碳纳米管负载金属催化剂的制备及性能研究
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摘要
碳纳米管(CNT)作为催化材料具有明显不同于传统催化材料的特性和潜力，可望在精细化学品合成、石油化工产品的加工转化及燃料电池等领域发挥其独特的优异性能，受到学术界和工业界的广泛关注。本论文以碳纳米管为催化剂载体，主要考察碳纳米管负载金属催化剂制备过程中有关因素的影响，以及催化反应过程中的有关规律。具体的研究工作主要集中在以下几个方面。
催化剂的制备方法对催化剂的性能有显著的影响。我们比较了三种方法：浸渍法(IP)、乙二醇液相还原法(EG)、金属有机化学气相沉积法(MOCVD)，考察了制备过程主要参数对催化剂性能的影响，在此基础上，优化制备过程，筛选更合适的制备方法。通过比较发现，MOCVD法具有操作灵活、制备过程简单易行、金属担载量高、金属粒子粒径小且尺寸可控等优点；通过调控碳纳米管表面含氧官能团的数量，可以调变金属粒子的担载量；采用1-辛烯的氢甲酰化反应为探针反应，发现用MOCVD法制备的Co／CNT催化剂具有最高的催化活性和C_9-醛的选择性，并发现1-辛烯的氢甲酰化反应性能与金属钴的粒径大小和粒径分布有关。
通过改进的EG法制备出高分散的碳纳米管负载金属催化剂，并通过物化手段表征了催化剂制备过程中反应体系的变化，从而理解金属胶体的形成及金属胶体与保护剂(乙二酸)相互作用机理。由甲酸在不同金属表面的分解反应的启发，得出金属乙二酸盐的生成热对EG法制备高分散的碳纳米管负载金属催化剂具有决定性的影响。在肉桂醛选择加氢反应中，发现Ag基催化剂的活性尽管较低，但选择性最好。将Ru／CNT催化剂用于苯甲醇氧化反应，发现在85℃氧气气氛下，以水-甲苯为溶剂时，反应的转化率和选择性都可以达到100％。
针对碳纳米管表面疏水性及比表面积小这一特点，采用KOH高温活化的方法对碳纳米管进行改性处理，并将活化碳纳米管作为载体材料，利用浸渍法制备Co／CNT催化剂。结果表明，KOH高温活化碳纳米管对Co／CNT催化剂1-辛烯氢甲酰化生成醛的活性有较大提高，转化率从57.6％提高到83.7％，C_9-醛的产率从41.5％提高到57.1％。
此外，还通过均相催化剂固载化法制备碳纳米管固载铑膦配合物催化剂(Rh(acac)(CO)PPh_3／CNT)进行了初步的探索。
Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a novel carbon material with unique structure and properties, and has drawn much attention as a potential catalytic material from a viewpoint of both fundamental research and industrial uses. It has been demonstrated that the use of CNT as catalyst support can improve activity and selectivity in hydrogenation, hydroformylation and electrocatalysis. In this thesis, the effects of the preparation parameters on CNT supported metal catalysts and their catalytic performance were investigated, on the basis of which the synthesis mechanism of CNT supported metal catalysts are addressed.
The nature and structure, which are significantly influenced by the or/and treatment procedure, are crucial to the performances of catalysts. In this dissertation, CNT supported metal catalysts were prepared using three techniques including impregnation method (IP), metal organic chemical vapor deposition method (MOCVD) and a modified ethylene glycol method (EG). The effects of several preparation variables on the performance of catalysts were studied. The Co/CNT catalyst prepared by MOCVD method has a high and homogeneous dispersion of spherical Co metal particles with a narrow size distribution. The amounts of oxygen-containing functional groups and metal loading on CNT are found to be the key factors in controlling the metal particle size and distribution of the metal particles deposited on the CNT. For the hydroformylation of 1 -octene, the Co/CNT catalyst prepared by MOCVD is superior to those prepared by other methods, and shows significantly higher activity and regioselectivity. The excellent catalytic performance of Co/CNT prepared by MOCVD can be attributed to homogeneous distribution and small size of cobalt metal particles.
A facile ethylene glycol reduction method has been developed, with which a number of metals including Pt group metals, iron group metals, Au and Ag have been successfully supported onto CNT that feature small particle size and narrow size distributions. The correlation between the activity of each metal catalyst for the decomposition of carboxylic acid and the standard formation enthalpy of each corresponding metal's carboxylates has been found to be the guiding plot for obtaining highly dispersed metallic nanoparticles on CNT supports. This strategy can be realized by the decomposition of formic acids catalyzed by various metals, a reaction that is usually used to illustrate connections
催化剂的制备方法对催化剂的性能有显著的影响。我们比较了三种方法：浸渍法(IP)、乙二醇液相还原法(EG)、金属有机化学气相沉积法(MOCVD)，考察了制备过程主要参数对催化剂性能的影响，在此基础上，优化制备过程，筛选更合适的制备方法。通过比较发现，MOCVD法具有操作灵活、制备过程简单易行、金属担载量高、金属粒子粒径小且尺寸可控等优点；通过调控碳纳米管表面含氧官能团的数量，可以调变金属粒子的担载量；采用1-辛烯的氢甲酰化反应为探针反应，发现用MOCVD法制备的Co／CNT催化剂具有最高的催化活性和C_9-醛的选择性，并发现1-辛烯的氢甲酰化反应性能与金属钴的粒径大小和粒径分布有关。
通过改进的EG法制备出高分散的碳纳米管负载金属催化剂，并通过物化手段表征了催化剂制备过程中反应体系的变化，从而理解金属胶体的形成及金属胶体与保护剂(乙二酸)相互作用机理。由甲酸在不同金属表面的分解反应的启发，得出金属乙二酸盐的生成热对EG法制备高分散的碳纳米管负载金属催化剂具有决定性的影响。在肉桂醛选择加氢反应中，发现Ag基催化剂的活性尽管较低，但选择性最好。将Ru／CNT催化剂用于苯甲醇氧化反应，发现在85℃氧气气氛下，以水-甲苯为溶剂时，反应的转化率和选择性都可以达到100％。
针对碳纳米管表面疏水性及比表面积小这一特点，采用KOH高温活化的方法对碳纳米管进行改性处理，并将活化碳纳米管作为载体材料，利用浸渍法制备Co／CNT催化剂。结果表明，KOH高温活化碳纳米管对Co／CNT催化剂1-辛烯氢甲酰化生成醛的活性有较大提高，转化率从57.6％提高到83.7％，C_9-醛的产率从41.5％提高到57.1％。
此外，还通过均相催化剂固载化法制备碳纳米管固载铑膦配合物催化剂(Rh(acac)(CO)PPh_3／CNT)进行了初步的探索。
Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a novel carbon material with unique structure and properties, and has drawn much attention as a potential catalytic material from a viewpoint of both fundamental research and industrial uses. It has been demonstrated that the use of CNT as catalyst support can improve activity and selectivity in hydrogenation, hydroformylation and electrocatalysis. In this thesis, the effects of the preparation parameters on CNT supported metal catalysts and their catalytic performance were investigated, on the basis of which the synthesis mechanism of CNT supported metal catalysts are addressed.
The nature and structure, which are significantly influenced by the or/and treatment procedure, are crucial to the performances of catalysts. In this dissertation, CNT supported metal catalysts were prepared using three techniques including impregnation method (IP), metal organic chemical vapor deposition method (MOCVD) and a modified ethylene glycol method (EG). The effects of several preparation variables on the performance of catalysts were studied. The Co/CNT catalyst prepared by MOCVD method has a high and homogeneous dispersion of spherical Co metal particles with a narrow size distribution. The amounts of oxygen-containing functional groups and metal loading on CNT are found to be the key factors in controlling the metal particle size and distribution of the metal particles deposited on the CNT. For the hydroformylation of 1 -octene, the Co/CNT catalyst prepared by MOCVD is superior to those prepared by other methods, and shows significantly higher activity and regioselectivity. The excellent catalytic performance of Co/CNT prepared by MOCVD can be attributed to homogeneous distribution and small size of cobalt metal particles.
A facile ethylene glycol reduction method has been developed, with which a number of metals including Pt group metals, iron group metals, Au and Ag have been successfully supported onto CNT that feature small particle size and narrow size distributions. The correlation between the activity of each metal catalyst for the decomposition of carboxylic acid and the standard formation enthalpy of each corresponding metal's carboxylates has been found to be the guiding plot for obtaining highly dispersed metallic nanoparticles on CNT supports. This strategy can be realized by the decomposition of formic acids catalyzed by various metals, a reaction that is usually used to illustrate connections
引文
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