移动Ad hoc网络关键技术研究
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摘要
移动Ad hoc网络(Mobile Ad Hoc Networks，MANETs)凭借其无中心、自组织、可以快速部署等特点而广泛应用于人类社会生活的很多方面，并发挥着越来越重要的作用，其广阔的应用前景带动和刺激了相关研究工作的开展。本文正是在这个大背景下，对移动Ad hoc网络中的一些问题进行了研究和分析。这些问题包括采用多信道方式的发射功率控制MAC协议，充分利用无线信道的广播特性的MAC及路由协议，以及许多安全和QoS技术的共同基础——报文分类算法。本论文的主要研究工作和创新点如下：
第一，介绍了移动Ad hoc网络的发展历史、关键特征、应用前景以及研究热点，移动Ad hoc网络以及无线局域网的媒体访问控制(MAC)协议的发展概况。论文还详细介绍了IEEE 802.11协议中的分布式协调功能DCF，包括DCF的两种传输方式：基本接入方式和RTS／CTS方式。介绍这些协议的原因是由于这些协议所率先提出的一些技术目前在移动Ad hoc网络MAC协议中得到了普遍采用，特别是IEEE 802.11，几乎已经成为移动Ad hoc网络物理层和链路层规范的事实标准。通过对这些协议的详细分析，为以后的讨论提供了必要的背景知识。
第二，针对现有的多信道功率控制MAC协议，如DCA-PC，存在着的控制信道利用率低，以及节点间采用大功率的通信对小功率通信干扰严重等缺点，提出了一种改进方案——DDCA-PC。DDCA-PC允许采用较低的功率发送控制帧来提高控制信道的利用率，同时将大功率的节点之间的通信限定在特定信道上，降低了通信之间相互干扰的概率。仿真实验表明，与DCA-PC相比，采用本文提出的协议可以在有效提高网络吞吐量的同时，降低能量的消耗。
第三，为了充分利用了无线通信信道的广播特性，提出了一种分簇的移动Ad hoc网络后择路由(opportunistic routing)协议——CORP(Clustered Opportunistic Routing Protocol)。这一协议在转发数据包时，首先向相邻节点广播该数据包，然后再在正确接收到数据包的节点中选择一个合适的节点转发。采用这种方法可以克服无线信道质量不稳定的缺点，同时利用传统的路由协议无法利用的长距离不稳定链路，从而可以大大减少数据包在网络中的转发次数，由此也提高了整个网络的吞吐量。
第四，提出了一种专门针对网络处理器作了优化的包分类算法——Adaptive Bitmap RFC算法，通过对目标平台体系结构的详细分析，我们采用了Bitmap压缩、乘法指令替代、数据优化配置等一系列优化措施。在硬件平台上的实验表明，所提出的算法在内存消耗和速度之间达到了良好的平衡。虽然这一算法实现在Intel公司的IXP2xxx系列网络处理器上，但是由于大部分网络处理器都具有相类似的结构，因此这些优化措施可以比较容易地移植到其它网络处理器平台上。
Due to the characteristics such as indepent of infrastructure, self-organized and fast deployment, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) play a more and more important role in many aspects of people's daily life. The wide application prospect of MANETs stimulates the energetical development of relevant research. Under this background, this dissertation carries out deep research and study on several important problems of MANETs. These problems include multi-channel transmission power control MAC protocol, MAC and routing protocols utilize the characteristic of wireless channel, and the base of many security and QoS techniques used in MANETs - packet classification algorithm. The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The history, main characteristic, application prospect, and research hotspot of MANETs are reviewed as well as the MAC protocols of wireless local area networks and MANETs. We introduce the distribution coordination function (DCF) of IEEE 802.11, including two access mechanisms: the basic mechanism and the RTS/CTS (Request to Send/ Clear to Send) mechanism.
2. Existing multi-channel transmission power control MAC protocols for MANETs, e.g. DCA-PC, suffer from the low utilization of control channel and the interference of communications using large power to the lower ones. To solve this problem, DDCA-PC, an enhanced protocol is proposed. DDCA-PC allows transmitting the control frames by lower power, and constrains the communications using large power in a dedicated channel. Simulation results indicate that compared to the DCA-PC protocol, DDCA-PC achieves a significant increase in the network throughput, while decreases the energy consumption also.
3. To efficiently exploit the inherent characteristics of radio channels, a clustered opportunistic routing protocol - CORP (Clustered Opportunistic Routing Protocol)—is proposed. CORP forwards data packet by broadcasting it firstly, then selects the most appropriate node among the nodes received this packet to forward it further. As a result CORP can use long and unreliable radio links which would not be used by traditional protocols. The experiment results show that the proposed protocol presents significant performance improvements, in particular in the average transmission numbers and the network throughput.
4. A packet classification algorithm named Adaptive Bitmap RFC which have been optimized for Intel IXP2xxx network processor architecture is proposed. We study the implementation issues of how an adaptive classification algorithm can be efficiently implemented on a multi-core and multithreaded NPU architecture. Our algorithm combines best traits of recursive flow classification (RFC) algorithm and bitmap compression, and multiply instruction substitution techniques to achieve deterministic classification performance while keeping the memory growth checked. Although we experiment on the Intel IXP2xxx series network processor, the same high-performance can be achieved on other similar NPU architectures.
第一，介绍了移动Ad hoc网络的发展历史、关键特征、应用前景以及研究热点，移动Ad hoc网络以及无线局域网的媒体访问控制(MAC)协议的发展概况。论文还详细介绍了IEEE 802.11协议中的分布式协调功能DCF，包括DCF的两种传输方式：基本接入方式和RTS／CTS方式。介绍这些协议的原因是由于这些协议所率先提出的一些技术目前在移动Ad hoc网络MAC协议中得到了普遍采用，特别是IEEE 802.11，几乎已经成为移动Ad hoc网络物理层和链路层规范的事实标准。通过对这些协议的详细分析，为以后的讨论提供了必要的背景知识。
第二，针对现有的多信道功率控制MAC协议，如DCA-PC，存在着的控制信道利用率低，以及节点间采用大功率的通信对小功率通信干扰严重等缺点，提出了一种改进方案——DDCA-PC。DDCA-PC允许采用较低的功率发送控制帧来提高控制信道的利用率，同时将大功率的节点之间的通信限定在特定信道上，降低了通信之间相互干扰的概率。仿真实验表明，与DCA-PC相比，采用本文提出的协议可以在有效提高网络吞吐量的同时，降低能量的消耗。
第三，为了充分利用了无线通信信道的广播特性，提出了一种分簇的移动Ad hoc网络后择路由(opportunistic routing)协议——CORP(Clustered Opportunistic Routing Protocol)。这一协议在转发数据包时，首先向相邻节点广播该数据包，然后再在正确接收到数据包的节点中选择一个合适的节点转发。采用这种方法可以克服无线信道质量不稳定的缺点，同时利用传统的路由协议无法利用的长距离不稳定链路，从而可以大大减少数据包在网络中的转发次数，由此也提高了整个网络的吞吐量。
第四，提出了一种专门针对网络处理器作了优化的包分类算法——Adaptive Bitmap RFC算法，通过对目标平台体系结构的详细分析，我们采用了Bitmap压缩、乘法指令替代、数据优化配置等一系列优化措施。在硬件平台上的实验表明，所提出的算法在内存消耗和速度之间达到了良好的平衡。虽然这一算法实现在Intel公司的IXP2xxx系列网络处理器上，但是由于大部分网络处理器都具有相类似的结构，因此这些优化措施可以比较容易地移植到其它网络处理器平台上。
Due to the characteristics such as indepent of infrastructure, self-organized and fast deployment, mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) play a more and more important role in many aspects of people's daily life. The wide application prospect of MANETs stimulates the energetical development of relevant research. Under this background, this dissertation carries out deep research and study on several important problems of MANETs. These problems include multi-channel transmission power control MAC protocol, MAC and routing protocols utilize the characteristic of wireless channel, and the base of many security and QoS techniques used in MANETs - packet classification algorithm. The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The history, main characteristic, application prospect, and research hotspot of MANETs are reviewed as well as the MAC protocols of wireless local area networks and MANETs. We introduce the distribution coordination function (DCF) of IEEE 802.11, including two access mechanisms: the basic mechanism and the RTS/CTS (Request to Send/ Clear to Send) mechanism.
2. Existing multi-channel transmission power control MAC protocols for MANETs, e.g. DCA-PC, suffer from the low utilization of control channel and the interference of communications using large power to the lower ones. To solve this problem, DDCA-PC, an enhanced protocol is proposed. DDCA-PC allows transmitting the control frames by lower power, and constrains the communications using large power in a dedicated channel. Simulation results indicate that compared to the DCA-PC protocol, DDCA-PC achieves a significant increase in the network throughput, while decreases the energy consumption also.
3. To efficiently exploit the inherent characteristics of radio channels, a clustered opportunistic routing protocol - CORP (Clustered Opportunistic Routing Protocol)—is proposed. CORP forwards data packet by broadcasting it firstly, then selects the most appropriate node among the nodes received this packet to forward it further. As a result CORP can use long and unreliable radio links which would not be used by traditional protocols. The experiment results show that the proposed protocol presents significant performance improvements, in particular in the average transmission numbers and the network throughput.
4. A packet classification algorithm named Adaptive Bitmap RFC which have been optimized for Intel IXP2xxx network processor architecture is proposed. We study the implementation issues of how an adaptive classification algorithm can be efficiently implemented on a multi-core and multithreaded NPU architecture. Our algorithm combines best traits of recursive flow classification (RFC) algorithm and bitmap compression, and multiply instruction substitution techniques to achieve deterministic classification performance while keeping the memory growth checked. Although we experiment on the Intel IXP2xxx series network processor, the same high-performance can be achieved on other similar NPU architectures.
引文
[1] 郑少仁，王海涛，赵志峰，米志超，黎宁，Adhoc网络技术，人民邮电出版社，2005
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