山西省农民工职业社会化的途径研究
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摘要
探讨农民工职业社会化的途径问题,是一个调查取证、结合实际、提出问题、解决问题的过程。中国13亿人口9亿多农民,在农业逐步让步于工业,农村逐步向城市化方向发展,市场经济日益凸显出它的优越性和可行性的过程中,9亿农民的职业也发生了翻天覆地的变化。主要表现在完全以农为生的人数在急剧减少,从事农业以外的职业人数在逐渐增加。这一现象说明了工业化带来的新技术淘汰了落后的以劳动密集型为特点的农业方式,乡村的城市化步伐影响了农民的生活方式,市场经济带来的新鲜事物刺激了农民的感官和价值观念。综上所述,这些导致了目前农民在职业选择上以进城务工为主,以政府扶持配合自办企业为辅的新就业态势。
根据笔者对山西省太原市农民职业状况的调查取证,认为造成目前这种新兴职业观的根源是农民物质期望的提高,物质期望随着工业化、城市化和市场经济的步伐影响着农民,使农民渐渐脱离土地,进城打工,出现了民工潮就业荒的问题。因此,解决农民工职业社会化的有效途径,首先是要解决农民的物质期望的满足问题,因为农民的物质期望是建立在与城市人的生活比照基础上的,说到底就是让农民过上和城市人一样的生活。本文中笔者通过生活方式的改变解决农民物质期望满足的问题,从以下几个问题入手来分析农民职业社会化的途径：首先是农业收入的减少造成了农民购买力降低,导致农民放弃低收入的农业职业,进城打工；其次是农民工素质偏低,大多从事技术含量低且危险性大的职业,加之缺乏法律意识,自身的劳动权益难以保障；第三是农民工在城市化的过程中缺少自我认可和社会认可,失去生活的信心,造成他们对社会公平的望尘莫及。这三方面,分别从不同的生活方式期望角度展现了目前农民工职业社会化的困境,是研究农民工职业社会化不能回避的问题。
笔者以山西为主要区域,对太原市周边村子进行入户调查,对太原市若干建筑工地(太原市杏花岭区万达广场工地、太原市小店区恒达公司工地、太原市杏花岭区富力城工地、太原市小店区经济开发区工地、太原市小店区教育园区工地)和餐饮行业(山西大学文瀛食堂、山西大学学术交流中心、东江、海外海、东港)的农民工进行问卷调查,通过对问卷的整理,分析得出目前农民工职业社会化存在的几个问题：首先是由于农民工素质的偏低造成的收入偏低,因此应当通过培训教育、技能培养来提高农民劳动技能和综合素质；二是农民工的职业保障和生活保障没有得到重视和应有的保护,造成了农民工职业生活保障的缺失和思想观念的空乏,因此,保障农民工在生活方式转变过程中的各项权利,提高农民工的维权意识,让农民工享受卫生医疗、职工福利文化等公共服务是解决农民工职业保障和生活保障的重点；三农民工在社会化的过程中,身份的确认在短期内属于真空状态,应该在思想层面上给予他们正确的引导,转变思想,提高自身认可度,在政治、经济、文化各方面给予扶持和认可,以上分析都是研究农民工职业社会化不可缺少的环节。
都市化并非简单的指越来越多的人居住在城市和城镇,从社会学角度讲,应当是生活方式的转化。笔者认为本文贯穿的主旨是通过以下步骤展开的：首先,农民工职业社会化的根本要求是提高生活方式,针对笔者对太原市农民工的问卷调查发现,工资收入、职业保障、社会认可这三方面是制约农民工提高生活方式的主要因素,因此,保障农民工收入、建立健全农民工职业保障体系、提高农民工的社会地位是农民工职业社会化的主要途径。笔者查阅了大量的文献资料,从搜集的资料来看,本课题的研究方法和研究视角有一定的创新性,从生活方式发展的角度研究农民工职业社会化的途径也属于新兴的尝试性研究。
The discussion on the issue on the migrant rural workers' approach to the occupational socialization, is a process of investigation and evidence collection, integrading theory with practice, and problem formalization and problem solving. In China there are 1.3 billion people in which there are 900 million peasants, whose occupations have changed overwhelmingly as in the process of agriculture yielding to industry, country developing to urbanization, market economy showing its advantages and feasibilities. This phenomena tells that the new technologies that were brought by the industrialization eliminated the obsolete agricultural practices that were labor-intensive, and that rural urbanization affected peasants' life styles, and that fangle brought by market economy stimulated the sense and concept of values of peasants. To sum up, all the above-mentioned result in that the peasants' choices of occupation rely mainly on working in urban while running by enterprise supported by government.
This new career phiosophy is based on author's forensics and analysis with the investigation from interviewing some randomized chosen cities and towns and is stem from enhanced material expectations which are the issues that gave peasants to make them leave countries for cities for careers which brought the lack of labor force. Therefore, in order to solve the migrant rural workers' occupational socialization in a effective way, the problem of the satisfaction of peasants' material expectations should be solved first, because the expectations are by contrast with the urban residents, which means that make peasants live the same way as urban residents.material expectation is extended to life-style's change in this thesis, we will analyze the approach to the occupation socialization from the problems following which were originated from changes of peasants' life-styles. First, the reduction of peasants' income lowered down their abilities to consume, then they chose the careers in urban rather than those were low-paid in countries. Second, most of the peasants who have jobs in urban deal with work which are dangerous and have less technical content because they aren't highly educated, and their rights always get violated because they're lack of legal conception. In the process of urbanization, peasants are changing their roles, then requirements of the new life-styles affects a lot on their occupational conceptions, they're doing their lower paid jobs without any self-approval and any social approval, which make them lose their confidence then the social equality and justice became unreachable to them. The three of the above shows the delimma of current migrant rural workers' occupational socialization from different aspects of life-styles respectively, and these problems can not be avoided.
Author sampled some random inhabitants in villages around Taiyuan Shanxi, doing research with migrant rural workers of architecture and service with questionnaire, and interviewing enterprises run by villages in Yangquan. The analysis of the data that were retrieved from the research shows that, first, due to the lower education that migrant rural workers took, they are low-paid. Therefore, they should get trained to be more qualified. Second, their occupational ensurance and life ensurance are not well protected, which result in the lack of their occupational life ensurance and conception, so the ensurance of the rights of the migrant rural workers during the change of their life styles, the enhancement of their conceptions of human rights, health and medical care and employee welfare, are very important.3.in the process of migrant rural workers' socialization, their identifications are not focused, so they need a right spiritual guidance to change their minds and enhance their self-approval, being supported and approved on aspects that are political,economic and cultural. These are the unavoidable parts of the research on migrant rural workers' occupational socialization.
urbanization is not just that more and more people start to live in cities and towns, from the point of sociology's view, it should be a change of life-style.Therefore, author thought that the main idea of this thesis is illustrated in the following steps:first, the fundamental requirment of migrant rural workers' occupational socialization is to imporve their life-style, therefore, the main approach of migrant rural workers' occupational socialization is to ensure their income, to found a stable occupational ensurance system, and to improve their social status. In this thesis, autor did research and analysis on the problems that migrant rural workers' occupational socialization caused and found the solution. Author consulted a huge amount of literature from which it shows that the method and perspective of the research on this subject is innovation to some extent, it's a newly experimental way to research migrant rural workers' occupational socialization from the view of development of lifestyle.
根据笔者对山西省太原市农民职业状况的调查取证,认为造成目前这种新兴职业观的根源是农民物质期望的提高,物质期望随着工业化、城市化和市场经济的步伐影响着农民,使农民渐渐脱离土地,进城打工,出现了民工潮就业荒的问题。因此,解决农民工职业社会化的有效途径,首先是要解决农民的物质期望的满足问题,因为农民的物质期望是建立在与城市人的生活比照基础上的,说到底就是让农民过上和城市人一样的生活。本文中笔者通过生活方式的改变解决农民物质期望满足的问题,从以下几个问题入手来分析农民职业社会化的途径：首先是农业收入的减少造成了农民购买力降低,导致农民放弃低收入的农业职业,进城打工；其次是农民工素质偏低,大多从事技术含量低且危险性大的职业,加之缺乏法律意识,自身的劳动权益难以保障；第三是农民工在城市化的过程中缺少自我认可和社会认可,失去生活的信心,造成他们对社会公平的望尘莫及。这三方面,分别从不同的生活方式期望角度展现了目前农民工职业社会化的困境,是研究农民工职业社会化不能回避的问题。
笔者以山西为主要区域,对太原市周边村子进行入户调查,对太原市若干建筑工地(太原市杏花岭区万达广场工地、太原市小店区恒达公司工地、太原市杏花岭区富力城工地、太原市小店区经济开发区工地、太原市小店区教育园区工地)和餐饮行业(山西大学文瀛食堂、山西大学学术交流中心、东江、海外海、东港)的农民工进行问卷调查,通过对问卷的整理,分析得出目前农民工职业社会化存在的几个问题：首先是由于农民工素质的偏低造成的收入偏低,因此应当通过培训教育、技能培养来提高农民劳动技能和综合素质；二是农民工的职业保障和生活保障没有得到重视和应有的保护,造成了农民工职业生活保障的缺失和思想观念的空乏,因此,保障农民工在生活方式转变过程中的各项权利,提高农民工的维权意识,让农民工享受卫生医疗、职工福利文化等公共服务是解决农民工职业保障和生活保障的重点；三农民工在社会化的过程中,身份的确认在短期内属于真空状态,应该在思想层面上给予他们正确的引导,转变思想,提高自身认可度,在政治、经济、文化各方面给予扶持和认可,以上分析都是研究农民工职业社会化不可缺少的环节。
都市化并非简单的指越来越多的人居住在城市和城镇,从社会学角度讲,应当是生活方式的转化。笔者认为本文贯穿的主旨是通过以下步骤展开的：首先,农民工职业社会化的根本要求是提高生活方式,针对笔者对太原市农民工的问卷调查发现,工资收入、职业保障、社会认可这三方面是制约农民工提高生活方式的主要因素,因此,保障农民工收入、建立健全农民工职业保障体系、提高农民工的社会地位是农民工职业社会化的主要途径。笔者查阅了大量的文献资料,从搜集的资料来看,本课题的研究方法和研究视角有一定的创新性,从生活方式发展的角度研究农民工职业社会化的途径也属于新兴的尝试性研究。
The discussion on the issue on the migrant rural workers' approach to the occupational socialization, is a process of investigation and evidence collection, integrading theory with practice, and problem formalization and problem solving. In China there are 1.3 billion people in which there are 900 million peasants, whose occupations have changed overwhelmingly as in the process of agriculture yielding to industry, country developing to urbanization, market economy showing its advantages and feasibilities. This phenomena tells that the new technologies that were brought by the industrialization eliminated the obsolete agricultural practices that were labor-intensive, and that rural urbanization affected peasants' life styles, and that fangle brought by market economy stimulated the sense and concept of values of peasants. To sum up, all the above-mentioned result in that the peasants' choices of occupation rely mainly on working in urban while running by enterprise supported by government.
This new career phiosophy is based on author's forensics and analysis with the investigation from interviewing some randomized chosen cities and towns and is stem from enhanced material expectations which are the issues that gave peasants to make them leave countries for cities for careers which brought the lack of labor force. Therefore, in order to solve the migrant rural workers' occupational socialization in a effective way, the problem of the satisfaction of peasants' material expectations should be solved first, because the expectations are by contrast with the urban residents, which means that make peasants live the same way as urban residents.material expectation is extended to life-style's change in this thesis, we will analyze the approach to the occupation socialization from the problems following which were originated from changes of peasants' life-styles. First, the reduction of peasants' income lowered down their abilities to consume, then they chose the careers in urban rather than those were low-paid in countries. Second, most of the peasants who have jobs in urban deal with work which are dangerous and have less technical content because they aren't highly educated, and their rights always get violated because they're lack of legal conception. In the process of urbanization, peasants are changing their roles, then requirements of the new life-styles affects a lot on their occupational conceptions, they're doing their lower paid jobs without any self-approval and any social approval, which make them lose their confidence then the social equality and justice became unreachable to them. The three of the above shows the delimma of current migrant rural workers' occupational socialization from different aspects of life-styles respectively, and these problems can not be avoided.
Author sampled some random inhabitants in villages around Taiyuan Shanxi, doing research with migrant rural workers of architecture and service with questionnaire, and interviewing enterprises run by villages in Yangquan. The analysis of the data that were retrieved from the research shows that, first, due to the lower education that migrant rural workers took, they are low-paid. Therefore, they should get trained to be more qualified. Second, their occupational ensurance and life ensurance are not well protected, which result in the lack of their occupational life ensurance and conception, so the ensurance of the rights of the migrant rural workers during the change of their life styles, the enhancement of their conceptions of human rights, health and medical care and employee welfare, are very important.3.in the process of migrant rural workers' socialization, their identifications are not focused, so they need a right spiritual guidance to change their minds and enhance their self-approval, being supported and approved on aspects that are political,economic and cultural. These are the unavoidable parts of the research on migrant rural workers' occupational socialization.
urbanization is not just that more and more people start to live in cities and towns, from the point of sociology's view, it should be a change of life-style.Therefore, author thought that the main idea of this thesis is illustrated in the following steps:first, the fundamental requirment of migrant rural workers' occupational socialization is to imporve their life-style, therefore, the main approach of migrant rural workers' occupational socialization is to ensure their income, to found a stable occupational ensurance system, and to improve their social status. In this thesis, autor did research and analysis on the problems that migrant rural workers' occupational socialization caused and found the solution. Author consulted a huge amount of literature from which it shows that the method and perspective of the research on this subject is innovation to some extent, it's a newly experimental way to research migrant rural workers' occupational socialization from the view of development of lifestyle.
引文
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[3]黄金火.市场营销专业“订单式教育”培养模式初探[A].广西经济管理干部学院学报,2004-1.
[4]范金玲.“订单式”人才培养模式实践与思考—与百得(苏州)科技有限公司合作的研究[A].广西轻工业,2008-8.
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[7]张国强,刘俊荣.完善农民工社会保障的对策思考[J].中国集体经济,2009-5.
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