降雨作用下尾矿坝的性状分析
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摘要
降雨入渗作用下非饱和土的响应是目前岩土工程界研究的重要内容之一。降雨过程中吸力的下降,致使非饱和土坡、土坝中土体抗剪强度降低,其稳定性也变差。所以,进行各种非饱和土结构在降雨作用下的响应分析都是十分必要的。
尾矿坝是矿山的重要生产设施,坝内存有大量的尾矿砂和水,尾矿坝一旦溃决,将给生产和人民的生命财产安全造成不可估量的损失。在影响尾矿坝稳定性的各因素中,降雨入渗作为影响尾矿坝的重要因素来研究,其研究具有一定的科研与应用价值。
首先,本论文进行人工降雨现场试验,研究在非饱和土抗剪强度起主要作用的因素—吸力在降雨作用下的变化规律。人工降雨试验过程中,采用不同的降雨强度,对比不同的场地类别(有、无植被的情况),记录吸力的变化规律及径流的发生发展情况。基于现场试验数据,研究发现:尾矿坝降雨入渗特性与一般的非饱和土坡基本相同,其实质为入渗率的变化过程;初始吸力的分布受太阳辐射作用的影响,由浅至深逐渐减小;降雨过程中,尾矿坝需要一定的初始反应时间,浅层反应速度较快,变化幅度较大,并浅层土土体吸力先达到稳定值;降雨强度的增大,土层中吸力反应速度较快,影响深度就较大;植被对尾矿坝的影响反映在植被降低了雨滴的冲击作用,植被有利于下渗,入渗深度增大,并且同深度吸力反应时间较早。
其次,本论文为了验证现场试验,并深入探讨降雨入渗对尾矿坝的作用机理,利用大型商业软件GEO-SLOPE进行数值模拟,研究无植被情况尾矿坝降雨入渗特性,对有植被的情况进行数值模拟初探,并选择一些降雨特征及水文地质因素进行研究,研究发现:数值模拟得到的降雨过程尾矿坝的负孔压基本变化规律基本与在人工降雨尾矿坝现场试验相同;植被对尾矿坝的作用十分复杂;降雨强度、降雨持时、雨型和尾矿坝表层渗透系数对尾矿坝稳定性有明显影响;渗透系数的各向异性的影响特别显著。
The response of unsaturated soil under rainfall infiltration is an important part of geotechnical studies. The decline of the suction resulted by rainfall in non-saturated soil reduce the shear strength of slope and dam, and cause their stability lower. Therefore, the analysis of the response of various non-saturated soil structures under rainfall is very necessary.
Tailings dam is an important production facility. There is a large number of tailings sand and water in dams. If tailings dam once breaks, it would cause immeasurable losses in the production, peoples’lives and property. The factors affecting the stability of tailings dam are multitudinous, and the rainfall infiltration is one of the important factors. The study has some value of scientific research and application.
Firstly, this paper uses the artificial rainfall field tests to study the main factor affecting the shear strength of unsaturated soils, the variation of suction under rainfall. During artificial rainfall experiment, using different rainfall intensity, contrasting different site classification (with and without vegetation), the changes of suction and the development of runoff is recorded. Based on field test data, it found that, infiltration characteristics unsaturated soil in tailings dam is basically the same as that of general non-saturated slope. Also, the essence is the change of the infiltration rate. The initial distribution of suction is affected by the solar radiation reducing along the depth. Tailings dam needs some initial reaction time. There is rapid reaction and big variations of suction in the shallow, and it gets the stable value early. As rainfall intensity is larger, soil suction reacts more rapidly, the depth impacted is greater. Influence of vegetation on tailings is that the vegetation reduces the role of impact of raindrop. Vegetation is favorable for infiltration, and infiltration depth increases, reaction time of suction is earlier than that without vegetation.
Secondly, to verify the field test, and probe into the mechanism of rainfall infiltration of tailings dam, the commercial software GEO-SLOPE is used to simulate the physical model tests. It studies rainfall infiltration characteristics of tailings dam without vegetation, and it study preliminary rainfall infiltration characteristics of tailings dam with vegetation. At last, it will select some rainfall characteristics and hydro geological factors to study; it is found that, the basic rule of changes of negative pore pressure in numerical simulation is the same as that in field test, the role of the vegetation on the tailings dam is very complex. Rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, storm type and surface permeability of the tailings dam is significantly for its stability, the anisotropy of permeability is particularly significant.
尾矿坝是矿山的重要生产设施,坝内存有大量的尾矿砂和水,尾矿坝一旦溃决,将给生产和人民的生命财产安全造成不可估量的损失。在影响尾矿坝稳定性的各因素中,降雨入渗作为影响尾矿坝的重要因素来研究,其研究具有一定的科研与应用价值。
首先,本论文进行人工降雨现场试验,研究在非饱和土抗剪强度起主要作用的因素—吸力在降雨作用下的变化规律。人工降雨试验过程中,采用不同的降雨强度,对比不同的场地类别(有、无植被的情况),记录吸力的变化规律及径流的发生发展情况。基于现场试验数据,研究发现:尾矿坝降雨入渗特性与一般的非饱和土坡基本相同,其实质为入渗率的变化过程;初始吸力的分布受太阳辐射作用的影响,由浅至深逐渐减小;降雨过程中,尾矿坝需要一定的初始反应时间,浅层反应速度较快,变化幅度较大,并浅层土土体吸力先达到稳定值;降雨强度的增大,土层中吸力反应速度较快,影响深度就较大;植被对尾矿坝的影响反映在植被降低了雨滴的冲击作用,植被有利于下渗,入渗深度增大,并且同深度吸力反应时间较早。
其次,本论文为了验证现场试验,并深入探讨降雨入渗对尾矿坝的作用机理,利用大型商业软件GEO-SLOPE进行数值模拟,研究无植被情况尾矿坝降雨入渗特性,对有植被的情况进行数值模拟初探,并选择一些降雨特征及水文地质因素进行研究,研究发现:数值模拟得到的降雨过程尾矿坝的负孔压基本变化规律基本与在人工降雨尾矿坝现场试验相同;植被对尾矿坝的作用十分复杂;降雨强度、降雨持时、雨型和尾矿坝表层渗透系数对尾矿坝稳定性有明显影响;渗透系数的各向异性的影响特别显著。
The response of unsaturated soil under rainfall infiltration is an important part of geotechnical studies. The decline of the suction resulted by rainfall in non-saturated soil reduce the shear strength of slope and dam, and cause their stability lower. Therefore, the analysis of the response of various non-saturated soil structures under rainfall is very necessary.
Tailings dam is an important production facility. There is a large number of tailings sand and water in dams. If tailings dam once breaks, it would cause immeasurable losses in the production, peoples’lives and property. The factors affecting the stability of tailings dam are multitudinous, and the rainfall infiltration is one of the important factors. The study has some value of scientific research and application.
Firstly, this paper uses the artificial rainfall field tests to study the main factor affecting the shear strength of unsaturated soils, the variation of suction under rainfall. During artificial rainfall experiment, using different rainfall intensity, contrasting different site classification (with and without vegetation), the changes of suction and the development of runoff is recorded. Based on field test data, it found that, infiltration characteristics unsaturated soil in tailings dam is basically the same as that of general non-saturated slope. Also, the essence is the change of the infiltration rate. The initial distribution of suction is affected by the solar radiation reducing along the depth. Tailings dam needs some initial reaction time. There is rapid reaction and big variations of suction in the shallow, and it gets the stable value early. As rainfall intensity is larger, soil suction reacts more rapidly, the depth impacted is greater. Influence of vegetation on tailings is that the vegetation reduces the role of impact of raindrop. Vegetation is favorable for infiltration, and infiltration depth increases, reaction time of suction is earlier than that without vegetation.
Secondly, to verify the field test, and probe into the mechanism of rainfall infiltration of tailings dam, the commercial software GEO-SLOPE is used to simulate the physical model tests. It studies rainfall infiltration characteristics of tailings dam without vegetation, and it study preliminary rainfall infiltration characteristics of tailings dam with vegetation. At last, it will select some rainfall characteristics and hydro geological factors to study; it is found that, the basic rule of changes of negative pore pressure in numerical simulation is the same as that in field test, the role of the vegetation on the tailings dam is very complex. Rainfall intensity, rainfall duration, storm type and surface permeability of the tailings dam is significantly for its stability, the anisotropy of permeability is particularly significant.
引文
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2王凤江.国外尾矿坝事故调查分析.金属矿山. 2004,增刊: 49~52
3 M. Rico. Reported Tailings Dam Failures a Review of the European Incidents in the Worldwide Context. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2008,152:846~852
4 A. D. M Penman. Tailings Dams-some Aspects of Their Design and Construction. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics. 1995, 32(3): 131~135
5 R. J. Chandler and Gtosatti. The Stava Tailings Dams Failure July 1985. Geotechnical Engineering. 1996, 113(2): 67~69
6 VickS. G. Tailings Dam Failure at Omai in Guyana. Mining Engineering. 1996, 48(11): 34~37
7 K. Mohd. Azizli and Tan Chee Yau. Design of the Lohan Tailings Dam. Minerals Engineering. 1995, 8(8): 705~712
8 T. Rosner and A. Van Schalkwyk. The Environmental Impact of Gold Mine Tailings Foot Prints in the Johannesburg Region, South Africa. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and environment. 2000, 59(2): 137~148
9 I. Mascaro. Mine Wastesat the Polymetallic Deposit of Fenice Capanne (Southen Tuscany, Italy) Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Environmental Impact. Environmental Geology. 2001, 4l(4): 417~429
10 K. Mohd. Azizli and K Young-Woong Kim. Characteristics of Tailings from the Closed Metalmines as Potential Contamination Source in South Korea. Environmental Geology. 2001, 41(3): 358~364
11张建隆.尾矿砂力学特性的试验研究.武汉水利水电大学学报. 1995,28(6): 685~689
12张建隆.周期荷裁下尾矿砂动力特性初步研讨.西北水资源与水工程. 1995, 6(1): 66~72
13李万升,高建生,王治平.大石河尾矿砂的力学试验研究.工业建筑. 1995, 25(1): 43~57
14王余庆,辛鸿博.用稳态理论评价大石河尾矿坝的液化与稳定.工业建筑. 1995, 25(5): 49~52
15沈楼燕.土工网格在尾矿库软弱坝基处理中的应用.有色冶会设计与研究. 1997, 18(3): 48~50
16卜训政.尾矿沉积滩上筑坝与土工布的应用.化工矿山技术. 1995, 24(4): 29~31
17《中国有色金属尾矿库概论》编辑委员会.中国有色金属尾矿库概论.中国建筑工业出版社. 1992, 89~127
18陈守义.浅议上游法细粒尾矿堆积坝问题.岩土力学. 1995, 16(3): 70~76
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