植物基因工程的风险评估与安全管理研究
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摘要
植物基因工程技术的迅速发展，在带来巨大利益的同时，也给人类社会和自然界带来风险。虽然在实验室条件下人们可以非常精确地对DNA进行剪接，但一个外源基因导入植物体后，对整个植物基因组的影响人们尚不能完全预测和控制。植物体是一个极其复杂的生命系统，以我们现有的科学知识和技术手段还不能完全控制和支配植物的遗传。基因工程可能导致我们无法预测植物性状改变，有时这种改变在短时期内甚至难以觉察，但却可能给环境、生态系统、人身健康带来巨大的风险。由于植物基因工程的风险及这种风险的长期性、不可预测性，我们必须防患于未然。
当前植物基因工程生产的转基因植物主要应用于农业(含林业)和医药领域。农业领域主要是向植物转入各种有用基因，特别是抗害、抗逆、性状改良基因等。医药领域主要是利用转基因植物作为“植物生物反应器”生产口服疫苗及医用蛋白等。植物基因工程带来的风险主要是对生态环境的潜在威胁和对人体健康的可能危害。其中生态风险主要表现为转基因植物杂草化和基因漂移；抗虫转基因植物对非目标生物的影响；病毒寄主范围扩大与病毒重组；转基因植物的积累和级联效应等。健康风险主要表现为转基因植物及其产品可能含有已知或未知的毒素或过敏源，对人体产生危害；基因工程导致植物的某些营养成分或营养质量发生变化，引起人体的某些症状；标记基因传递可能导致的风险等。
本文探讨了风险及风险分析的基本理论和传统的植物基因工程
安全性评价的目的、程序、方法、原则、等级划分及其不足。构建
了新的植物基因工程三维递进风险评估法。即在传统的安全评价方
法的基础上，按照基于转基因植物本身的风险评估、基于生态系统
的风险评估、基于社会层面的风险评估的三维风险评估体系对植物
基因工程的安全性及其风险进行评价。引入效益—费用分析法和
风险补偿率分析法，综合评价植物基因工程项目的风险。
植物基因工程的风险控制与安全管理早己引起各国政府的高度
重视。本论文分别考察美国、英国、日本、澳大利亚和我国的植物
基因工程安全管理制度。引入植物基因工程项目风险管理最优化控
制和总体风险控制机制。构建植物基因工程风险控制因子解释结构
模型，用C语言编制计算机计算程序，解矩阵，求得风险控制因子
分级递阶结构，并给出科学的风险控制建议。结合我国植物基因工
程风险评估与安全管理的不足，提出加强我国植物基因工程风险评
估与安全管理的对策。
Although the development of the plant genetic engineering brings us much benefits ,it makes the society of our human beings and the nature face the risk. We can cut DNA exactly in the lab ,but we cannot predict and control the effects on the whole plant genes after the "outside"genes which are transplanted into the plant .Plant is a kind of complex life system ,which we are not able to control and dominate absolutely according to our current scientific knowledge and the technology method. Maybe the plant genetic engineering can lead to unpredicatable change on the characters of the plant , and it is difficult for us to aware in short times ,but it is risk to the environment ecosystem and our health. We have to resistant to the risk of the plant genetic engineering , its protracted nature and unpredictable.
Nowadays transgenic plants ,produced by the plant genetic engineering ,are mainly used in the agriculture including forestry and the medical field. It is mainly transplanted different useful genes into plants, especially virus resistant , adversity resistant and the better character genes in agriculture field ,etc. In the medical field , transgenetic plants are mainly used as 'the reaction of plants and organisms', to produce oral vaccine and medical protein, etc. The risks which are brought by the plant genetic engineering are mainly the potential menace to ecelogical environment and the probable dangerous to human health. Ecology risks are expressed as weeds and gene flow; the effects of pests resistant transgenic plants to non-objective organisms; the enlargement of virus host of parasitic host and the new company of virus; the acculation of the transgenic plants and the effects of every grade relationship and so on .Healthy risks are mainly displayed as known or unknown virus or allergy sources which are
dangerous to human health ;the changement on some certain nutrition composition and quality led by genetic engineering causes human body to produce some symptom; the probable risk of the marker gene conveys, etc.
This paper explores the basic theory of the risk and the risk assessment, the
goal, order ,method, principle, grade divided and its inadequate of the traditional plant genetic engineering safety assessment to form the scientific plant genetic engineering risk assessment" three factors step by step risk assessment method" that means at the foundation method of the traditional safety assessment ,according to the risk assessment of the transgenic plant itself ,ecosystem ,social side's ,three factors risk assessment system produce the evaluation to the safety and its risk of the plant genetic engineering. Introducing the benefit-cost and the risk compensation analysis method ,we can access the plant genetic engineering item's risk synthetically.
Every country has taken the plant genetic engineering risk control and safety management seriously for a long time .In my paper, I research the plant genetic engineering safety management policy separately in the USA, UK. Japan , Australia and China .Lead the best control of the plant-gene engineering project risk management and the whole risk control mechanism. Build the plant genetic engineering risk control factors explanation struction model ,using C linguistics to makeup the calculation order to solve equation ,gain the risk control factors separate grade structure and give the scientific risk control suggestion .Combining with the lack of the plant genetic engineering risk assessment and the safety management in our nation .1 raise the tactics how to enforce our Chinese plant genetic engineering risk assessment and the safety management.
当前植物基因工程生产的转基因植物主要应用于农业(含林业)和医药领域。农业领域主要是向植物转入各种有用基因，特别是抗害、抗逆、性状改良基因等。医药领域主要是利用转基因植物作为“植物生物反应器”生产口服疫苗及医用蛋白等。植物基因工程带来的风险主要是对生态环境的潜在威胁和对人体健康的可能危害。其中生态风险主要表现为转基因植物杂草化和基因漂移；抗虫转基因植物对非目标生物的影响；病毒寄主范围扩大与病毒重组；转基因植物的积累和级联效应等。健康风险主要表现为转基因植物及其产品可能含有已知或未知的毒素或过敏源，对人体产生危害；基因工程导致植物的某些营养成分或营养质量发生变化，引起人体的某些症状；标记基因传递可能导致的风险等。
本文探讨了风险及风险分析的基本理论和传统的植物基因工程
安全性评价的目的、程序、方法、原则、等级划分及其不足。构建
了新的植物基因工程三维递进风险评估法。即在传统的安全评价方
法的基础上，按照基于转基因植物本身的风险评估、基于生态系统
的风险评估、基于社会层面的风险评估的三维风险评估体系对植物
基因工程的安全性及其风险进行评价。引入效益—费用分析法和
风险补偿率分析法，综合评价植物基因工程项目的风险。
植物基因工程的风险控制与安全管理早己引起各国政府的高度
重视。本论文分别考察美国、英国、日本、澳大利亚和我国的植物
基因工程安全管理制度。引入植物基因工程项目风险管理最优化控
制和总体风险控制机制。构建植物基因工程风险控制因子解释结构
模型，用C语言编制计算机计算程序，解矩阵，求得风险控制因子
分级递阶结构，并给出科学的风险控制建议。结合我国植物基因工
程风险评估与安全管理的不足，提出加强我国植物基因工程风险评
估与安全管理的对策。
Although the development of the plant genetic engineering brings us much benefits ,it makes the society of our human beings and the nature face the risk. We can cut DNA exactly in the lab ,but we cannot predict and control the effects on the whole plant genes after the "outside"genes which are transplanted into the plant .Plant is a kind of complex life system ,which we are not able to control and dominate absolutely according to our current scientific knowledge and the technology method. Maybe the plant genetic engineering can lead to unpredicatable change on the characters of the plant , and it is difficult for us to aware in short times ,but it is risk to the environment ecosystem and our health. We have to resistant to the risk of the plant genetic engineering , its protracted nature and unpredictable.
Nowadays transgenic plants ,produced by the plant genetic engineering ,are mainly used in the agriculture including forestry and the medical field. It is mainly transplanted different useful genes into plants, especially virus resistant , adversity resistant and the better character genes in agriculture field ,etc. In the medical field , transgenetic plants are mainly used as 'the reaction of plants and organisms', to produce oral vaccine and medical protein, etc. The risks which are brought by the plant genetic engineering are mainly the potential menace to ecelogical environment and the probable dangerous to human health. Ecology risks are expressed as weeds and gene flow; the effects of pests resistant transgenic plants to non-objective organisms; the enlargement of virus host of parasitic host and the new company of virus; the acculation of the transgenic plants and the effects of every grade relationship and so on .Healthy risks are mainly displayed as known or unknown virus or allergy sources which are
dangerous to human health ;the changement on some certain nutrition composition and quality led by genetic engineering causes human body to produce some symptom; the probable risk of the marker gene conveys, etc.
This paper explores the basic theory of the risk and the risk assessment, the
goal, order ,method, principle, grade divided and its inadequate of the traditional plant genetic engineering safety assessment to form the scientific plant genetic engineering risk assessment" three factors step by step risk assessment method" that means at the foundation method of the traditional safety assessment ,according to the risk assessment of the transgenic plant itself ,ecosystem ,social side's ,three factors risk assessment system produce the evaluation to the safety and its risk of the plant genetic engineering. Introducing the benefit-cost and the risk compensation analysis method ,we can access the plant genetic engineering item's risk synthetically.
Every country has taken the plant genetic engineering risk control and safety management seriously for a long time .In my paper, I research the plant genetic engineering safety management policy separately in the USA, UK. Japan , Australia and China .Lead the best control of the plant-gene engineering project risk management and the whole risk control mechanism. Build the plant genetic engineering risk control factors explanation struction model ,using C linguistics to makeup the calculation order to solve equation ,gain the risk control factors separate grade structure and give the scientific risk control suggestion .Combining with the lack of the plant genetic engineering risk assessment and the safety management in our nation .1 raise the tactics how to enforce our Chinese plant genetic engineering risk assessment and the safety management.
引文
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