基于GIS和RS的石羊河流域植被生态需水的时空分布规律研究
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摘要
我国干旱区水资源短缺,社会经济用水常挤占生态需水,导致植被退化等生态环境恶化现象。干旱区生态建设的关键是恢复植被,因此合理地确定植被生态需水具有重要的科学意义。石羊河流域是干旱区用水矛盾和生态环境问题最突出的地区。由于水资源的过度开发利用,致使下游地下水位下降,依赖地下水生长的天然植被衰退,盖度降低,生态环境日益恶化。因此,研究植被生态需水的时空分布规律,对于恢复石羊河流域的生态植被,改善流域生态环境,进而实现水资源可持续利用具有重要意义。论文取得的主要结论如下:
(1)依据石羊河流域近50年各气象站的逐月气象资料,采用FAO-56推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算石羊河流域各气象站的丰、平、枯不同水文年植被生长期4-10月的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0),结果表明各气象站不同水文年4-10月的ET0最高值一般发生在6月或7月,最小值发生在10月。5-8月ET0值占生长期ET0值的比例最大,为62%-70%;北部民勤站ET0值最高,南部天祝站ET0值最低,在空间上呈现从西南至东北、由山区向绿洲平原递增趋势。
(2)采用FAO提出的天然植被生态需水的计算方法,计算不同水文年不同植被类型石羊河流域各站的适宜生态需水定额和最小生态需水定额,并得到相应的生态缺水定额,再结合遥感解译的植被的面积,获得现状不同水文年不同植被生态需水量和生态缺水量,并进行年内与年际变化规律的研究。各气象站不同类型植被的生态需水和生态缺水定额由大到小为:乔木林、灌木林、高盖度草地、疏林地和中盖度草地。各气象站不同类型植被的生态需水主要集中在6~8月份,占总需水的65%左右;下游民勤站缺水主要集中在6,8月,7月份缺水较轻。中游凉州、永昌站10月份几乎不缺水。上游天祝站除4月份有轻微的缺水,其余各月均不缺水。北部民勤站生态需水与生态缺水定额最大,南部祁连山天祝站生态需水与生态缺水定额最小,在空间上呈现从南部祁连山到北部递增的趋势。研究结果可为石羊河流域植被恢复建设提供科学依据。
(3)建立了石羊河流域不同类型植被生态需水和生态缺水空间分布式模型,并基于2000年现状植被分布图求得基于GIS和RS的现状年植被适宜生态需水量和最小生态需水量以及相应的生态缺水量。
Water shortages in arid areas in our country and socio-economic use of water often squeezing ecological water requirement (EWR) lead to vegetation degradation. Finally, it caused deterioration of ecological environment. The key ecological construction in arid areas is to restore vegetation. Therefore reasonable to identify vegetation ecological water requirement (VEWR) has scientific significance. Shiyang River Basin is a place where water conflict in arid areas and the ecological environment of the region are most prominent. Over-exploitation of water resources, resulting in groundwaterr level declining in downstream, the growth of natural vegetation which depends on groundwater recession and the cover was reduced. Finally, the ecological environment is worsening. Therefore, for the restoration of vegetation in Shiyang River Basin and the improvement of the ecological environment to realize the sustainable utilization of water resources, studying the temporal and spatial distribution of VEWR is important. Main conclusions of the thesis are achieved as following.
(1) According to nearly 50 years of monthly meteorological data of various weather stations of Shiyang River Basin, the thesis used Penman-Monteith formula which is recommended by FAO-56 to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) of weather stations in Shiyang River Basin the vegetation growing season from April to October in different hydrologic years. The results indicated that all weather stations in different hydrological years from April to October of ET0 maximum generally occurs in June or July and minimum occurred in October. ET0 values from May to August shares of the largest proportion of growing ET0 values, which is 62%~70%. Maximum ET0 is in Minqin station where is in the northern part of studied area. The lowest ET0 is in Tianzhu station where is in the southern part of studied area.
(2) The thesis used VEWR of calculation method is raised by FAO to calculate the ecological water quota and minimum EWR and the corresponding ecological shortage water quota of different vegetation types in different hydrological of every stations in Shiyang River Basin. The thesis combined with remote sensing interpretation of the vegetation of the area and obtained in different hydrological situation in different VEWR and ecological shortage water, in order to study changed regular pattern of the year and interannual. The different types of weather VEWR and ecological shortage water quota descending are forest tree, shrub, high coverage grassland, sparse grass coverage and medium coverage grassland. VEWR in the different types of weather in every station mainly focuses on June to August, about 65% of the total water demand. Shortage water period of Minqin station is mainly in June and August. Shortage water is to a lesser extent in July. Liang Zhou station and Yongchang station are not short of water in October. Tianzhu station is not dry in the rest of the month except in April which is slightly dry. EWR and shortage water of Minqin station is maximum. EWR and shortage water of Tianzhu station is minimum. EWR and shortage water presented increasing trend in the space from the south to the north. The results can provide a scientific basis for Shiyang River Basin restoration construction.
(3) The thesis established Shiyang River Basin different types of VEWR and ecological water shortage spatially distributed model and based on vegetation distribution in 2000 get based on GIS and RS status year the VEWR, minimum ecological water demand and the corresponding amount of ecological water.
(1)依据石羊河流域近50年各气象站的逐月气象资料,采用FAO-56推荐的Penman-Monteith公式计算石羊河流域各气象站的丰、平、枯不同水文年植被生长期4-10月的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET0),结果表明各气象站不同水文年4-10月的ET0最高值一般发生在6月或7月,最小值发生在10月。5-8月ET0值占生长期ET0值的比例最大,为62%-70%;北部民勤站ET0值最高,南部天祝站ET0值最低,在空间上呈现从西南至东北、由山区向绿洲平原递增趋势。
(2)采用FAO提出的天然植被生态需水的计算方法,计算不同水文年不同植被类型石羊河流域各站的适宜生态需水定额和最小生态需水定额,并得到相应的生态缺水定额,再结合遥感解译的植被的面积,获得现状不同水文年不同植被生态需水量和生态缺水量,并进行年内与年际变化规律的研究。各气象站不同类型植被的生态需水和生态缺水定额由大到小为:乔木林、灌木林、高盖度草地、疏林地和中盖度草地。各气象站不同类型植被的生态需水主要集中在6~8月份,占总需水的65%左右;下游民勤站缺水主要集中在6,8月,7月份缺水较轻。中游凉州、永昌站10月份几乎不缺水。上游天祝站除4月份有轻微的缺水,其余各月均不缺水。北部民勤站生态需水与生态缺水定额最大,南部祁连山天祝站生态需水与生态缺水定额最小,在空间上呈现从南部祁连山到北部递增的趋势。研究结果可为石羊河流域植被恢复建设提供科学依据。
(3)建立了石羊河流域不同类型植被生态需水和生态缺水空间分布式模型,并基于2000年现状植被分布图求得基于GIS和RS的现状年植被适宜生态需水量和最小生态需水量以及相应的生态缺水量。
Water shortages in arid areas in our country and socio-economic use of water often squeezing ecological water requirement (EWR) lead to vegetation degradation. Finally, it caused deterioration of ecological environment. The key ecological construction in arid areas is to restore vegetation. Therefore reasonable to identify vegetation ecological water requirement (VEWR) has scientific significance. Shiyang River Basin is a place where water conflict in arid areas and the ecological environment of the region are most prominent. Over-exploitation of water resources, resulting in groundwaterr level declining in downstream, the growth of natural vegetation which depends on groundwater recession and the cover was reduced. Finally, the ecological environment is worsening. Therefore, for the restoration of vegetation in Shiyang River Basin and the improvement of the ecological environment to realize the sustainable utilization of water resources, studying the temporal and spatial distribution of VEWR is important. Main conclusions of the thesis are achieved as following.
(1) According to nearly 50 years of monthly meteorological data of various weather stations of Shiyang River Basin, the thesis used Penman-Monteith formula which is recommended by FAO-56 to calculate the reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0) of weather stations in Shiyang River Basin the vegetation growing season from April to October in different hydrologic years. The results indicated that all weather stations in different hydrological years from April to October of ET0 maximum generally occurs in June or July and minimum occurred in October. ET0 values from May to August shares of the largest proportion of growing ET0 values, which is 62%~70%. Maximum ET0 is in Minqin station where is in the northern part of studied area. The lowest ET0 is in Tianzhu station where is in the southern part of studied area.
(2) The thesis used VEWR of calculation method is raised by FAO to calculate the ecological water quota and minimum EWR and the corresponding ecological shortage water quota of different vegetation types in different hydrological of every stations in Shiyang River Basin. The thesis combined with remote sensing interpretation of the vegetation of the area and obtained in different hydrological situation in different VEWR and ecological shortage water, in order to study changed regular pattern of the year and interannual. The different types of weather VEWR and ecological shortage water quota descending are forest tree, shrub, high coverage grassland, sparse grass coverage and medium coverage grassland. VEWR in the different types of weather in every station mainly focuses on June to August, about 65% of the total water demand. Shortage water period of Minqin station is mainly in June and August. Shortage water is to a lesser extent in July. Liang Zhou station and Yongchang station are not short of water in October. Tianzhu station is not dry in the rest of the month except in April which is slightly dry. EWR and shortage water of Minqin station is maximum. EWR and shortage water of Tianzhu station is minimum. EWR and shortage water presented increasing trend in the space from the south to the north. The results can provide a scientific basis for Shiyang River Basin restoration construction.
(3) The thesis established Shiyang River Basin different types of VEWR and ecological water shortage spatially distributed model and based on vegetation distribution in 2000 get based on GIS and RS status year the VEWR, minimum ecological water demand and the corresponding amount of ecological water.
引文
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