应用快速原型技术进行单侧颜面局部凹陷填充物的设计、制作
|
摘要
目的
应用计算机辅助设计和快速原型技术,设计并制作出用于矫正单侧颜面凹陷畸形的填充物。
方法
对7例颅颌面单侧凹陷畸形患者行螺旋CT扫描,应用Magic RP 9.0图像处理软件对扫描得到二维图像的骨骼边缘轮廓数据进行提取,得到颅面骨边缘轮廓的矢量化线图。将该线图数据进行矢量叠加形成三维重建图像。将健侧骨的点云数据按镜像关系对称变换到患侧,在患侧骨和健侧骨镜像之间即形成填充物的三维模型。对计算机辅助设计的三维模型数据重新分层,将模型数据转化为快速原型机使用的标准STL格式。数据输入快速原型机,制作出填充物实体或参照模型。前者直接手术置入；后者根据其大小、形态,将医用高密度多孔聚乙烯(Medpor)雕刻或拼接成适合凹陷骨组织的形状。
结果
应用CT扫描及三维重建获得患者颅颌面骨畸形表面轮廓的数据。由计算机辅助设计,获得患侧所需填充物的三维模型数据。经快速原型机,制作出填充物实体或参照模型。实体和依照模型雕刻的Medpor,形态逼真,置入效果满意。
结论
应用计算机辅助设计和快速原型技术能够真实再现畸形颅面骨的形态、大小,可以完成对单侧颜面凹陷畸形填充物的设计和制作。植入的填充物形态逼真,个性化强,RP技术在颅颌面整形美容外科假体的个性化设计、制作方面有良好的应用前景。
Objective:To design and manufacture fillers for the patients with hemifacial local dent to correct the deformity with computer assisted design (CAD) and rapid prototyping (RP) technique.
Methods:Computer tomography scanning was performed on heads of seven patients with hemifacial local dent, and then the transaxial second-dimensional image data were converted into digitized second-dimensional contour data with CT image processing software of Magic RP 9.0. The three-dimensional images of cranifacial bone contour were achieved when the vector graph (digitized contour data) were superimposeded by the way of vector. On the basis of mirror-image relation, point cloud data of normal side bone were converted into the opposite side, and then a three-dimensional model of filler came into being between the atrophied bone surface and the mirror image of normal side. The three-dimensional model data were stratified again. It is necessary to transform model data format into stereo lithography (STL) which rapid prototyping machine acquiesces. After being converted into STL format, the design data were imported into rapid prototyping machine, and then the substantial filler or reference model of filler for operation was obtained. The material called Medpor was carved according to the size and shape of the reference model, and then the substantial Medpor filler was achieved.
Results:The data of abnormal position contour of craniofacial bone and three-dimensional model of filler were obtained by using computer tomography scanning, three-dimensional reconstruction and computer assis-ted design, and then the substantial filler or reference model of filler for operation was produced by rapid prototyping machine. The material called Medpor which was implanted into the dent position to complete the operation was carved or pliced according to the size and shape of the reference model.After the swelling of operation part disappeared, original deformities of patients are corrected completely and the operation effects are wonderful.
Conclusions:The shape and size of abnormal craniofacial bone and filler can truly reappear with application of CAD and RP technique. Because of lifelike shape and individuality, RP technique is a promising technique in the field of customised manufacture of prosthesis in cranio-facial plastic and cosmetic surgery.
应用计算机辅助设计和快速原型技术,设计并制作出用于矫正单侧颜面凹陷畸形的填充物。
方法
对7例颅颌面单侧凹陷畸形患者行螺旋CT扫描,应用Magic RP 9.0图像处理软件对扫描得到二维图像的骨骼边缘轮廓数据进行提取,得到颅面骨边缘轮廓的矢量化线图。将该线图数据进行矢量叠加形成三维重建图像。将健侧骨的点云数据按镜像关系对称变换到患侧,在患侧骨和健侧骨镜像之间即形成填充物的三维模型。对计算机辅助设计的三维模型数据重新分层,将模型数据转化为快速原型机使用的标准STL格式。数据输入快速原型机,制作出填充物实体或参照模型。前者直接手术置入；后者根据其大小、形态,将医用高密度多孔聚乙烯(Medpor)雕刻或拼接成适合凹陷骨组织的形状。
结果
应用CT扫描及三维重建获得患者颅颌面骨畸形表面轮廓的数据。由计算机辅助设计,获得患侧所需填充物的三维模型数据。经快速原型机,制作出填充物实体或参照模型。实体和依照模型雕刻的Medpor,形态逼真,置入效果满意。
结论
应用计算机辅助设计和快速原型技术能够真实再现畸形颅面骨的形态、大小,可以完成对单侧颜面凹陷畸形填充物的设计和制作。植入的填充物形态逼真,个性化强,RP技术在颅颌面整形美容外科假体的个性化设计、制作方面有良好的应用前景。
Objective:To design and manufacture fillers for the patients with hemifacial local dent to correct the deformity with computer assisted design (CAD) and rapid prototyping (RP) technique.
Methods:Computer tomography scanning was performed on heads of seven patients with hemifacial local dent, and then the transaxial second-dimensional image data were converted into digitized second-dimensional contour data with CT image processing software of Magic RP 9.0. The three-dimensional images of cranifacial bone contour were achieved when the vector graph (digitized contour data) were superimposeded by the way of vector. On the basis of mirror-image relation, point cloud data of normal side bone were converted into the opposite side, and then a three-dimensional model of filler came into being between the atrophied bone surface and the mirror image of normal side. The three-dimensional model data were stratified again. It is necessary to transform model data format into stereo lithography (STL) which rapid prototyping machine acquiesces. After being converted into STL format, the design data were imported into rapid prototyping machine, and then the substantial filler or reference model of filler for operation was obtained. The material called Medpor was carved according to the size and shape of the reference model, and then the substantial Medpor filler was achieved.
Results:The data of abnormal position contour of craniofacial bone and three-dimensional model of filler were obtained by using computer tomography scanning, three-dimensional reconstruction and computer assis-ted design, and then the substantial filler or reference model of filler for operation was produced by rapid prototyping machine. The material called Medpor which was implanted into the dent position to complete the operation was carved or pliced according to the size and shape of the reference model.After the swelling of operation part disappeared, original deformities of patients are corrected completely and the operation effects are wonderful.
Conclusions:The shape and size of abnormal craniofacial bone and filler can truly reappear with application of CAD and RP technique. Because of lifelike shape and individuality, RP technique is a promising technique in the field of customised manufacture of prosthesis in cranio-facial plastic and cosmetic surgery.
引文
1. 王秀峰,罗宏杰.快速原型制造技术[M].中国轻工业出版社,2001：117132
2. Kodama.Display three-dimensional information to a physical formed model[J]. Electronics and communications society,1989,17(6):237-241
3. 柴岗.快速成型技术在整形外科的应用[J].组织工程与重建外科杂志,2007,3(2)：107-109
4. 颜永年.快速成型技术的功能集成研究[J].中国机械工程,2003,8(5)：13-15
5. Klein HM,Schneider W,Alzen G, et al.Pediatric craniofacial surgery:comparison of milling and stereolithography for 3D model manufacturing[J].Pediatr Radiol, 1992,22(6):458-460
6. Mankovich NJ,Cheeseman AM,Stoker NG.The display of three-dimensional ana-Tomy with stereolithographic models[J].Digit Imaging,1997,3(3),200-203
7. 尹希猛,王运赣,黄树槐.快速成型技术-90年代新的造型工具[J].中国机械工程,1993,4(6)：2527
8. 曹伟,曾忠,李合生.快速成型技术及其发展趋势[J].机械设计与制造,2006(5)
9. 孙伟峰.快速成型(RP)的原理方法及应用[J].计算机技术应用,2008,3：9-11
10.张庆福,吕春堂,周中华.快速原型技术在颅颌面整复中的应用[J].国外医学生物医学工程分册,2005,28(1)：10-13
11. Choi JY,Choi JH,Kim NK,et al.Analysis of errors in medical rapid prototyping models[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2002,31(1):23-32.
12. Kragskov J,Sindet PS,Gyldensted C,et al. A comparison of three-dimensional computed tomography scans and sterolithographic models for evaluation of craniofacial anomalies [J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2006,54(4):402-411.
13.王炜.整形外科学[M].杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,1999：1-3
14. Bibb R,Freeman P,Brown R,et al.An investigation of three-dimensional scanning of human body parts and its use in the design and manufacture of prosthesis. Proc inst mech Eng [H] 2000,214(6):589-94
15. Coto M,Katsuki T,Noguchi H.Surgical simulation for reconstruction of mandi-bular bone defet using photocurable plastic skull models:A report of three cases [J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2005,55(7):772-780.
16. Haers PE.Warnke T,Carls FR,et al.Preoperative diagnosis of complex cranio-facial syndromes[J].Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir,2008,2Supp11:S13-15.
17. Asaumi J,Kawai N,Honda Y,et al.Comparison of three-dimensional computed tomography with rapid prototype models in the management of coronoid hyperplasia[J].Dentomaxillofac Radiol,2001,30(6):330-335.
18. Bianchi SD,Ramieri G,De Gioanni PP,et al.The validation of stereolithographic anatomical replicas:The authors'own experience and a review of the literature [J].Radio Med(Torino),1997,94(5):503-510.
19.柴岗.快速成型技术在整形外科的应用[J].组织工程与重建外科杂志,2007,3(2)：107-109
20. Stoker NG,Mankovith NJ,Valentino D.Sterolithographic models for surgical planning:Preliminary report[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,1992,50(5):466-471.
21. Holck DE,Boyd EM Jr,Ng J,et al.Benefits of stereolithgraphy in orbital recon-struction[J].Ophthalmology,1996,106(6):1214.
22. Sarment DP,Sukovic P,Slinthorne N.Accuracy of implant placement with a stereolithgraphic surgical guide[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2003,18(4): 571-577.
23.李文刚,郑培慧,王广春,等.快速原型技术在腓骨移植修复上下颌骨缺损中的应用[J].中华显微外科杂志,2007,30(1)：64-65.
24.徐中和.导航技术在脊柱外科手术中的应用[J].广东医学,2005,26(2)：141-142.
25. Sinn DP,Cillo JE Jr,Miles BA.Stereolithgraphy for craniofacial surgery[J].Cranio Surg,2006,17(5):869-875.
26. Stoker NG,Mankovith NJ,Valentino D.Sterolithographic models for surgical plan-ning:Preliminary report[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,1998,50(5):466-471.
27. Mcgurk M,Ptamianos P,Amis AA,et al.Rapid prototyping technique for Anato-mical modeling in medicine[J].Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons in Eng-land,2007,79(2):169-174.
28.何冬梅,张益,张震康,等.三维头颅模型在口腔颌面外科的应用[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2001,36(5)：334-336.
29. James WJ,Slabbekoom MA,Edgin WA,et al.Correction of congenital Malar hypo-plasia using stereolithography for presurgical Planning [J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,1998,56(4):512-517.
30. Lin CC,Lo LJ,Lee MY,et al.Craniofacial surgical simulation:Application of three-dimensional medical imaging and rapid prototyping models[J].Chang Gung Med J,2001,24(4):229-238.
31. Eufinger H,Wehmoller M.Individual prefabricaed titanium implants in recon-structive craniofacial surgery:clinical and technical aspects of the first 22 cases[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2007,102(2):300-308.
32.归来,左锋,张智勇,等.颅骨缺损的个性化修复[J].中华整形外科杂志,2004,2：98-100.
33.杨连平,李彦生,张练平,等.应用CAD/CAM技术进行个体化下颌骨重建[J].中国口腔颌面外科杂志,2004,2(1)：65-68.
34.龚振宇,刘彦普,周树夏,等.基于反求工程和快速原型的下颌骨缺损的修复[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2004,1：9-11.
35.柴岗.快速成型技术在整形外科的应用[J].组织工程与重建外科杂志,2007,3(2)：107-109
36.刘彦普,龚振宇,何黎升,等.大块下颌骨缺损的个体化数字设计及外形与功能重建[J].中国修复重建外科杂志,2005,19(10)：803-806.
37. Ashley S.Rapid prototyping for artifical body prts[J].Mechanical Engineering, 2003,115(1):50-53.
38. Coward TJ,Watson RM.Wilkin IC,et al.Fabrication of a wax ear by rapid process modeling using stereolithography[J].Int Prosthodont,1999,12(1):20.
39.李风兰,赵铱民,白培康,等.应用选择性激光烧结法烧结新型复合腊粉制作鼻赝复体[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2005,21(1)：8-10.
40.焦婷,张富强,韩强,等.应用螺旋CT与快速成型技术制作义耳[J].口腔颌面修复学杂志,2004,5(2)：127-129.
41. Vats A,Tolley NS,Polak JM,et al.Scaffolds and biomaterials for tissue engineer-ing:a review of clinical applications.Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci,2003,28(3): 165-172.
42.卢秉恒,李涤尘,王臻,等.将在21世纪崛起的生物制造工程[J].中国机械工程,2000,11(1-2)：149-153.
43. Wilson CE,De Bruijin JD,Van Blitterswijk CA,et al.Design and fabrication of standardized hydroxyapatite scaffolds with a defined macro-architecture by ra-pid prototyping for bone-tissue-engineering research[J].Inc J biomed Mater Res, 2004,68A:123-132.
44. Wiria FE,Leong KF,Chua CK,et al.Poly-epsilon-caprolactone/hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication via selective laser sintering[J].Acta bio-mater,2007,3(1):1-12.
45. Vozzi G,Flaim C,Ahluwalia A,et al.Facrication of PLAG scaffolds using soft lithography and microsyringe deposition[J].Biomaterials,2003,24(14):2533-2540.
46. Schantz JT,Brandwood A,Hutmacher DW,et al.Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells in computer designed fibrinpolymer-ceramic scaffolds manufactured by fused deposition modeling[J].J Mater Sci Mater Med,2005,16(9):807-819.
47. Levy RA,Chu TM,Halloran JW,et al.CT-generated porous hydroxyapatite orbial floor prosthesis as a prototype bioimplant[J].AJNR,1997,18:1522-1525.
1. Tebloev IK,Kalashnikov IuD.Pathogenesis of symptomatic facial hemiatrophy nevropatol Psikhiatr[J].Im SS Korsakova,2002,79(4):413-416.
2. 刘彦普,龚振宇,何黎升,等.快速原型技术在口腔颌面修复中的应用[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2003,19(5)：408-410.
3. Cao YL,Robriguez A,Vacanti M,et al.Comparative study of the poly,calcium alginate and pluronics in the engineering of autologous poreine cartilage[J].J Biomater Sci Polymer Edn,2005,9(5):475.
4. Walter C,Suitzerland H.Aspects of facial correctionand reconstruction by using transplants(composite grafts and implants) with special reference surgical mem-brane implants[J].Otolaryngol Head Neck surg,1994,110:524.
5. 钱云良,范志宏,杨群,等.Medpor外科种植体在颅面整形中的应用[J].中国修复重建外科杂志,2001,12(2)：66-67.
6. Doughenty W,Wellisz T.The natural history of alloplastic implant in orbital floor reconstruction:An animal model[J].Craniofacial Surgery,2004,4(3):276.
7. Anthony Sclafani.Clinical and histologic behavior of exposed porous highdensity polyethylene implants[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg,2007,99(1):41.
8. Bikhazi HB, Van AR. The use of medpor in cosmetic and recostructive:Experi-mental and clinical evidence[J]. In F. Stucker(Ed), Plastic and Reconstructive surgery of the Head and Neck. St. Iouis:Mosby,2000:271-272.
9. Peters DM.Rapid prototyping update[J].Found Manag Technol,1999,25(3):39-46.
10.曹川,李世荣,毕胜,等.应用快速原型技术辅助矫正下颌骨不对称畸形[J].中国美容医学,2008,17(4)：507-510.
11. Bibb R,Freeman P,Brown R,et al.An investigation of three dimensional scann-ing of human body surfaces and its use in the design and manufacture of prosth-eses[J].Proc Inst Mech Eng,2005,214(6):589-594.
12. Fan H,Lu Y,Stump A,et al.Rapid prototyoing of patterned functional nano-struc-tures[J].Nature,2000,405(6782):56-60.
13. Webb PA.A review of rapid prototyping techniques in the medical and biomedi-cal sector[J].J Med Eng Technol,2003,24:149-153.
2. Kodama.Display three-dimensional information to a physical formed model[J]. Electronics and communications society,1989,17(6):237-241
3. 柴岗.快速成型技术在整形外科的应用[J].组织工程与重建外科杂志,2007,3(2)：107-109
4. 颜永年.快速成型技术的功能集成研究[J].中国机械工程,2003,8(5)：13-15
5. Klein HM,Schneider W,Alzen G, et al.Pediatric craniofacial surgery:comparison of milling and stereolithography for 3D model manufacturing[J].Pediatr Radiol, 1992,22(6):458-460
6. Mankovich NJ,Cheeseman AM,Stoker NG.The display of three-dimensional ana-Tomy with stereolithographic models[J].Digit Imaging,1997,3(3),200-203
7. 尹希猛,王运赣,黄树槐.快速成型技术-90年代新的造型工具[J].中国机械工程,1993,4(6)：2527
8. 曹伟,曾忠,李合生.快速成型技术及其发展趋势[J].机械设计与制造,2006(5)
9. 孙伟峰.快速成型(RP)的原理方法及应用[J].计算机技术应用,2008,3：9-11
10.张庆福,吕春堂,周中华.快速原型技术在颅颌面整复中的应用[J].国外医学生物医学工程分册,2005,28(1)：10-13
11. Choi JY,Choi JH,Kim NK,et al.Analysis of errors in medical rapid prototyping models[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2002,31(1):23-32.
12. Kragskov J,Sindet PS,Gyldensted C,et al. A comparison of three-dimensional computed tomography scans and sterolithographic models for evaluation of craniofacial anomalies [J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2006,54(4):402-411.
13.王炜.整形外科学[M].杭州：浙江科学技术出版社,1999：1-3
14. Bibb R,Freeman P,Brown R,et al.An investigation of three-dimensional scanning of human body parts and its use in the design and manufacture of prosthesis. Proc inst mech Eng [H] 2000,214(6):589-94
15. Coto M,Katsuki T,Noguchi H.Surgical simulation for reconstruction of mandi-bular bone defet using photocurable plastic skull models:A report of three cases [J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,2005,55(7):772-780.
16. Haers PE.Warnke T,Carls FR,et al.Preoperative diagnosis of complex cranio-facial syndromes[J].Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir,2008,2Supp11:S13-15.
17. Asaumi J,Kawai N,Honda Y,et al.Comparison of three-dimensional computed tomography with rapid prototype models in the management of coronoid hyperplasia[J].Dentomaxillofac Radiol,2001,30(6):330-335.
18. Bianchi SD,Ramieri G,De Gioanni PP,et al.The validation of stereolithographic anatomical replicas:The authors'own experience and a review of the literature [J].Radio Med(Torino),1997,94(5):503-510.
19.柴岗.快速成型技术在整形外科的应用[J].组织工程与重建外科杂志,2007,3(2)：107-109
20. Stoker NG,Mankovith NJ,Valentino D.Sterolithographic models for surgical planning:Preliminary report[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,1992,50(5):466-471.
21. Holck DE,Boyd EM Jr,Ng J,et al.Benefits of stereolithgraphy in orbital recon-struction[J].Ophthalmology,1996,106(6):1214.
22. Sarment DP,Sukovic P,Slinthorne N.Accuracy of implant placement with a stereolithgraphic surgical guide[J].Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants,2003,18(4): 571-577.
23.李文刚,郑培慧,王广春,等.快速原型技术在腓骨移植修复上下颌骨缺损中的应用[J].中华显微外科杂志,2007,30(1)：64-65.
24.徐中和.导航技术在脊柱外科手术中的应用[J].广东医学,2005,26(2)：141-142.
25. Sinn DP,Cillo JE Jr,Miles BA.Stereolithgraphy for craniofacial surgery[J].Cranio Surg,2006,17(5):869-875.
26. Stoker NG,Mankovith NJ,Valentino D.Sterolithographic models for surgical plan-ning:Preliminary report[J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,1998,50(5):466-471.
27. Mcgurk M,Ptamianos P,Amis AA,et al.Rapid prototyping technique for Anato-mical modeling in medicine[J].Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons in Eng-land,2007,79(2):169-174.
28.何冬梅,张益,张震康,等.三维头颅模型在口腔颌面外科的应用[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2001,36(5)：334-336.
29. James WJ,Slabbekoom MA,Edgin WA,et al.Correction of congenital Malar hypo-plasia using stereolithography for presurgical Planning [J].J Oral Maxillofac Surg,1998,56(4):512-517.
30. Lin CC,Lo LJ,Lee MY,et al.Craniofacial surgical simulation:Application of three-dimensional medical imaging and rapid prototyping models[J].Chang Gung Med J,2001,24(4):229-238.
31. Eufinger H,Wehmoller M.Individual prefabricaed titanium implants in recon-structive craniofacial surgery:clinical and technical aspects of the first 22 cases[J].Plast Reconstr Surg,2007,102(2):300-308.
32.归来,左锋,张智勇,等.颅骨缺损的个性化修复[J].中华整形外科杂志,2004,2：98-100.
33.杨连平,李彦生,张练平,等.应用CAD/CAM技术进行个体化下颌骨重建[J].中国口腔颌面外科杂志,2004,2(1)：65-68.
34.龚振宇,刘彦普,周树夏,等.基于反求工程和快速原型的下颌骨缺损的修复[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2004,1：9-11.
35.柴岗.快速成型技术在整形外科的应用[J].组织工程与重建外科杂志,2007,3(2)：107-109
36.刘彦普,龚振宇,何黎升,等.大块下颌骨缺损的个体化数字设计及外形与功能重建[J].中国修复重建外科杂志,2005,19(10)：803-806.
37. Ashley S.Rapid prototyping for artifical body prts[J].Mechanical Engineering, 2003,115(1):50-53.
38. Coward TJ,Watson RM.Wilkin IC,et al.Fabrication of a wax ear by rapid process modeling using stereolithography[J].Int Prosthodont,1999,12(1):20.
39.李风兰,赵铱民,白培康,等.应用选择性激光烧结法烧结新型复合腊粉制作鼻赝复体[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2005,21(1)：8-10.
40.焦婷,张富强,韩强,等.应用螺旋CT与快速成型技术制作义耳[J].口腔颌面修复学杂志,2004,5(2)：127-129.
41. Vats A,Tolley NS,Polak JM,et al.Scaffolds and biomaterials for tissue engineer-ing:a review of clinical applications.Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci,2003,28(3): 165-172.
42.卢秉恒,李涤尘,王臻,等.将在21世纪崛起的生物制造工程[J].中国机械工程,2000,11(1-2)：149-153.
43. Wilson CE,De Bruijin JD,Van Blitterswijk CA,et al.Design and fabrication of standardized hydroxyapatite scaffolds with a defined macro-architecture by ra-pid prototyping for bone-tissue-engineering research[J].Inc J biomed Mater Res, 2004,68A:123-132.
44. Wiria FE,Leong KF,Chua CK,et al.Poly-epsilon-caprolactone/hydroxyapatite for tissue engineering scaffold fabrication via selective laser sintering[J].Acta bio-mater,2007,3(1):1-12.
45. Vozzi G,Flaim C,Ahluwalia A,et al.Facrication of PLAG scaffolds using soft lithography and microsyringe deposition[J].Biomaterials,2003,24(14):2533-2540.
46. Schantz JT,Brandwood A,Hutmacher DW,et al.Osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells in computer designed fibrinpolymer-ceramic scaffolds manufactured by fused deposition modeling[J].J Mater Sci Mater Med,2005,16(9):807-819.
47. Levy RA,Chu TM,Halloran JW,et al.CT-generated porous hydroxyapatite orbial floor prosthesis as a prototype bioimplant[J].AJNR,1997,18:1522-1525.
1. Tebloev IK,Kalashnikov IuD.Pathogenesis of symptomatic facial hemiatrophy nevropatol Psikhiatr[J].Im SS Korsakova,2002,79(4):413-416.
2. 刘彦普,龚振宇,何黎升,等.快速原型技术在口腔颌面修复中的应用[J].实用口腔医学杂志,2003,19(5)：408-410.
3. Cao YL,Robriguez A,Vacanti M,et al.Comparative study of the poly,calcium alginate and pluronics in the engineering of autologous poreine cartilage[J].J Biomater Sci Polymer Edn,2005,9(5):475.
4. Walter C,Suitzerland H.Aspects of facial correctionand reconstruction by using transplants(composite grafts and implants) with special reference surgical mem-brane implants[J].Otolaryngol Head Neck surg,1994,110:524.
5. 钱云良,范志宏,杨群,等.Medpor外科种植体在颅面整形中的应用[J].中国修复重建外科杂志,2001,12(2)：66-67.
6. Doughenty W,Wellisz T.The natural history of alloplastic implant in orbital floor reconstruction:An animal model[J].Craniofacial Surgery,2004,4(3):276.
7. Anthony Sclafani.Clinical and histologic behavior of exposed porous highdensity polyethylene implants[J]. Plast Reconstr Surg,2007,99(1):41.
8. Bikhazi HB, Van AR. The use of medpor in cosmetic and recostructive:Experi-mental and clinical evidence[J]. In F. Stucker(Ed), Plastic and Reconstructive surgery of the Head and Neck. St. Iouis:Mosby,2000:271-272.
9. Peters DM.Rapid prototyping update[J].Found Manag Technol,1999,25(3):39-46.
10.曹川,李世荣,毕胜,等.应用快速原型技术辅助矫正下颌骨不对称畸形[J].中国美容医学,2008,17(4)：507-510.
11. Bibb R,Freeman P,Brown R,et al.An investigation of three dimensional scann-ing of human body surfaces and its use in the design and manufacture of prosth-eses[J].Proc Inst Mech Eng,2005,214(6):589-594.
12. Fan H,Lu Y,Stump A,et al.Rapid prototyoing of patterned functional nano-struc-tures[J].Nature,2000,405(6782):56-60.
13. Webb PA.A review of rapid prototyping techniques in the medical and biomedi-cal sector[J].J Med Eng Technol,2003,24:149-153.