锡林郭勒盟四旗三次特大自然灾害比较研究
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摘要
内蒙古锡林郭勒盟属中温带干旱半干旱气候区,是我国的北部重要的生态屏障。长期不合理利用使该地区生态系统遭到严重破坏,牧区人地关系发生变化,雪灾、旱灾等自然灾害制约着锡林郭勒盟畜牧业和经济社会的健康发展。特别是近几十年,内蒙古锡林郭勒盟牧区草原生态环境恶化呈现加剧之势,从而导致自然灾害频发,造成牧区巨大经济损失和牧民贫困化严重等问题。因此,研究和减少自然灾害及其损失已成为学术界和各国政府的重要任务之一。
本文主要以内蒙古牧区危害最大的自然灾害之一——雪灾为研究对象,选取锡林郭勒盟1962年、1977年、2000年三次特大雪灾,并选择典型的四个牧业旗作为研究区。通过采访法、实地调查法和文献法获取雪灾的基本信息,采用均值法、纵向比较法和横向比较法对锡林郭勒盟三次雪灾进行横向和纵向比较,对锡林郭勒盟雪灾牲畜损失的原因进行分析。本文分为五个部分:
第一,对国内自然灾害状况和内蒙古自然灾害研究情况进行了分析,提出雪灾是制约锡林郭勒盟畜牧业发展的重要因素,而学术界有两种不同的观点和减灾措施。
第二,论述本文研究区的自然、社会、经济、生态环境的概况,提出本文的研究内容、研究方法和技术路线。
第三,首先,概述三次特大雪灾基本情况;其二,采用对比分析法对三次雪灾进行纵向比较研究,总结雪灾牲畜损失与致灾因子牧草高度的关系最密切;其三,采用对比研究法对三次特大雪灾进行横向比较,得出三次雪灾不同研究区的牲畜损失原因并进行分析研究;其四,总结横向和纵向对比研究的结果。
第四,通过分析结果提出锡林郭勒盟雪灾减灾对策:(1)恢复游牧生产,改善孕灾环境;(2)利用游牧有效避灾防灾;(3)通过调整畜群结构减轻灾害;(4)建立雪灾的监测、预测、预警评估系统;(5)建立政府和牧民合作的减灾体系。
第四,得出结论,一、内蒙古传统草原畜牧业脆弱性“理论”没有事实根据;二、内蒙古牧区制度安排和选择畜牧业发展道路,应当首先考虑生态效益因素,而不应当是简单的“建设养畜”道路;三是,内蒙古牧区自然灾害所造成的牲畜损失与草原生态环境状况、牧草高度、管理决策和生产制度等因素有密切联系。
XinlinGol League in Inner Mongolia belongs to arid and semi-arid temperate climate zone, which is an important ecological barrier in north China. The ecosystem in the region was severely damaged by irrational use of long-term. The relation that between pastoral and people has been changed in the region. Snow disaster, drought disaster and other natural disasters are restricting the health of livestock development of the economic and social in XinlinGol League. Select a reasonable way of escaping and counteracting disasters to reduce economic losses in pastoral areas, to become the region's urgent need to achieve sustainable development. This paper mainly makes snow disaster as the research object, which is one of the most damaging natural disasters in the pastoral area of Inner Mongolia. Select three big snow disasters in 1962, 1977 and 2000, and select the typical four livestock counties as the research area. Through interview method and survey method to obtain basic information of snow disaster, with the mean and correlation analysis, to compare three times’snow disaster in XinlinGol League on the horizontal and vertical, to analyze the causes of livestock losses by snow disaster. This article is divided into five parts:
First, the theoretical study of domestic natural disasters and the situation of natural disasters of Inner Mongolia are analyzed, and snow disaster is restricted as the important factor for development of livestock husbandry. In academia, there are two different points of view and mitigation measures.
Second, the article discusses the study area of natural, social, economic, ecological profiles, presents the contents, methods and technical route of this study.
Third, the first outlining the basic conditions of the three big snow disasters; Second, using correlation analysis and comparative analysis conducted on the three vertical comparison of the snow disasters, summed up the loss of livestock and hazard snow grass height; Third, the use of contrastive research on the three horizontal comparison blizzards, three big snow disasters obtained different research areas and analyze the reasons for the loss of livestock research.
Fourth, in a word, through the three large snow disasters on horizontal comparison and vertical comparison, there is a result that the snow disaster in 1962 that the traditional nomadic grassland livestock husbandry in the study area for disaster prevention in the success of reducing livestock losses, while the basic settlement, nomadic narrow the scope of area suffered serious losses; snow livestock losses in 1977, mainly "Big Mess" system error caused by the special decision-making and snow; livestock losses in 2000 mainly due to the snowstorm XinlinGol League, after a long time to settle the whole grassland degradation, reduced productivity, high grass reduced, and the nomad disappeared can not avoid natural disasters. From this, 1962 and 1977 rangeland livestock is mainly due to a serious loss of tolls to reduce the scope and distribution of nomadic“Big Mess" system, rather than on the grassland animal husbandry, " vulnerability“feature. The XinlinGol League in recent decades mainly the loss of livestock grazing, and nomadic settlement disappeared, due to be livestock, livestock often trampled grass and soil trace elements can not hurt to add the swap to pasture decreased productivity, lower grass height, so little snow will cause a big loss. Thus, a pastoral area in Inner Mongolia is settled livestock production has a“vulnerability " feature.
Fifth, through the conclusions to table mitigation strategies for snow disaster in Xilinguole League: (1) Restoration of nomadic production, to improve the geo-hazards. (2)To build the system of snow disaster monitoring, forecasting and early warning assessment. (3) The establishment of cooperation between the government and the herders’mitigation system. (4) The nomadic is an effective way of escaping and counteracting disaster. (5) By adjusting herd structure to reduce livestock losses.
本文主要以内蒙古牧区危害最大的自然灾害之一——雪灾为研究对象,选取锡林郭勒盟1962年、1977年、2000年三次特大雪灾,并选择典型的四个牧业旗作为研究区。通过采访法、实地调查法和文献法获取雪灾的基本信息,采用均值法、纵向比较法和横向比较法对锡林郭勒盟三次雪灾进行横向和纵向比较,对锡林郭勒盟雪灾牲畜损失的原因进行分析。本文分为五个部分:
第一,对国内自然灾害状况和内蒙古自然灾害研究情况进行了分析,提出雪灾是制约锡林郭勒盟畜牧业发展的重要因素,而学术界有两种不同的观点和减灾措施。
第二,论述本文研究区的自然、社会、经济、生态环境的概况,提出本文的研究内容、研究方法和技术路线。
第三,首先,概述三次特大雪灾基本情况;其二,采用对比分析法对三次雪灾进行纵向比较研究,总结雪灾牲畜损失与致灾因子牧草高度的关系最密切;其三,采用对比研究法对三次特大雪灾进行横向比较,得出三次雪灾不同研究区的牲畜损失原因并进行分析研究;其四,总结横向和纵向对比研究的结果。
第四,通过分析结果提出锡林郭勒盟雪灾减灾对策:(1)恢复游牧生产,改善孕灾环境;(2)利用游牧有效避灾防灾;(3)通过调整畜群结构减轻灾害;(4)建立雪灾的监测、预测、预警评估系统;(5)建立政府和牧民合作的减灾体系。
第四,得出结论,一、内蒙古传统草原畜牧业脆弱性“理论”没有事实根据;二、内蒙古牧区制度安排和选择畜牧业发展道路,应当首先考虑生态效益因素,而不应当是简单的“建设养畜”道路;三是,内蒙古牧区自然灾害所造成的牲畜损失与草原生态环境状况、牧草高度、管理决策和生产制度等因素有密切联系。
XinlinGol League in Inner Mongolia belongs to arid and semi-arid temperate climate zone, which is an important ecological barrier in north China. The ecosystem in the region was severely damaged by irrational use of long-term. The relation that between pastoral and people has been changed in the region. Snow disaster, drought disaster and other natural disasters are restricting the health of livestock development of the economic and social in XinlinGol League. Select a reasonable way of escaping and counteracting disasters to reduce economic losses in pastoral areas, to become the region's urgent need to achieve sustainable development. This paper mainly makes snow disaster as the research object, which is one of the most damaging natural disasters in the pastoral area of Inner Mongolia. Select three big snow disasters in 1962, 1977 and 2000, and select the typical four livestock counties as the research area. Through interview method and survey method to obtain basic information of snow disaster, with the mean and correlation analysis, to compare three times’snow disaster in XinlinGol League on the horizontal and vertical, to analyze the causes of livestock losses by snow disaster. This article is divided into five parts:
First, the theoretical study of domestic natural disasters and the situation of natural disasters of Inner Mongolia are analyzed, and snow disaster is restricted as the important factor for development of livestock husbandry. In academia, there are two different points of view and mitigation measures.
Second, the article discusses the study area of natural, social, economic, ecological profiles, presents the contents, methods and technical route of this study.
Third, the first outlining the basic conditions of the three big snow disasters; Second, using correlation analysis and comparative analysis conducted on the three vertical comparison of the snow disasters, summed up the loss of livestock and hazard snow grass height; Third, the use of contrastive research on the three horizontal comparison blizzards, three big snow disasters obtained different research areas and analyze the reasons for the loss of livestock research.
Fourth, in a word, through the three large snow disasters on horizontal comparison and vertical comparison, there is a result that the snow disaster in 1962 that the traditional nomadic grassland livestock husbandry in the study area for disaster prevention in the success of reducing livestock losses, while the basic settlement, nomadic narrow the scope of area suffered serious losses; snow livestock losses in 1977, mainly "Big Mess" system error caused by the special decision-making and snow; livestock losses in 2000 mainly due to the snowstorm XinlinGol League, after a long time to settle the whole grassland degradation, reduced productivity, high grass reduced, and the nomad disappeared can not avoid natural disasters. From this, 1962 and 1977 rangeland livestock is mainly due to a serious loss of tolls to reduce the scope and distribution of nomadic“Big Mess" system, rather than on the grassland animal husbandry, " vulnerability“feature. The XinlinGol League in recent decades mainly the loss of livestock grazing, and nomadic settlement disappeared, due to be livestock, livestock often trampled grass and soil trace elements can not hurt to add the swap to pasture decreased productivity, lower grass height, so little snow will cause a big loss. Thus, a pastoral area in Inner Mongolia is settled livestock production has a“vulnerability " feature.
Fifth, through the conclusions to table mitigation strategies for snow disaster in Xilinguole League: (1) Restoration of nomadic production, to improve the geo-hazards. (2)To build the system of snow disaster monitoring, forecasting and early warning assessment. (3) The establishment of cooperation between the government and the herders’mitigation system. (4) The nomadic is an effective way of escaping and counteracting disaster. (5) By adjusting herd structure to reduce livestock losses.
引文
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