人力资本和社会资本双重视角下的收入分配问题
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摘要
近十多年来,在我国的经济以令世界瞩目的速度增长、居民人均收入的不断提高这个大背景下,我国的收入差距问题日渐凸现。表现在基尼系数呈扩大趋势,不同阶层收入差距、行业间收入差距、地区间的差异日益扩大。收入分配差距过分扩大是收入分配不公的直接结果和显要表现,成为受到社会各阶层人士关注的热点问题,如果不能妥善处理收入差距问题,势必对社会经济的正常发展和人们心里的平衡稳定具有不可忽视的消极影响。有可能造成对和谐稳定的消极影响、对经济发展的消极影响、对社会心理的消极影响、对改革进程的消极影响、影响低收入居民的人力资本投资。
理论界对影响收入分配的问题研究和分析已经比较深入,从不同角度探讨了各种因素对收入分配的影响,在影响收入分配的各个因素之中,人力资本是不可忽视的重要因素之一,因为人力资本直接影响了个人的收入水平。在现代经济体系中,人力资本成为一种重要的生产要素。人力资本存量与劳动者的收入水平呈现明显的正相关关系,人力资本存量越大,劳动者的收入水平越高。因此,重视人力资本投资是缩小收入差距的重要手段。由于收入太低,低收入居民对教育和健康投资明显低于居民的平均水平。居民之间的收入差距直接导致低收入居民对人力资本投入不足,最终形成教育投资水平与收入水平的循环效应。由于收入水平低,于是教育投资水平低,教育水平低又导致就业竞争力低,就业竞争力低导致收入水平低,从而陷入一种恶性循环。
然而,种种迹象表明,仅仅研究人力资本对收入分配影响是不够的。因此,本文在分析人力资本对收入分配影响的基础之上,引入了社会资本这个因素,研究分析了社会资本如何通过对人力资本产生影响,并与人力资本的相互作用最终影响收入分配,导致收入差距的产生。
为了客观的分析人力资本和社会资本对我国收入分配的影响,本文首先从理论上进行了人力资本、社会资本的机理分析,分别论述了人力资本、社会资本对收入的影响;采用调查问卷,以家庭为单位,使用网络规模、网络结构、社会参与程度、信任程度、政治和地缘因素五个变量测量家庭社会资本,实证分析了居民家庭人力资本存量、社会资本存量与家庭收入的关系。对收入差距问题的研究,本文的创新之处在于:突破原有的研究模式与框架,引入社会资本因素,从新的视角讨论了收入分配问题。经过本文分析得到了这样的结论:居民家庭社会资本和人力资本存量对家庭收入有着明显的正向影响;社会资本存量和人力资本存量高的家庭,家庭收入也较高,而且,根据实证研究,发现相对社会资本而言,人力资本对家庭收入的影响更大。最后,本文给出了解决收入分配问题的政策建议。
The past 10 years, the economy growth rate of China has attracted worldwide attention and the capita income of residents is continuous improvement, at the same time ,the issue of the income gap in China has gradually emerged. The income gap mainly in the following aspects performance more prominent: the Gini coefficient was expanding trend, the income gap between different sectors of the growing , industry income gap is widening, the differences between the regions growing. Excessive income gap is the inequitable distribution of income as a direct result of performance and prominent, as all sectors of the community are the issues of greatest concern, if not properly dealt with the problem of income disparity, it is bound to the socio-economic development and people's hearts normal balance and stability is an ignore the negative impact. All of these may result in a harmonious and stable negative impact on the economic development of the negative impact on the social and psychological negative impact on the negative impact of the reform process, the impact on low-income residents in investment in human capital.
The theoretical circles on the issue of impact on the distribution of income and have more in-depth analysis from the perspective of a variety of different factors on the impact of the income distribution. Impact of the distribution of income in the various factors, human capital is not to be ignored one of the important factors, as a direct impact on human capital personal income levels. In the modern economic system, the human capital has become an important factor of production. The stocks of human capital and the income level of workers showed a significant positive correlation between the stocks of human capital, the higher the income level of workers. Therefore, the emphasis on human capital investment is to narrow the income gap between an important means. Since low income, investment of low-income residents in education and health was significantly lower than the average level of the residents. The income gap between residents of low-income residents a direct result of inadequate investment in human capital, the final form of investment in education level and income level of the cycle. The low level of income, so the low level of investment in education, low levels of education leads to low employment competitiveness, employment competitiveness of the low-lead low level ofincome, thus caught in a vicious circle.
However, there are indications that, the only study of human capital in the distribution of income is not enough to impact, called the concept of social capital has entered people's vision. In this paper, in human capital in the distribution of income on the basis of the introduction of the social capital of this factor, the analysis of how social capital have an impact on the human capital and human capital through the role of the ultimate impact of the income distribution, have led to a widening gap in income, finally come to human capital and social capital on the double impact of the income gap.
In this paper, human capital and social capital on the impact of Chinese income distribution study, the first from the theoretical analysis, and then based on theories of human capital, social capital theory, the family as the basic unit survey used to collect survey data. I use five variables of the network size, social participation, trust, network structures, political and geographical factors family measuring social capital, and Empirical Analysis of the households in the stock of human capital, the social capital stock and the relationship with the family income. The empirical results show that: the social and human capital stock of household income there is a clear positive impact; Social capital stock and the stock of human capital-the family, higher household income, but, according to empirical research, found the relative social capital, human capital on the impact of greater household income.
理论界对影响收入分配的问题研究和分析已经比较深入,从不同角度探讨了各种因素对收入分配的影响,在影响收入分配的各个因素之中,人力资本是不可忽视的重要因素之一,因为人力资本直接影响了个人的收入水平。在现代经济体系中,人力资本成为一种重要的生产要素。人力资本存量与劳动者的收入水平呈现明显的正相关关系,人力资本存量越大,劳动者的收入水平越高。因此,重视人力资本投资是缩小收入差距的重要手段。由于收入太低,低收入居民对教育和健康投资明显低于居民的平均水平。居民之间的收入差距直接导致低收入居民对人力资本投入不足,最终形成教育投资水平与收入水平的循环效应。由于收入水平低,于是教育投资水平低,教育水平低又导致就业竞争力低,就业竞争力低导致收入水平低,从而陷入一种恶性循环。
然而,种种迹象表明,仅仅研究人力资本对收入分配影响是不够的。因此,本文在分析人力资本对收入分配影响的基础之上,引入了社会资本这个因素,研究分析了社会资本如何通过对人力资本产生影响,并与人力资本的相互作用最终影响收入分配,导致收入差距的产生。
为了客观的分析人力资本和社会资本对我国收入分配的影响,本文首先从理论上进行了人力资本、社会资本的机理分析,分别论述了人力资本、社会资本对收入的影响;采用调查问卷,以家庭为单位,使用网络规模、网络结构、社会参与程度、信任程度、政治和地缘因素五个变量测量家庭社会资本,实证分析了居民家庭人力资本存量、社会资本存量与家庭收入的关系。对收入差距问题的研究,本文的创新之处在于:突破原有的研究模式与框架,引入社会资本因素,从新的视角讨论了收入分配问题。经过本文分析得到了这样的结论:居民家庭社会资本和人力资本存量对家庭收入有着明显的正向影响;社会资本存量和人力资本存量高的家庭,家庭收入也较高,而且,根据实证研究,发现相对社会资本而言,人力资本对家庭收入的影响更大。最后,本文给出了解决收入分配问题的政策建议。
The past 10 years, the economy growth rate of China has attracted worldwide attention and the capita income of residents is continuous improvement, at the same time ,the issue of the income gap in China has gradually emerged. The income gap mainly in the following aspects performance more prominent: the Gini coefficient was expanding trend, the income gap between different sectors of the growing , industry income gap is widening, the differences between the regions growing. Excessive income gap is the inequitable distribution of income as a direct result of performance and prominent, as all sectors of the community are the issues of greatest concern, if not properly dealt with the problem of income disparity, it is bound to the socio-economic development and people's hearts normal balance and stability is an ignore the negative impact. All of these may result in a harmonious and stable negative impact on the economic development of the negative impact on the social and psychological negative impact on the negative impact of the reform process, the impact on low-income residents in investment in human capital.
The theoretical circles on the issue of impact on the distribution of income and have more in-depth analysis from the perspective of a variety of different factors on the impact of the income distribution. Impact of the distribution of income in the various factors, human capital is not to be ignored one of the important factors, as a direct impact on human capital personal income levels. In the modern economic system, the human capital has become an important factor of production. The stocks of human capital and the income level of workers showed a significant positive correlation between the stocks of human capital, the higher the income level of workers. Therefore, the emphasis on human capital investment is to narrow the income gap between an important means. Since low income, investment of low-income residents in education and health was significantly lower than the average level of the residents. The income gap between residents of low-income residents a direct result of inadequate investment in human capital, the final form of investment in education level and income level of the cycle. The low level of income, so the low level of investment in education, low levels of education leads to low employment competitiveness, employment competitiveness of the low-lead low level ofincome, thus caught in a vicious circle.
However, there are indications that, the only study of human capital in the distribution of income is not enough to impact, called the concept of social capital has entered people's vision. In this paper, in human capital in the distribution of income on the basis of the introduction of the social capital of this factor, the analysis of how social capital have an impact on the human capital and human capital through the role of the ultimate impact of the income distribution, have led to a widening gap in income, finally come to human capital and social capital on the double impact of the income gap.
In this paper, human capital and social capital on the impact of Chinese income distribution study, the first from the theoretical analysis, and then based on theories of human capital, social capital theory, the family as the basic unit survey used to collect survey data. I use five variables of the network size, social participation, trust, network structures, political and geographical factors family measuring social capital, and Empirical Analysis of the households in the stock of human capital, the social capital stock and the relationship with the family income. The empirical results show that: the social and human capital stock of household income there is a clear positive impact; Social capital stock and the stock of human capital-the family, higher household income, but, according to empirical research, found the relative social capital, human capital on the impact of greater household income.
引文
[1]谭崇台主编.发展经济学[M]上海:上海人民出版社1989
[2]雅各布·明塞尔.张凤林译.人力资本研究[M].中国经济出版社,2001
[3]曹荣湘.走出囚徒困境——社会资本与制度分析[M].上海:上海三联书店,2000
[4]格拉诺维特.《弱关系的力量》[J].《国外社会学》,1998第2期
[5]边燕杰.找回强关系:中国的间接关系、网络桥梁和求职[J].国外社会学,1998.
[6]边燕杰,《社会网络与求职过程》,林益民、涂肇庆主编,《改革开放与中国社会:西方社会学文献述评》[M],香港,牛津大学出版社,1999
[7](美)舒尔茨著.蒋斌,张蘅译.论人力资本投资:教育和研究的作用[M].北京:商务印书馆,1990.8.
[8]布迪厄.文化资本与社会炼金术[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1997.
[9]L-S.科尔曼著,邓方译.社会理论的基础[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999
[10]罗伯特、帕特南著,王列、赖海榕译.使民主运转起来[M]江西人民出版社,2001
[11]林南.社会资本[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2004
[12]亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979
[13]李建民著.人力资本通论(第一版)[M].上海三联书店,1999
[14]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1987.
[15]何承金.人力资本管理[M].四川大学出版社,2000
[16]舒尔茨著,吴珠华译论人力资本投资[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1990.
[17]王金营.人力资本与经济增长:理论与实证[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2001.
[18][美]加里·S·贝克尔著.梁小民译.人力资本:特别是关于教育的理论与经验分析[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1987.
[19][美]R·索罗.经济增长论文集[M].北京:北京经济出版社1991.
[20][美]菲利普·阿吉翁,彼得·霍依特.内生增长理论.北京大学出版社2004.112-127.
[21]马克思.资本论第一卷(中文版)[M].北京:北京人民出版社,1972
[22]福山,信任:社会美德与创造经济繁荣[M].海南出版社,2001年
[23]弗兰西斯·福山.社会资本、公民社会与发展[J]马克思主义与现实,2003
[24][美]理查德·R.经济增长的源泉.北京:中国经济出版社,2001.59-67.
[25]加里·S·贝克尔著,王业宇译.人类行为的经济分析[M]上海:上海人民出版社,2002
[26]张一力.人力资本和区域经济增长:温州、苏州实证研究[J].厦门:厦门大学经济学院经济系,2004.
[27]彭朝晖,杨开忠,人力资本与中国区域经济差异[M].北京:新华出版社,2005.
[28]张其仔.社会资本论——社会资本与经济增长[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000.
[29]克瑞奇瑞,厄普赫夫.通过评估保持和发展印度拉贾斯坦邦河流流域的集体行动来度量社会资本[A].C.格鲁特尔特,T.范·贝斯特纳尔著,黄载曦,杜卓君,黄治康译.社会资本在发展中的作用[C].成都:西南财经大学出版社,2004,P119-171.
[31]边燕杰,张文宏.经济体制、社会网络与职业流动[J].中国社会科学,2001
[32]徐晓军.大学生就业过程中的双重机制:人力资本与社会资本[J].青年研究.2002,(6).
[2]雅各布·明塞尔.张凤林译.人力资本研究[M].中国经济出版社,2001
[3]曹荣湘.走出囚徒困境——社会资本与制度分析[M].上海:上海三联书店,2000
[4]格拉诺维特.《弱关系的力量》[J].《国外社会学》,1998第2期
[5]边燕杰.找回强关系:中国的间接关系、网络桥梁和求职[J].国外社会学,1998.
[6]边燕杰,《社会网络与求职过程》,林益民、涂肇庆主编,《改革开放与中国社会:西方社会学文献述评》[M],香港,牛津大学出版社,1999
[7](美)舒尔茨著.蒋斌,张蘅译.论人力资本投资:教育和研究的作用[M].北京:商务印书馆,1990.8.
[8]布迪厄.文化资本与社会炼金术[M].上海:上海人民出版社,1997.
[9]L-S.科尔曼著,邓方译.社会理论的基础[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,1999
[10]罗伯特、帕特南著,王列、赖海榕译.使民主运转起来[M]江西人民出版社,2001
[11]林南.社会资本[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2004
[12]亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因的研究[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979
[13]李建民著.人力资本通论(第一版)[M].上海三联书店,1999
[14]马歇尔.经济学原理[M].北京:商务印书馆,1987.
[15]何承金.人力资本管理[M].四川大学出版社,2000
[16]舒尔茨著,吴珠华译论人力资本投资[M].北京:北京经济学院出版社,1990.
[17]王金营.人力资本与经济增长:理论与实证[M].北京:中国财政经济出版社,2001.
[18][美]加里·S·贝克尔著.梁小民译.人力资本:特别是关于教育的理论与经验分析[M].北京:北京大学出版社,1987.
[19][美]R·索罗.经济增长论文集[M].北京:北京经济出版社1991.
[20][美]菲利普·阿吉翁,彼得·霍依特.内生增长理论.北京大学出版社2004.112-127.
[21]马克思.资本论第一卷(中文版)[M].北京:北京人民出版社,1972
[22]福山,信任:社会美德与创造经济繁荣[M].海南出版社,2001年
[23]弗兰西斯·福山.社会资本、公民社会与发展[J]马克思主义与现实,2003
[24][美]理查德·R.经济增长的源泉.北京:中国经济出版社,2001.59-67.
[25]加里·S·贝克尔著,王业宇译.人类行为的经济分析[M]上海:上海人民出版社,2002
[26]张一力.人力资本和区域经济增长:温州、苏州实证研究[J].厦门:厦门大学经济学院经济系,2004.
[27]彭朝晖,杨开忠,人力资本与中国区域经济差异[M].北京:新华出版社,2005.
[28]张其仔.社会资本论——社会资本与经济增长[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2000.
[29]克瑞奇瑞,厄普赫夫.通过评估保持和发展印度拉贾斯坦邦河流流域的集体行动来度量社会资本[A].C.格鲁特尔特,T.范·贝斯特纳尔著,黄载曦,杜卓君,黄治康译.社会资本在发展中的作用[C].成都:西南财经大学出版社,2004,P119-171.
[31]边燕杰,张文宏.经济体制、社会网络与职业流动[J].中国社会科学,2001
[32]徐晓军.大学生就业过程中的双重机制:人力资本与社会资本[J].青年研究.2002,(6).
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