中国节能产业发展机理分析与路径选择
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摘要
能源生产性消耗和生活性消费迅增,能源问题越来越成为制约中国经济社会可持续发展的瓶颈。从资源耗竭型社会转变为资源节约型社会已是中国经济社会发展的必然选择,而节能降耗是实现这个转变的重要途径。但目前中国节能降耗过分依赖于政府,企业和消费者投入不足,节能降耗成了政府单方面的行为和责任,阻碍了节能降耗目标的顺利实现。在此背景下,如何有效地促进节能降耗是一个值得深入研究的问题。
本文着重研究以促进节能为目标的中国节能产业发展机理及路径选择,在界定节能产业内涵的基础上,从产业发展的内在机理出发,探讨强制机制、利益机制、道德机制对节能产业形成与发展的作用机理,并提出了相应的对策建议引导节能产业的发展。
具体内容包括:
(1)节能产业与传统产业含义不同。构成节能产业的节能企业所生产的产品有着两种使用价值,一种是满足本源需求的使用价值;另一种是满足次生需求的使用价值。节能产业不是以第一种意义的使用价值而是以第二种意义的使用价值为尺度来划分的。
(2)节能产业的形成与发展受三大主体行为的影响,即节能企业、政府和消费者。节能企业的行为遵循“利润最大化”原则,若生产节能产品的利润大于生产普通产品的利润,节能企业选择生产节能产品。消费者的行为遵循“效用最大化”原则,若消费节能产品的效用大于消费普通产品的效用,消费者自然选择消费节能产品,但消费者是有限理性的,消费者仅仅是“理性经济人”,而非“理性生态经济人”。中央政府和地方政府均是利益集团,其行为遵循“利益最大化”原则,但中央政府和地方政府追求的利益不同,两者之间存在博弈行为。只有当节能既有利于中央政府、又有利于地方政府时,两者才会积极采取节能行为。
(3)强制机制是一种“命令控制型”制约机制,经济活动主体被动接受,其作用成效不能持久;利益机制是以经济利益为基础,经济活动主体主动接受,机制本身有内在驱动力,因此其作用成效持久;道德机制是一种以道德、素养为基础的自愿机制,以长期的教育、宣传为前提。本文分析这三种机制对节能产业形成与发展的作用机理,为促进节能产业发展的制度安排和机制设计提供方向性支持。
本文的主要结论是:
中国节能产业形成与发展初期,应该选择政府培育为主、市场力量为辅的产业发展路径。并且,在中国经济社会发展现阶段,我们应该选择以利益机制为主、强制机制为次、道德机制再次的选择路径,以此引导节能企业和消费者选择节能行为,促进节能降耗目标的实现。
With rapid increasing in the productive and living consumption of energy, energy is gradually becoming the bottleneck of constraining sustainable developing of China's economy and society. It's inevitable for China to transforming from a resource-exhausting society to a resource-conserving society, and energy efficiency is the important way of making this transformation come true. However, presently, energy efficiency in China is depending on the government too much, but too little on companies and consumers, and energy efficiency is only to be the government's duty, which stops the target of energy efficiency from coming true. Therefore, how to efficiently promote the energy efficiency is worthy of an in-depth study.
The object of this paper is the mechanism and path of energy efficiency industry's development, which focus on promoting the target of energy efficiency. On the basis of defining the connotation of energy efficiency industry and the inner mechanism of the industry's development, this paper studies enforcement mechanism, interests mechanism and moral mechanism's role in the energy efficiency industry's forming and developing. Finally, this paper studies how to take efficient measures to develop the energy efficiency industry.
The researching content includes:
(1)The meaning of energy efficiency industry is different to the traditional meaning of industry. The products of energy efficiency industry have two kinds of using values, one of which is to meet the oriental demand, and the other is to meet secondary demand. And energy efficiency industry is based on the second using value to meet secondary demand, but not the first using value to meet the oriental demand.
(2)The forming and developing of energy efficiency industry is affected by the behaviour of energy efficiency companies, the government and consumers. The behaviour of energy efficiency companies is based on the principle of profit maximization. If the profit of energy efficiency products is greater than the profit of general products, energy efficiency companies will choose to produce energy efficiency products. The behaviour of consumers is based on the principle of value maximization. If the value of consuming energy efficiency products is greater than the value of general products, consumers will choose to consume energy efficiency products. However, consumers are limited rational, and they are only 'Rational economic man ', but not 'Rational ecological economic man'. Both the central government and local government are interest groups, and their behaviours are based on the principle of interests maximization. However, since the interests between the central government and local government are different, there is always a Game between them. Only on the condition that energy efficiency is not only in favor of the central government but also in favor of the local government, they will positively take the behaviour of energy efficiency.
(3) Enforcement mechanism is a kind of order-control mechanism, which makes the subjects accept it passively. So the role of enforcement mechanism cannot be lasting. Interests mechanism is based on the economic interests, which makes the subjects accept it initiatively. Since it has an internal driving force, the role of interests mechanism can be lasting. Moral mechanism is based on people's moral and literacy, and it demands long-term education and propaganda. Through analyzing these mechanisms' role on promoting the forming and developing of energy efficiency industry, this paper offers directional support for the institutional arrangements and mechanism designing of promoting the development of energy efficiency Industry.
The main conclusion includes:
In the early period of forming and developing China's energy efficiency industry, we should choose the path of putting more emphasis on government-based training with market -supplemented. Moreover, at present, we should choose the way of interests mechanism-enforcement mechanism -moral mechanism to guide the energy efficiency companies and consumers to choose the behaviour of energy efficiency, in order to promote the role of energy efficiency to come true.
本文着重研究以促进节能为目标的中国节能产业发展机理及路径选择,在界定节能产业内涵的基础上,从产业发展的内在机理出发,探讨强制机制、利益机制、道德机制对节能产业形成与发展的作用机理,并提出了相应的对策建议引导节能产业的发展。
具体内容包括:
(1)节能产业与传统产业含义不同。构成节能产业的节能企业所生产的产品有着两种使用价值,一种是满足本源需求的使用价值;另一种是满足次生需求的使用价值。节能产业不是以第一种意义的使用价值而是以第二种意义的使用价值为尺度来划分的。
(2)节能产业的形成与发展受三大主体行为的影响,即节能企业、政府和消费者。节能企业的行为遵循“利润最大化”原则,若生产节能产品的利润大于生产普通产品的利润,节能企业选择生产节能产品。消费者的行为遵循“效用最大化”原则,若消费节能产品的效用大于消费普通产品的效用,消费者自然选择消费节能产品,但消费者是有限理性的,消费者仅仅是“理性经济人”,而非“理性生态经济人”。中央政府和地方政府均是利益集团,其行为遵循“利益最大化”原则,但中央政府和地方政府追求的利益不同,两者之间存在博弈行为。只有当节能既有利于中央政府、又有利于地方政府时,两者才会积极采取节能行为。
(3)强制机制是一种“命令控制型”制约机制,经济活动主体被动接受,其作用成效不能持久;利益机制是以经济利益为基础,经济活动主体主动接受,机制本身有内在驱动力,因此其作用成效持久;道德机制是一种以道德、素养为基础的自愿机制,以长期的教育、宣传为前提。本文分析这三种机制对节能产业形成与发展的作用机理,为促进节能产业发展的制度安排和机制设计提供方向性支持。
本文的主要结论是:
中国节能产业形成与发展初期,应该选择政府培育为主、市场力量为辅的产业发展路径。并且,在中国经济社会发展现阶段,我们应该选择以利益机制为主、强制机制为次、道德机制再次的选择路径,以此引导节能企业和消费者选择节能行为,促进节能降耗目标的实现。
With rapid increasing in the productive and living consumption of energy, energy is gradually becoming the bottleneck of constraining sustainable developing of China's economy and society. It's inevitable for China to transforming from a resource-exhausting society to a resource-conserving society, and energy efficiency is the important way of making this transformation come true. However, presently, energy efficiency in China is depending on the government too much, but too little on companies and consumers, and energy efficiency is only to be the government's duty, which stops the target of energy efficiency from coming true. Therefore, how to efficiently promote the energy efficiency is worthy of an in-depth study.
The object of this paper is the mechanism and path of energy efficiency industry's development, which focus on promoting the target of energy efficiency. On the basis of defining the connotation of energy efficiency industry and the inner mechanism of the industry's development, this paper studies enforcement mechanism, interests mechanism and moral mechanism's role in the energy efficiency industry's forming and developing. Finally, this paper studies how to take efficient measures to develop the energy efficiency industry.
The researching content includes:
(1)The meaning of energy efficiency industry is different to the traditional meaning of industry. The products of energy efficiency industry have two kinds of using values, one of which is to meet the oriental demand, and the other is to meet secondary demand. And energy efficiency industry is based on the second using value to meet secondary demand, but not the first using value to meet the oriental demand.
(2)The forming and developing of energy efficiency industry is affected by the behaviour of energy efficiency companies, the government and consumers. The behaviour of energy efficiency companies is based on the principle of profit maximization. If the profit of energy efficiency products is greater than the profit of general products, energy efficiency companies will choose to produce energy efficiency products. The behaviour of consumers is based on the principle of value maximization. If the value of consuming energy efficiency products is greater than the value of general products, consumers will choose to consume energy efficiency products. However, consumers are limited rational, and they are only 'Rational economic man ', but not 'Rational ecological economic man'. Both the central government and local government are interest groups, and their behaviours are based on the principle of interests maximization. However, since the interests between the central government and local government are different, there is always a Game between them. Only on the condition that energy efficiency is not only in favor of the central government but also in favor of the local government, they will positively take the behaviour of energy efficiency.
(3) Enforcement mechanism is a kind of order-control mechanism, which makes the subjects accept it passively. So the role of enforcement mechanism cannot be lasting. Interests mechanism is based on the economic interests, which makes the subjects accept it initiatively. Since it has an internal driving force, the role of interests mechanism can be lasting. Moral mechanism is based on people's moral and literacy, and it demands long-term education and propaganda. Through analyzing these mechanisms' role on promoting the forming and developing of energy efficiency industry, this paper offers directional support for the institutional arrangements and mechanism designing of promoting the development of energy efficiency Industry.
The main conclusion includes:
In the early period of forming and developing China's energy efficiency industry, we should choose the path of putting more emphasis on government-based training with market -supplemented. Moreover, at present, we should choose the way of interests mechanism-enforcement mechanism -moral mechanism to guide the energy efficiency companies and consumers to choose the behaviour of energy efficiency, in order to promote the role of energy efficiency to come true.
引文
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