青藏高原高寒草甸群落和土壤对高原鼠兔密度变化的响应
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摘要
高原鼠兔作为高寒草甸生态系统的一个关键组分,其对高寒草甸利害作用的转变取决于种群致灾密度,在非致灾密度条件下对草甸生态系统的健康具有重要的作用。因此研究草地群落和土壤对高原鼠兔密度变化的影响有利于定量刻画鼠类致灾密度阈值。本研究通过调查青藏高原高寒草甸区不同高原鼠兔密度区的群落组分,盖度、高度、生物量和功能群,以及相应点的土壤水分、容重、粒径组成、pH值、有机质、N、P、K含量,揭示青藏高原高寒草甸群落和土壤对高原鼠兔密度变化的影响过程,为定量刻画高原鼠兔的致灾密度阈值提供一定的科学依据。主要结果如下：
1随着高原鼠兔密度增加,草甸群落总体高度和盖度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而群落总体生物量表现为持续下降,当鼠洞密度为14个/625m2时,草甸群落内杂草最少,禾草最多,莎草重要值最大。
2随着高原鼠兔密度的增加,草甸群落丰富度指数表现为先减小后增加的变化趋势,均匀度指数表现为先增加后减小,而多样性指数表现为增加、降低、增加和降低的双峰值变化态势,在鼠洞密度为14个/625m2时,草甸群落的多样性指数最大,鼠洞密度为34个/625m2时,丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数均最小。
3优良牧草功能群和毒杂草功能群的高度均随着高原鼠兔密度增加而下降,优良牧草功能群的盖度在鼠洞密度为34个/625m2时最低,毒杂草功能群盖度在鼠洞密度为14个/625m2时最低。优良牧草功能生物量在鼠洞密度3个/625m2和14个/625m2间差异不显著,但均显著大于34个/625m2和54个/625m2时的生物量(P<0.05)。
4高原鼠兔密度增加,导致土壤裸斑0-10cm的含水量下降,而10-20cm的含水量先增加后降低,土壤粉粒比例先增加后降低,砂粒比例先降低后增加,pH值先增加后降低,说明适量鼠洞增加了土壤通透性,加速了土壤水分向深层渗透,并增加土壤粉粒比例。
5土壤有机质、有机碳及全氮含量均随着高原鼠兔密度增加为先增加后降低,峰值出现在鼠洞密度14个/625m2,而对土壤钾和磷含量没有显著影响,这说明适量的高原鼠兔活动改善了土壤养分,但改善幅度与养分类型密切相关。
As one of the key components of alpine meadow ecosystem, Ochatona curzoniae plays an important role in the stability and health of alpine meadow when its population density is below the warning threshold value, however, this small mammal causes the great disaster to alpine meadow when its population density surpass the warning threshold value. Therefore, it is important to determine the response of alpine meadow community and soil characteristics to changes of population density in Ochatona curzoniae for quantifying the warning threshold value. A field survey was conducted to disclose the relationship between soil, plant communities and population density of Ochatona curzoniae by measuring the species composition of plant community, cover, height, biomass characteristics, functional group, soil moisture, bulk density, particle size composition, pH, organic matter, N, P, K content and organic matter, and Main conclusions were drawn as following,
Firstly, General height and cover of alpine meadow community firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of population density in Ochatona curzoniae, however, the biomass gradually decreased. The types of noxious weeds was the lowest, and the types of grasses and the important value of sedges was biggest when the burrow density was 14 number/625m2.
Secondly, the richness index of plant community firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of population density in Ochatona curzoniae and the evenness index of plant community firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of population density in Ochatona curzoniae. However, the diversity index of plant community showed a peak and small peak when burrow density was 14 and 54 number/625m2, respectively. This study indicated that diversity index of plant community was the biggest when burrow density was 14 number/625m2 and three indexes were the lowest when burrow density was 34 number/625m2.
Thirdly, The height of forage functional groups and poisonous weeds functional groups were all declined with the increase of population density in Ochatona curzoniae, and the cover of forage functional groups was lowest when burrow density was 34 number/625m2, and the cover of poisonous forbs functional groups was lowest when burrow density was 14 number/625m2. The forage biomass was not different at burrow density with 3 number /625m2 to 14 number/625m2, but significantly higher than those at burrow density with 34 number/625m2 and 54 number/625 m2 (P<0.05)
Fourthly, the increase of Ochatona curzoniae density led soil water content of bare patches of 0-10cm layer to reduction, while the soil water content of bare patches of 10-20cm layer firstly increased and then declined. Soil silt percentage firstly increased and then decreased and sand percentage firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of population density in Ochatona curzoniae, in turn, pH value increased at first then decreased, indicating that rational burrow increased soil permeability, accelerated soil moisture to penetrate deeply, and increased the proportion of soil silt.
Fifthly, soil organic matter, organic carbon and nitrogen content firstly increased and then decreased with increase of the density of Ochatona curzoniae, and peaking at 14 number/625m2 burrow density, while potassium and phosphorus content in soil did not respond to change of population density in Ochatona curzoniae, indicating that an rational amount of the plateau pika activities improved the soil nutrient.
1随着高原鼠兔密度增加,草甸群落总体高度和盖度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,而群落总体生物量表现为持续下降,当鼠洞密度为14个/625m2时,草甸群落内杂草最少,禾草最多,莎草重要值最大。
2随着高原鼠兔密度的增加,草甸群落丰富度指数表现为先减小后增加的变化趋势,均匀度指数表现为先增加后减小,而多样性指数表现为增加、降低、增加和降低的双峰值变化态势,在鼠洞密度为14个/625m2时,草甸群落的多样性指数最大,鼠洞密度为34个/625m2时,丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数均最小。
3优良牧草功能群和毒杂草功能群的高度均随着高原鼠兔密度增加而下降,优良牧草功能群的盖度在鼠洞密度为34个/625m2时最低,毒杂草功能群盖度在鼠洞密度为14个/625m2时最低。优良牧草功能生物量在鼠洞密度3个/625m2和14个/625m2间差异不显著,但均显著大于34个/625m2和54个/625m2时的生物量(P<0.05)。
4高原鼠兔密度增加,导致土壤裸斑0-10cm的含水量下降,而10-20cm的含水量先增加后降低,土壤粉粒比例先增加后降低,砂粒比例先降低后增加,pH值先增加后降低,说明适量鼠洞增加了土壤通透性,加速了土壤水分向深层渗透,并增加土壤粉粒比例。
5土壤有机质、有机碳及全氮含量均随着高原鼠兔密度增加为先增加后降低,峰值出现在鼠洞密度14个/625m2,而对土壤钾和磷含量没有显著影响,这说明适量的高原鼠兔活动改善了土壤养分,但改善幅度与养分类型密切相关。
As one of the key components of alpine meadow ecosystem, Ochatona curzoniae plays an important role in the stability and health of alpine meadow when its population density is below the warning threshold value, however, this small mammal causes the great disaster to alpine meadow when its population density surpass the warning threshold value. Therefore, it is important to determine the response of alpine meadow community and soil characteristics to changes of population density in Ochatona curzoniae for quantifying the warning threshold value. A field survey was conducted to disclose the relationship between soil, plant communities and population density of Ochatona curzoniae by measuring the species composition of plant community, cover, height, biomass characteristics, functional group, soil moisture, bulk density, particle size composition, pH, organic matter, N, P, K content and organic matter, and Main conclusions were drawn as following,
Firstly, General height and cover of alpine meadow community firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of population density in Ochatona curzoniae, however, the biomass gradually decreased. The types of noxious weeds was the lowest, and the types of grasses and the important value of sedges was biggest when the burrow density was 14 number/625m2.
Secondly, the richness index of plant community firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of population density in Ochatona curzoniae and the evenness index of plant community firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of population density in Ochatona curzoniae. However, the diversity index of plant community showed a peak and small peak when burrow density was 14 and 54 number/625m2, respectively. This study indicated that diversity index of plant community was the biggest when burrow density was 14 number/625m2 and three indexes were the lowest when burrow density was 34 number/625m2.
Thirdly, The height of forage functional groups and poisonous weeds functional groups were all declined with the increase of population density in Ochatona curzoniae, and the cover of forage functional groups was lowest when burrow density was 34 number/625m2, and the cover of poisonous forbs functional groups was lowest when burrow density was 14 number/625m2. The forage biomass was not different at burrow density with 3 number /625m2 to 14 number/625m2, but significantly higher than those at burrow density with 34 number/625m2 and 54 number/625 m2 (P<0.05)
Fourthly, the increase of Ochatona curzoniae density led soil water content of bare patches of 0-10cm layer to reduction, while the soil water content of bare patches of 10-20cm layer firstly increased and then declined. Soil silt percentage firstly increased and then decreased and sand percentage firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of population density in Ochatona curzoniae, in turn, pH value increased at first then decreased, indicating that rational burrow increased soil permeability, accelerated soil moisture to penetrate deeply, and increased the proportion of soil silt.
Fifthly, soil organic matter, organic carbon and nitrogen content firstly increased and then decreased with increase of the density of Ochatona curzoniae, and peaking at 14 number/625m2 burrow density, while potassium and phosphorus content in soil did not respond to change of population density in Ochatona curzoniae, indicating that an rational amount of the plateau pika activities improved the soil nutrient.
引文
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