磁共振血管成像数据处理方法研究
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摘要
随着磁共振成像技术(MRI)的不断发展和进步,其在临床应用日益广泛,其中磁共振血管成像(MRA)引起了人们的极大兴趣。它是显示血管和血流信号特征的一种技术,由Edelman等于1985年首先报道并用于临床。目前,与传统的血管成像技术相比,MRA是唯一无创伤、无辐射、无需依赖造影剂的血管造影技术,在血管疾病的诊断筛查中起到重要的辅助作用。
在能够采集高质量MRA血管图像的同时,人们也在努力研究并改进图像后处理技术。对于磁共振血管成像,最常用的后处理技术之一,是最大密度投影算法。考虑到常规的基于光线投射的最大密度投影算法有一些明显的缺陷,本文采取了基于错切变形变换算法的最大强度投影算法,重点对其进行了算法的实现和较小阈值的优化,并将此算法集成到上海卡勒幅磁共振技术有限公司的低场磁共振设备的软件系统中,进行了实验研究。实验表明：该算法运行良好,可以满足低场临床应用需求。本文主要研究内容如下：
(1)阐述了磁共振血管成像技术原理及相关的图像后处理技术；
(2)讨论了错切变形变换算法的数学原理；
(3)用C++实现并优化了基于错切变形变换的最大密度投影算法；
(4)把本文算法集成到上海卡勒幅磁共振技术有限公司的低场磁共振设备的商业软件中,进行了实验研究及分析讨论。
With the development and progress of magnetic resonance imaging, it has been widely applied in clinical application. And magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has aroused great interest. It is a technology to show the signal characteristics of vessels and blood flow. It was firstly reported and applied in clinical application by Edelman in 1985. At present, compared with conventional angiography, MRA is the only non-invasive, no radiation, no need to rely on the angiography contrast agents and plays an important role in the diagnosis of vascular disease.
On the one hand, people go in for acquisition high-quality MRA images, on the other hand, they work hard to study and improve the image post-processing techniques. For magnetic resonance angiography, maximum intensity projection algorithm is the most common post-processing technology. The conventional maximum intensity projection algorithm which is based on ray casting has some obvious shortcomings. Taking these shortcomings into account, this paper has adopted maximum intensity projection algorithm that is based on shear warp factorization.
After implementing this algorithm by using C++programming and optimizing it with the low threshold, I integrated the algorithm into commercial software of low-field MR equipment which belongs to the company called CMR. Then I carried out MRA experiments on the equipment, and results show that:the algorithm works well and meets clinical applications of the low-field MR equipment. This paper mainly studied as follows.
(1) Describing the principles of magnetic resonance angiography and the associated image post-processing techniques;
(2) Discussing the mathematical principle of shear warp factorization;
(3) Implementing and optimizing maximum intensity projection algorithm which is based on shear warp factorization by using C++programming;
(4) Integrating the algorithm into commercial software of Low-field magnetic resonance equipment which belongs to the CMR Company, and doing experiments study and analyzing and discussing the experimental results.
在能够采集高质量MRA血管图像的同时,人们也在努力研究并改进图像后处理技术。对于磁共振血管成像,最常用的后处理技术之一,是最大密度投影算法。考虑到常规的基于光线投射的最大密度投影算法有一些明显的缺陷,本文采取了基于错切变形变换算法的最大强度投影算法,重点对其进行了算法的实现和较小阈值的优化,并将此算法集成到上海卡勒幅磁共振技术有限公司的低场磁共振设备的软件系统中,进行了实验研究。实验表明：该算法运行良好,可以满足低场临床应用需求。本文主要研究内容如下：
(1)阐述了磁共振血管成像技术原理及相关的图像后处理技术；
(2)讨论了错切变形变换算法的数学原理；
(3)用C++实现并优化了基于错切变形变换的最大密度投影算法；
(4)把本文算法集成到上海卡勒幅磁共振技术有限公司的低场磁共振设备的商业软件中,进行了实验研究及分析讨论。
With the development and progress of magnetic resonance imaging, it has been widely applied in clinical application. And magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) has aroused great interest. It is a technology to show the signal characteristics of vessels and blood flow. It was firstly reported and applied in clinical application by Edelman in 1985. At present, compared with conventional angiography, MRA is the only non-invasive, no radiation, no need to rely on the angiography contrast agents and plays an important role in the diagnosis of vascular disease.
On the one hand, people go in for acquisition high-quality MRA images, on the other hand, they work hard to study and improve the image post-processing techniques. For magnetic resonance angiography, maximum intensity projection algorithm is the most common post-processing technology. The conventional maximum intensity projection algorithm which is based on ray casting has some obvious shortcomings. Taking these shortcomings into account, this paper has adopted maximum intensity projection algorithm that is based on shear warp factorization.
After implementing this algorithm by using C++programming and optimizing it with the low threshold, I integrated the algorithm into commercial software of low-field MR equipment which belongs to the company called CMR. Then I carried out MRA experiments on the equipment, and results show that:the algorithm works well and meets clinical applications of the low-field MR equipment. This paper mainly studied as follows.
(1) Describing the principles of magnetic resonance angiography and the associated image post-processing techniques;
(2) Discussing the mathematical principle of shear warp factorization;
(3) Implementing and optimizing maximum intensity projection algorithm which is based on shear warp factorization by using C++programming;
(4) Integrating the algorithm into commercial software of Low-field magnetic resonance equipment which belongs to the CMR Company, and doing experiments study and analyzing and discussing the experimental results.
引文
[1]赵承锦(综述),罗曙光(审校) 磁共振血管成像(MRA)的应用进展chinese journal of new clinical medicine, April 2009, Volume 2, number4
[2]Ammar Mallouhi,MD, Michael Schocke,MD, Werner Judmaier,MD, Christian Wolf, MD, Andreas Dessl, MD, Benedikt V. Czermak, MD, Peter Waldenberger, MD and Werner R. Jaschke, MD, PhD.3D MR Angiography of Renal Arteries:Comparison of Volume Rendering and Maximum Intensity Projection Algorithms. http://radiology.rsna.org/content/223/2/509.full
[3]M.Levoy. Display of Surfaces from Volume Data. IEEE computer graphics and applications.1988;8:29-37
[4]HONG Qi,ZHANG Shu-sheng,WANG Jing,LIU Xue-mei. Volume Rendering Techniques.计算机应用研究2004年16-18
[5]P.Lacroute,M.Levoy. Fast Volume Rendering Using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation. COMPUTER GRAPHICS Proceedings,Annual Conference Series,1994
[6]诸葛斌 《医学图像三维重建》浙江工商大学出版社2008
[7]Csebfalvi B,Konig A,Groller.E. Fast Maximum Intensity Projection Using Binary
Shear-Warp Factorization. Technical Report TR-186-2-99-02,January 1999.
[8]L.Mroz,H.Loffelmann,E.Groller. Advanced High-Quality Maximum Intensity Projection for Volume Visualization. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
[9]L.Mroz,H.Hauser, E.Groller. Interactive High-Quality Maximum Intensity Projection. EUROGRAPHICS2000,volume 19,Number3,2000
[10]W.Heidrich,M.McCool,andJ.Stevens. Interactive Maximum Projection Volume Rendering. In Proceedings Visualization'95,pages11-18,1995.
[11]Vermandel M,Betrouni N,Viard R,Dewalle AS,Blond S,Rousseau J. combining MIP images and fuzzy set principles for vessels segmentation:application to TOF MRA and CE-MRA. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc.2007;2007:6256-9
[12]Mehran Moshfeghi. AN ALTERNATIVE PROJECTION ALGORITHM FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY. PROC ANNU CONF ENG MED BIOL, IEEE, PISCATAWAY, NJ, (USA),1993, vol.15, no. pt 1, pp.182-183
[13]Mohamed FB,M.S.,Faro S,M.D.,Vinitski S,Ph.D.,Ortega HV,M.D.,Iwanaga T,M.S. Multiple flip angle MRA:Data acquisition and Post-processing.1995 IEEE-EMBC and CMBEC Theme2:Imaging
[14]W.Cai,G.Sakas. Maximum Intensity Projection Using Splatting in Sheared Object Space. EUROGRAPHICS'98,pagesC113-C124,1998.
[15]Ariel A.Braidot,Griselda M.Peltzer,Javier O.Romagnoli,Anibal J.Sattler,Claudia E.Schira. Pre-Processing in Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Angiography(MRA)Images. 2007 J. Phys.:Conf. Ser.90012070
[16]Yi Sun,Member,IEEE,and Dennis Parker. Small Vessel Enhancement in MRA Images Using Local Maximum Mean Processing. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING,VOL.10,NO.11,NOVEMBER 2001
[17]H.Kye,D.Jeong. Accelerated MIP based on GPU using block clipping and occlusion query. Computers&Graphics 32(2008)283-292
[18]L.Mroz,A.Konig and E.Groller. Real-Time Maximum Intensity Projection. In Data Visualization'99,Proceedings of the Joint EUROGRAPHICS-IEEE TCCG Symposium on Visualization,pages135-144,1999
[19]诸葛斌,冯焕清,周荷琴 基于有序体数据的最大密度投影算法 中国科学技术大学学报第33卷第4期
[20]汤敏 利用有序数据结构实现Shear-Warp加速算法 计算机工程与设计第29卷第5期2008年3月
[21]Yoshikazu Uchiyama,Masashi Yamauchi,et al. Automated Classification of Cerebral Arteries in MRA Images andnIts Application to Maximunm Intensity Projection. Proceedings of the 28th IEEE
[22]Liu wei. A Template-based Fast Maximum Intensity Projection Algorithm for Medical Images. Procceding of IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY Jun-08
[23]S.Steven. A Fast Maximum-Intensity Projection Algorithm for Generating Magnetic Resonance Angiograms. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING, VOL.12,NO,1,MARCH 1993
[24]Anderson.CM,Saloner.D,Tsuruda.JS,Shapeero.LG,Lee.RE. Artifacts in Maximum-Intensity-Projection Display of MR Angiograms. Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154:623-629.
[25]沙琳、董敬东、黄东、边杰磁共振血管MIP图像伪影形成机制、表现及解决办法探讨 中国临床医学影像杂志2005年第16卷第6期
[26]Alexandre Faure,Bernard Floccard,Frank Pilleul. Multiplanar reconstruction:a new method for the diagnosis of tracheobronchial rupture? Intensive Care Med(2007)33:2173-2178
[27]P Felkel, R Wegenkittl, A Kanitsar. Vessel tracking in peripheral CTA datasets-an overview. Computer Graphics, Spring Conference on 2001
[28]Ethan J.Halpern, Richard J. Wechsler and Dennis DiCampli. Threshold selection for CT angiography shaded surface display of the renal arteries. Journal of Digital Imaging Volume 8, Number 3. P142-147.1995
[29]周康荣 陈祖望《体部磁共振成像》第一章到第十章上海医科大学出版社
[30]裘祖文,裴奉奎《核磁共振波谱》科学出版社1992
[31]俎栋林《核磁共振成像学》高等教育出版社2003
[32]编著：E.Mark Haacke Robert W.Brown Michael R.Thompson Ramesh Venkatesan,主译：曾晓庄、包尚联Magnetic Resonance Imaging—Physical Principles and Sequence Design中国医药科技出版社2007
[33]M J GRAVES,MSc. Magnetic resonance angiography. The British Journal of Radiology,70(1997),6-28
[34]J.H.Maki,T.L.Chenevert,M.R.Prince. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography. Abdom Imaging 23:469-484(1998)
[35]Arthur E.Stillman. Contrast enhanced body magnetic resonance angiography. International Journal of Cardiac Imaging 15:131-137,1999.
[36]Mitsue Miyazaki,Vivian S.Lee. Nonenhanced MR Angiography. Radiology:volume 248:Number1—July 2008
[37]Allison Grayev,MD, Ann Shimakawa,PhD,Joseph Cousins,MD,PhD,et al. Improved Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography With IDEAL Water-Fat Separation. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 29:1367-1374(2009)
[38]Foachim Lotz,MD. Christian Meier,PhD Andreas Leppert,MD Michael G alanski,MD. Cardiovascular Flow Measurement with Phase-Contrast MR Imaging:Basic Facts and Implementation. RadioGraphics 2002;22:651-671
[39]徐文坚 鞠志国 三维对比增强MRA的基本原理及检查方法 2005年第45卷第8期山东医药
[40]赵喜平《磁共振成像》科学出版社2005年
[41]P.Lacroute. Fast Volume Rendering Using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation. Technical report CSL-TR-95-678.Ph.D.dissertation.Stanford University,1995
[42]By Heewon Key,Byeong-Seok Shin,Yeong Gil Shin and Helen Hong. Shear-rotation-warp volume rendering. COMPUTER ANIMATION AND VIRTUAL WORLDS Comp.Anim.Virtual Worlds 2005;16:547-557
[43]Keun HoKim,Ph.D.,Min Jeong Kwon,M.S.,et.al. Fast Surface and Volume Rendering Based on Shear-Warp Factorization for a Surgical Simulator. Computer Aided Surgery 7:268-278(2002)
[44]Philippe Lacroute. Analysis of a Parallel Volume Rendering System Based on the Shear-Warp Factorization. IEEE 1996
[45]Jon Sweeney and Klaus Mueller. Shear-Warp Deluxe:The Shear-Warp Algorithm Revisited. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series; Vol.22 2002
[46]M.Levoy. Efficient Ray Tracing of Volume Data. ACM Transactions on Graphics,Vol.9,No.3,July 1990,Pages 245-261
[47]Laifa Fang,Yi Wang,Bensheng Qiu,and Yuancheng Qian. Fast Maximum Intensity Projection Algorithm Using Shear Warp Factorization and Reduced Resampling. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 47:696-700(2002)
[48]Sakas.G,Grimm.M,Savopoulos.A. Optimized maximum intensity projection(MIP). In:Proc 6th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering,Diblin,Iune 1995.
[49]George Shepherd,David Kruglinski著,潘爱民译《Visual C++. NET技术内幕》(第6版)清华大学出版社
[50]左飞,万晋森,刘航.《Visual C++数字图像处理开发入门与编程实践》 电子工业出版社
[2]Ammar Mallouhi,MD, Michael Schocke,MD, Werner Judmaier,MD, Christian Wolf, MD, Andreas Dessl, MD, Benedikt V. Czermak, MD, Peter Waldenberger, MD and Werner R. Jaschke, MD, PhD.3D MR Angiography of Renal Arteries:Comparison of Volume Rendering and Maximum Intensity Projection Algorithms. http://radiology.rsna.org/content/223/2/509.full
[3]M.Levoy. Display of Surfaces from Volume Data. IEEE computer graphics and applications.1988;8:29-37
[4]HONG Qi,ZHANG Shu-sheng,WANG Jing,LIU Xue-mei. Volume Rendering Techniques.计算机应用研究2004年16-18
[5]P.Lacroute,M.Levoy. Fast Volume Rendering Using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation. COMPUTER GRAPHICS Proceedings,Annual Conference Series,1994
[6]诸葛斌 《医学图像三维重建》浙江工商大学出版社2008
[7]Csebfalvi B,Konig A,Groller.E. Fast Maximum Intensity Projection Using Binary
Shear-Warp Factorization. Technical Report TR-186-2-99-02,January 1999.
[8]L.Mroz,H.Loffelmann,E.Groller. Advanced High-Quality Maximum Intensity Projection for Volume Visualization. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
[9]L.Mroz,H.Hauser, E.Groller. Interactive High-Quality Maximum Intensity Projection. EUROGRAPHICS2000,volume 19,Number3,2000
[10]W.Heidrich,M.McCool,andJ.Stevens. Interactive Maximum Projection Volume Rendering. In Proceedings Visualization'95,pages11-18,1995.
[11]Vermandel M,Betrouni N,Viard R,Dewalle AS,Blond S,Rousseau J. combining MIP images and fuzzy set principles for vessels segmentation:application to TOF MRA and CE-MRA. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc.2007;2007:6256-9
[12]Mehran Moshfeghi. AN ALTERNATIVE PROJECTION ALGORITHM FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY. PROC ANNU CONF ENG MED BIOL, IEEE, PISCATAWAY, NJ, (USA),1993, vol.15, no. pt 1, pp.182-183
[13]Mohamed FB,M.S.,Faro S,M.D.,Vinitski S,Ph.D.,Ortega HV,M.D.,Iwanaga T,M.S. Multiple flip angle MRA:Data acquisition and Post-processing.1995 IEEE-EMBC and CMBEC Theme2:Imaging
[14]W.Cai,G.Sakas. Maximum Intensity Projection Using Splatting in Sheared Object Space. EUROGRAPHICS'98,pagesC113-C124,1998.
[15]Ariel A.Braidot,Griselda M.Peltzer,Javier O.Romagnoli,Anibal J.Sattler,Claudia E.Schira. Pre-Processing in Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Angiography(MRA)Images. 2007 J. Phys.:Conf. Ser.90012070
[16]Yi Sun,Member,IEEE,and Dennis Parker. Small Vessel Enhancement in MRA Images Using Local Maximum Mean Processing. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING,VOL.10,NO.11,NOVEMBER 2001
[17]H.Kye,D.Jeong. Accelerated MIP based on GPU using block clipping and occlusion query. Computers&Graphics 32(2008)283-292
[18]L.Mroz,A.Konig and E.Groller. Real-Time Maximum Intensity Projection. In Data Visualization'99,Proceedings of the Joint EUROGRAPHICS-IEEE TCCG Symposium on Visualization,pages135-144,1999
[19]诸葛斌,冯焕清,周荷琴 基于有序体数据的最大密度投影算法 中国科学技术大学学报第33卷第4期
[20]汤敏 利用有序数据结构实现Shear-Warp加速算法 计算机工程与设计第29卷第5期2008年3月
[21]Yoshikazu Uchiyama,Masashi Yamauchi,et al. Automated Classification of Cerebral Arteries in MRA Images andnIts Application to Maximunm Intensity Projection. Proceedings of the 28th IEEE
[22]Liu wei. A Template-based Fast Maximum Intensity Projection Algorithm for Medical Images. Procceding of IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY Jun-08
[23]S.Steven. A Fast Maximum-Intensity Projection Algorithm for Generating Magnetic Resonance Angiograms. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING, VOL.12,NO,1,MARCH 1993
[24]Anderson.CM,Saloner.D,Tsuruda.JS,Shapeero.LG,Lee.RE. Artifacts in Maximum-Intensity-Projection Display of MR Angiograms. Am J Roentgenol 1990; 154:623-629.
[25]沙琳、董敬东、黄东、边杰磁共振血管MIP图像伪影形成机制、表现及解决办法探讨 中国临床医学影像杂志2005年第16卷第6期
[26]Alexandre Faure,Bernard Floccard,Frank Pilleul. Multiplanar reconstruction:a new method for the diagnosis of tracheobronchial rupture? Intensive Care Med(2007)33:2173-2178
[27]P Felkel, R Wegenkittl, A Kanitsar. Vessel tracking in peripheral CTA datasets-an overview. Computer Graphics, Spring Conference on 2001
[28]Ethan J.Halpern, Richard J. Wechsler and Dennis DiCampli. Threshold selection for CT angiography shaded surface display of the renal arteries. Journal of Digital Imaging Volume 8, Number 3. P142-147.1995
[29]周康荣 陈祖望《体部磁共振成像》第一章到第十章上海医科大学出版社
[30]裘祖文,裴奉奎《核磁共振波谱》科学出版社1992
[31]俎栋林《核磁共振成像学》高等教育出版社2003
[32]编著：E.Mark Haacke Robert W.Brown Michael R.Thompson Ramesh Venkatesan,主译：曾晓庄、包尚联Magnetic Resonance Imaging—Physical Principles and Sequence Design中国医药科技出版社2007
[33]M J GRAVES,MSc. Magnetic resonance angiography. The British Journal of Radiology,70(1997),6-28
[34]J.H.Maki,T.L.Chenevert,M.R.Prince. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography. Abdom Imaging 23:469-484(1998)
[35]Arthur E.Stillman. Contrast enhanced body magnetic resonance angiography. International Journal of Cardiac Imaging 15:131-137,1999.
[36]Mitsue Miyazaki,Vivian S.Lee. Nonenhanced MR Angiography. Radiology:volume 248:Number1—July 2008
[37]Allison Grayev,MD, Ann Shimakawa,PhD,Joseph Cousins,MD,PhD,et al. Improved Time-of-Flight Magnetic Resonance Angiography With IDEAL Water-Fat Separation. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 29:1367-1374(2009)
[38]Foachim Lotz,MD. Christian Meier,PhD Andreas Leppert,MD Michael G alanski,MD. Cardiovascular Flow Measurement with Phase-Contrast MR Imaging:Basic Facts and Implementation. RadioGraphics 2002;22:651-671
[39]徐文坚 鞠志国 三维对比增强MRA的基本原理及检查方法 2005年第45卷第8期山东医药
[40]赵喜平《磁共振成像》科学出版社2005年
[41]P.Lacroute. Fast Volume Rendering Using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation. Technical report CSL-TR-95-678.Ph.D.dissertation.Stanford University,1995
[42]By Heewon Key,Byeong-Seok Shin,Yeong Gil Shin and Helen Hong. Shear-rotation-warp volume rendering. COMPUTER ANIMATION AND VIRTUAL WORLDS Comp.Anim.Virtual Worlds 2005;16:547-557
[43]Keun HoKim,Ph.D.,Min Jeong Kwon,M.S.,et.al. Fast Surface and Volume Rendering Based on Shear-Warp Factorization for a Surgical Simulator. Computer Aided Surgery 7:268-278(2002)
[44]Philippe Lacroute. Analysis of a Parallel Volume Rendering System Based on the Shear-Warp Factorization. IEEE 1996
[45]Jon Sweeney and Klaus Mueller. Shear-Warp Deluxe:The Shear-Warp Algorithm Revisited. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series; Vol.22 2002
[46]M.Levoy. Efficient Ray Tracing of Volume Data. ACM Transactions on Graphics,Vol.9,No.3,July 1990,Pages 245-261
[47]Laifa Fang,Yi Wang,Bensheng Qiu,and Yuancheng Qian. Fast Maximum Intensity Projection Algorithm Using Shear Warp Factorization and Reduced Resampling. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 47:696-700(2002)
[48]Sakas.G,Grimm.M,Savopoulos.A. Optimized maximum intensity projection(MIP). In:Proc 6th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering,Diblin,Iune 1995.
[49]George Shepherd,David Kruglinski著,潘爱民译《Visual C++. NET技术内幕》(第6版)清华大学出版社
[50]左飞,万晋森,刘航.《Visual C++数字图像处理开发入门与编程实践》 电子工业出版社