扎龙自然保护区丹顶鹤羽毛中汞、铅、镉、铜及砷含量测定分析
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摘要
2008年10月-2009年10月,在扎龙国家级自然保护区采集笼养、散养和野生丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)的飞羽、背羽、尾羽和胸羽,运用原子吸收法和原子荧光法测定其中Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu和As的元素含量。结果表明：
(1)笼养丹顶鹤羽毛中五种元素的含量由高到低的顺序为：Cu>Pb>As>Hg>Cd；其次,各元素在四种羽毛中含量由高到低的大致顺序为：胸羽>飞羽>背羽>尾羽,除了Cu中含量飞羽>胸羽>尾羽>背羽。各元素在飞羽、背羽、尾羽和胸羽中的差异性不同,Cd、Pb以及Cu在部分羽毛间的含量表现出一定的差异,Hg和As在各个部位羽毛间差异性不显著。Hg、Cu和Pb在各种羽毛之间的相关性较显著,As和Cd在各种羽毛之间的相关性较不显著,在飞羽和尾羽中Hg,在飞羽和胸羽中Hg、Pb,在背羽和胸羽中As,在尾羽和胸羽中Cu相关性极显著(P<0.01),其他相关的部位均为显著相关(P<0.05)。
2008年10月,2009年5月和2009年10月采集的笼养丹顶鹤羽毛样品中,Hg、Cu和Pb元素含量多数随时间增长有不同程度的增加,As元素是随时间而降低,Cd元素含量先减少再增加。三个时期之间进行差异性比较中,Pb差异性比较显著,其次是Cd,再次是Hg和As,最后是Cu。
(2)笼养丹顶鹤羽片上端、羽片内侧、羽片外侧、羽轴和羽根中五种元素的分布为：在羽片上端中Hg的含量高,在羽毛外侧中As、Cd和Pb的含量高,在羽轴中Cu的含量高;在羽片内侧中Pb和Cu的含量低,在羽根中Hg、As和Cd的含量低。羽片上端、羽片内侧、羽片外侧、羽轴和羽根之间差异性不显著,大多数部位没有相关性。
(3)笼养丹顶鹤羽毛上段、羽毛中段和羽毛下段中五种元素的分布为：在羽毛上段中Hg、Cd和Pb的含量高,在羽毛中段中As的含量高,在羽毛下段中Cu的含量高；在羽毛上段中Cu的含量低,在羽毛中段中Cd和Pb的含量低,在羽毛下段中Hg和As的含量低。羽毛上段、羽毛中段和羽毛下段之间总体存在差异性,尤其在羽毛上段和羽毛中段间、羽毛上段和羽毛下段间都比较显著,但是相关性不明显。各部位出现较为显著的差异是由于重金属在丹顶鹤体内残留的不同所导致,差异性显著便于识别一片羽毛中重金属残留的变化程度,进一步而言,可以选择此种“三部位”划分的方式,通过测定羽毛的上中下三个部位来反映出不同的环境污染在同一羽毛中表现出的重金属含量浓度的变化。
(4)笼养、散养和野生丹顶鹤羽毛中,笼养丹顶鹤胸羽中Hg(0.532μg／g)和As(1.328μg／g)、飞羽中Pb(6.530μg/g)的含量最高,散养丹顶鹤胸羽中Cd的含量最高(0.179μg／g),野生丹顶鹤飞羽中Cu的含量最高(45.218μg／g)；散养丹顶鹤中的尾羽Hg(0.285μg/g)、Cu(26.146μg／g)和Pb(1.541μg／g)含量最低,野生丹顶鹤尾羽中和As(0.438μg/g)的Cd(0.025μg／g)含量最低。胸羽中重金属残留数值较高,从差异性和相关性分析可以看出,三种生活方式下的丹顶鹤胸羽之间的差异性很小,相关性较强,可以通过测定其中一类生活方式的丹顶鹤来确定其他两类丹顶鹤体内的元素重金属残留情况,而且,对三种生活方式丹顶鹤进行长期的跟踪监测,还可以及时地了解各个种群的健康水平情况。
From October 2008 to October 2009, using atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence analysis determined the Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, and As concentrations in the flight feathers, back feathers, tail feathers and breast feathers of captivity, free-range and wild Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) in the Zhalong National Nature Reserve. The results show that:
(1) The decreasing sequence of element concentrations in feathers of captivity cranes is Cu> Pb> As> Hg> Cd; the decreasing order of concentrations of five elements in the four kinds of feathers in general is chest feather> flight feather>back feather>tail feather, except the Cu, its sequence is flight feather>breast feather> tail feather> back feather. Furthermore, five elements in different feathers show diversitied differences, Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations between feathers have some diferences, while differences of Hg and As are not significant. The majority of Hg, Cu, and Pb between some different feathers have strong correlations, however, As and Cd have less significant correlations. The flight feather and tail feather of Hg, the flight feather and breast feather of Hg and Pb, the back feather and breast feather of As, as well as tail feather and breast of Cu all had strong significant correlationship(P<0.01), others are just significant(P<0.05).
The Red-Crowned Crane feathers which collected at the time of October 2008, May 2009 and October 2009 were measured for the time monitoring of Zhalong Reserve. It is found that Hg, Cu and Pb concentrations increased with time growth, Cd firstly reduced in May 2009, then grew up in October 2009, otherwise As was getting lower over time. Five elements in the feather samples of the three points of time had relatively significant differences, especially Pb, followed by Cd, then Hg and As, the last was Cu.
(2) The distribution of five elements in the top of the feather, inner vane, outer vane, shaft and calamus of captivity cranes are as following:in the top of the feather there accumulate the highest concentration of Hg, and the highest As, Cd and Pb concentrations in the outer vane, as well as the highest Cu concentration in the shaft; on the other side, the inner vane contain the lowest Pb and Cu concentrations, the calamus have the lowest concentrations of Hg, As and Cd. Futhermore, among the top of the feather, inner vane, outer vane, shaft and calamus, no significant difference exist and there is no relevance in the most parts, either.
(3) The distribution of five elements in the upper segment, middle segment and under segment of the feathers of captivity cranes is below:the highest concentrations of Hg, Cd and Pb are enriched in the upper, the highest As in the middle, and the highest Cu in the under segment; but the lowest concentration of Cu appear in the upper, the lowest levels of Cd and Pb in the middle, the lowest Hg and As in the under. In addition, there are differences between the upper, the middle and the under, particularly the upper part and middle part, as well as the upper and under part more significant, but all the correlations are not obvious. The significant difference is caused by the various levels of distribution of metals in the feather, and this "three-part" method could tell the variation. Therefore, if using feathers as an environmental indicator, such a "three-part" way of cutting the feather should be selected, which can reflect the different metal concentrations in feathers caused by the changes of environmental pollution.
(4) By the different kinds of living ways, we identify the cranes for three groups-captivity, free-range and wild. The breast feather of the captivity Red-Crowned Cranes have the highest Hg(0.532μg/g), As(1.328μg/g) and Pb(6.530μg/g) concentrations, the breast feather of free-ranges have the highest Cd(0.179μg/g), and the flight feather of wilds have the highest concentration of Cu(45.218μg/g); however, the tail feather of wilds own the lowest As(0.438μg/g) and Cd(0.025μg/g), and the tail feather of free-ranges contain the lowest Hg(0.285μg/g), Cu(26.146μg/g), and Pb(1.541μg/g). The metal concentrations of the breast feathers are high enough, and show little difference, but significant relevance. Therefore, by measuring one type of three we can determine the levels in other two groups, that way can effectively reflect the heavy metals of all the crane population. Further, if carrying out long-term monitoring, we can ensure the healthy conditions timely.
(1)笼养丹顶鹤羽毛中五种元素的含量由高到低的顺序为：Cu>Pb>As>Hg>Cd；其次,各元素在四种羽毛中含量由高到低的大致顺序为：胸羽>飞羽>背羽>尾羽,除了Cu中含量飞羽>胸羽>尾羽>背羽。各元素在飞羽、背羽、尾羽和胸羽中的差异性不同,Cd、Pb以及Cu在部分羽毛间的含量表现出一定的差异,Hg和As在各个部位羽毛间差异性不显著。Hg、Cu和Pb在各种羽毛之间的相关性较显著,As和Cd在各种羽毛之间的相关性较不显著,在飞羽和尾羽中Hg,在飞羽和胸羽中Hg、Pb,在背羽和胸羽中As,在尾羽和胸羽中Cu相关性极显著(P<0.01),其他相关的部位均为显著相关(P<0.05)。
2008年10月,2009年5月和2009年10月采集的笼养丹顶鹤羽毛样品中,Hg、Cu和Pb元素含量多数随时间增长有不同程度的增加,As元素是随时间而降低,Cd元素含量先减少再增加。三个时期之间进行差异性比较中,Pb差异性比较显著,其次是Cd,再次是Hg和As,最后是Cu。
(2)笼养丹顶鹤羽片上端、羽片内侧、羽片外侧、羽轴和羽根中五种元素的分布为：在羽片上端中Hg的含量高,在羽毛外侧中As、Cd和Pb的含量高,在羽轴中Cu的含量高;在羽片内侧中Pb和Cu的含量低,在羽根中Hg、As和Cd的含量低。羽片上端、羽片内侧、羽片外侧、羽轴和羽根之间差异性不显著,大多数部位没有相关性。
(3)笼养丹顶鹤羽毛上段、羽毛中段和羽毛下段中五种元素的分布为：在羽毛上段中Hg、Cd和Pb的含量高,在羽毛中段中As的含量高,在羽毛下段中Cu的含量高；在羽毛上段中Cu的含量低,在羽毛中段中Cd和Pb的含量低,在羽毛下段中Hg和As的含量低。羽毛上段、羽毛中段和羽毛下段之间总体存在差异性,尤其在羽毛上段和羽毛中段间、羽毛上段和羽毛下段间都比较显著,但是相关性不明显。各部位出现较为显著的差异是由于重金属在丹顶鹤体内残留的不同所导致,差异性显著便于识别一片羽毛中重金属残留的变化程度,进一步而言,可以选择此种“三部位”划分的方式,通过测定羽毛的上中下三个部位来反映出不同的环境污染在同一羽毛中表现出的重金属含量浓度的变化。
(4)笼养、散养和野生丹顶鹤羽毛中,笼养丹顶鹤胸羽中Hg(0.532μg／g)和As(1.328μg／g)、飞羽中Pb(6.530μg/g)的含量最高,散养丹顶鹤胸羽中Cd的含量最高(0.179μg／g),野生丹顶鹤飞羽中Cu的含量最高(45.218μg／g)；散养丹顶鹤中的尾羽Hg(0.285μg/g)、Cu(26.146μg／g)和Pb(1.541μg／g)含量最低,野生丹顶鹤尾羽中和As(0.438μg/g)的Cd(0.025μg／g)含量最低。胸羽中重金属残留数值较高,从差异性和相关性分析可以看出,三种生活方式下的丹顶鹤胸羽之间的差异性很小,相关性较强,可以通过测定其中一类生活方式的丹顶鹤来确定其他两类丹顶鹤体内的元素重金属残留情况,而且,对三种生活方式丹顶鹤进行长期的跟踪监测,还可以及时地了解各个种群的健康水平情况。
From October 2008 to October 2009, using atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence analysis determined the Hg, Pb, Cd, Cu, and As concentrations in the flight feathers, back feathers, tail feathers and breast feathers of captivity, free-range and wild Red-Crowned Crane (Grus japonensis) in the Zhalong National Nature Reserve. The results show that:
(1) The decreasing sequence of element concentrations in feathers of captivity cranes is Cu> Pb> As> Hg> Cd; the decreasing order of concentrations of five elements in the four kinds of feathers in general is chest feather> flight feather>back feather>tail feather, except the Cu, its sequence is flight feather>breast feather> tail feather> back feather. Furthermore, five elements in different feathers show diversitied differences, Cd, Pb and Cu concentrations between feathers have some diferences, while differences of Hg and As are not significant. The majority of Hg, Cu, and Pb between some different feathers have strong correlations, however, As and Cd have less significant correlations. The flight feather and tail feather of Hg, the flight feather and breast feather of Hg and Pb, the back feather and breast feather of As, as well as tail feather and breast of Cu all had strong significant correlationship(P<0.01), others are just significant(P<0.05).
The Red-Crowned Crane feathers which collected at the time of October 2008, May 2009 and October 2009 were measured for the time monitoring of Zhalong Reserve. It is found that Hg, Cu and Pb concentrations increased with time growth, Cd firstly reduced in May 2009, then grew up in October 2009, otherwise As was getting lower over time. Five elements in the feather samples of the three points of time had relatively significant differences, especially Pb, followed by Cd, then Hg and As, the last was Cu.
(2) The distribution of five elements in the top of the feather, inner vane, outer vane, shaft and calamus of captivity cranes are as following:in the top of the feather there accumulate the highest concentration of Hg, and the highest As, Cd and Pb concentrations in the outer vane, as well as the highest Cu concentration in the shaft; on the other side, the inner vane contain the lowest Pb and Cu concentrations, the calamus have the lowest concentrations of Hg, As and Cd. Futhermore, among the top of the feather, inner vane, outer vane, shaft and calamus, no significant difference exist and there is no relevance in the most parts, either.
(3) The distribution of five elements in the upper segment, middle segment and under segment of the feathers of captivity cranes is below:the highest concentrations of Hg, Cd and Pb are enriched in the upper, the highest As in the middle, and the highest Cu in the under segment; but the lowest concentration of Cu appear in the upper, the lowest levels of Cd and Pb in the middle, the lowest Hg and As in the under. In addition, there are differences between the upper, the middle and the under, particularly the upper part and middle part, as well as the upper and under part more significant, but all the correlations are not obvious. The significant difference is caused by the various levels of distribution of metals in the feather, and this "three-part" method could tell the variation. Therefore, if using feathers as an environmental indicator, such a "three-part" way of cutting the feather should be selected, which can reflect the different metal concentrations in feathers caused by the changes of environmental pollution.
(4) By the different kinds of living ways, we identify the cranes for three groups-captivity, free-range and wild. The breast feather of the captivity Red-Crowned Cranes have the highest Hg(0.532μg/g), As(1.328μg/g) and Pb(6.530μg/g) concentrations, the breast feather of free-ranges have the highest Cd(0.179μg/g), and the flight feather of wilds have the highest concentration of Cu(45.218μg/g); however, the tail feather of wilds own the lowest As(0.438μg/g) and Cd(0.025μg/g), and the tail feather of free-ranges contain the lowest Hg(0.285μg/g), Cu(26.146μg/g), and Pb(1.541μg/g). The metal concentrations of the breast feathers are high enough, and show little difference, but significant relevance. Therefore, by measuring one type of three we can determine the levels in other two groups, that way can effectively reflect the heavy metals of all the crane population. Further, if carrying out long-term monitoring, we can ensure the healthy conditions timely.
引文
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