改革与发展研究”,《经济体制改革》,2003年第1期。
29、张燕、王元月,“如何有效利用我国失业保险基金以促进再就业”,《中国管理科学》,2007年10月第15卷。
30、中国失业问题与财政政策研究课题组,“中国失业问题与财政政策研究”,《经济研究参考》,2005年第22期。
31、Baily,Martin Neil,“Some aspects of optimal unemployment insurance”,Journal of Public Economics 10, 1978:379-402。
32、Lentz Rasmus,“Optimal Unemployment Insurance in an Estimated Job Search Model with Saving”,University of Wisconsin Madison,2007。