半干旱区春小麦产量构成因素分析以及农田杂草生活史策略的研究
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摘要
2008-2009年通过利用当地常见的10种杂草种植于不同处理的农田,采用固定样方动态的观测与调查,研究春小麦产量构成因素间的相互关系和杂草对春小麦的影响,研究半干旱区农田杂草群落结构以及10种杂草群落组分种对环境因子的响应。
田间试验结果表明：
1.春小麦品种定西-24产量在播种密度为600粒／m2水平的农田中最高,该地区可以通过提高成穗率和增加有效穗数提高产量,而千粒重对产量贡献较小；
2.春小麦品种定西-24在密度保持600粒／m2的平均水平下有效抑制杂草生长,说明合理密植能有效控制杂草；
3.小麦种植密度对杂草群落结构影响不显著；
7.杂草在农田的成功建植与是否种草、小麦品种及其密度处理的关系随年份的不同而发生变化。
杂草生活史策略的分析结果表明：
1.同一物种在不同的气候环境下,可以表现出不同的生活史策略.蝇虫实、田旋花和野荞麦2008年生活史策略分别具有C对策属性、S对策和中间型(C-S)对策属性,而2009年生活史策略分别具有S对策属性、CS对策属性和S对策属性；
2.灰绿蔾、狗尾草和短花针茅2008生活史策略均具有R对策属性,而2009年R对策属性不明显；紫花香薷、白花点地梅和二裂委陵菜两年的生活史策略和猪毛菜2008年生活史策略属性均不明显,2009年猪毛菜生活史策略具有S对策属性。
3.生活史策略随占支配地位的环境因子的变动而作出调整,即生活史特性响应不同环境的生态属性,引起植物的生活史策略在Grime模型C-R-S轴上的迁移。2008-2009年的年际变化中(气候因素占支配地位)野荞麦生活史策略具有中间型(S-R)对策属性,田旋花具有中间型(C-S)对策属性；
4.结合2008年10种杂草物种的生活史策略、2009年10种杂草物种的生活史策略,以及10种杂草年际间的变动所反映的生活史策略,得出如下结论：蝇虫实趋向于胁迫忍耐竞争型对策,灰绿蔾趋向于杂草型对策,狗尾草趋向于杂草型对策,紫花香薷只有极少量生长,采取逃避策略,根据Grime经典的C-S-R模型其生活史对策难以确定,短花针茅趋向于杂草型对策,野荞麦趋向于胁迫忍耐型对策,田旋花趋向于胁迫忍耐竞争型对策,猪毛菜趋向于胁迫忍耐型对策,二年生植物白花点地梅和二裂委陵菜2008年略有生长,但2009年基本不见踪迹,表明农田环境不适合两物种生存和繁殖,根据Grime经典的C-S-R模型其生活史对策难以确定。
From 2008 to 2009 we selected 10 native weeds and planted them in differentially treated cropland on fixed quadrants for the purpose to research the correlation among three factors affecting yield in spring wheat and to research the respond to environment factors of the weed community structure in semiarid cropland, include the performance and respond to environment factors of the 10 selected weed species.
The results indicated:
1. Spring wheat have the highest yield on the level of 600ears/m2.In order to raise the productivity of spring wheat, effective tiller percentage must be increased,1000-grain weight (KGW) have not significant contribute to yield;
2. Reasonbal density of spring wheat is effective in controlling weed;
3. Effect of density of spring wheat on weed community structure was non-significant;
7. The successful establishment of weed is correlated with the sowing of weed, wheat cultivars and wheat density. The significance of correlation have changed with years Result of Life history of weed indicated:
1. The same species in different climate show different life-history strategies, Corisermum, Convolvulus arvensis and Fagopyrum dibotrys tended towards the competitor (C) strategy, stress tolerant (S) strategy and mixed competitor-stress tolerant (C-S) strategy in 2008, but stress tolerant (S) strategy, competitor-stress tolerant(CS) strategy and stress tolerant (S) strategy in 2009;
2. Effect of Grime model on weed life history strategies was limited. Chenpodium glaucum, Setaia viridis and Stipa breviflora tended towards the ruderal (R) strategy in 2008, but haven't showed the ruderal (R) strategy in 2009. Elsholzia argyi,Androsace ncana and Potentilla bifurc in the two years and Salsola collina Pall in 2008 haven't showed life-history strategies significance, Salsola collina Pall tended towards the stress tolerant (S) strategy in 2009;
3. With the variety of the ascendancy environment factors, life-history strategies according to change, that is, characteristics of life history respond to ecological attribute, so plant functionality have move in C-R-S axis of Grime model. Fagopyrum dibotrys tended towards a mixed stress tolerant-ruderal(S-R) strategy, Convolvulus arvensis tended towards a mixed competitor-stress tolerant(C-S) strategy in annual variety from 2008 to 2009;
4. In a word, Corispermum declinatum tended towards competitor-stress tolerant (CS) strategy, Chenpodium glaucumtended towards the ruderal (R) strategy, Setaia viridis tended towards the ruderal (R) strategy,Elsholzia argyi took evasive strategy, so it haven't showed life history strategies, Stipa breviflora tended towards the ruderal (R) strategy, Fagopyrum dibotrys tended towards the stress tolerant (S) strategy, Convolvulus arvensis tended towards the stress tolerant (S)strategy, Salsola collina Pall tended towards the stress tolerant (S)strategy Androsace incana, Potentilla bifurcs took evasive strategy, so it haven't showed life history strategies.
田间试验结果表明：
1.春小麦品种定西-24产量在播种密度为600粒／m2水平的农田中最高,该地区可以通过提高成穗率和增加有效穗数提高产量,而千粒重对产量贡献较小；
2.春小麦品种定西-24在密度保持600粒／m2的平均水平下有效抑制杂草生长,说明合理密植能有效控制杂草；
3.小麦种植密度对杂草群落结构影响不显著；
7.杂草在农田的成功建植与是否种草、小麦品种及其密度处理的关系随年份的不同而发生变化。
杂草生活史策略的分析结果表明：
1.同一物种在不同的气候环境下,可以表现出不同的生活史策略.蝇虫实、田旋花和野荞麦2008年生活史策略分别具有C对策属性、S对策和中间型(C-S)对策属性,而2009年生活史策略分别具有S对策属性、CS对策属性和S对策属性；
2.灰绿蔾、狗尾草和短花针茅2008生活史策略均具有R对策属性,而2009年R对策属性不明显；紫花香薷、白花点地梅和二裂委陵菜两年的生活史策略和猪毛菜2008年生活史策略属性均不明显,2009年猪毛菜生活史策略具有S对策属性。
3.生活史策略随占支配地位的环境因子的变动而作出调整,即生活史特性响应不同环境的生态属性,引起植物的生活史策略在Grime模型C-R-S轴上的迁移。2008-2009年的年际变化中(气候因素占支配地位)野荞麦生活史策略具有中间型(S-R)对策属性,田旋花具有中间型(C-S)对策属性；
4.结合2008年10种杂草物种的生活史策略、2009年10种杂草物种的生活史策略,以及10种杂草年际间的变动所反映的生活史策略,得出如下结论：蝇虫实趋向于胁迫忍耐竞争型对策,灰绿蔾趋向于杂草型对策,狗尾草趋向于杂草型对策,紫花香薷只有极少量生长,采取逃避策略,根据Grime经典的C-S-R模型其生活史对策难以确定,短花针茅趋向于杂草型对策,野荞麦趋向于胁迫忍耐型对策,田旋花趋向于胁迫忍耐竞争型对策,猪毛菜趋向于胁迫忍耐型对策,二年生植物白花点地梅和二裂委陵菜2008年略有生长,但2009年基本不见踪迹,表明农田环境不适合两物种生存和繁殖,根据Grime经典的C-S-R模型其生活史对策难以确定。
From 2008 to 2009 we selected 10 native weeds and planted them in differentially treated cropland on fixed quadrants for the purpose to research the correlation among three factors affecting yield in spring wheat and to research the respond to environment factors of the weed community structure in semiarid cropland, include the performance and respond to environment factors of the 10 selected weed species.
The results indicated:
1. Spring wheat have the highest yield on the level of 600ears/m2.In order to raise the productivity of spring wheat, effective tiller percentage must be increased,1000-grain weight (KGW) have not significant contribute to yield;
2. Reasonbal density of spring wheat is effective in controlling weed;
3. Effect of density of spring wheat on weed community structure was non-significant;
7. The successful establishment of weed is correlated with the sowing of weed, wheat cultivars and wheat density. The significance of correlation have changed with years Result of Life history of weed indicated:
1. The same species in different climate show different life-history strategies, Corisermum, Convolvulus arvensis and Fagopyrum dibotrys tended towards the competitor (C) strategy, stress tolerant (S) strategy and mixed competitor-stress tolerant (C-S) strategy in 2008, but stress tolerant (S) strategy, competitor-stress tolerant(CS) strategy and stress tolerant (S) strategy in 2009;
2. Effect of Grime model on weed life history strategies was limited. Chenpodium glaucum, Setaia viridis and Stipa breviflora tended towards the ruderal (R) strategy in 2008, but haven't showed the ruderal (R) strategy in 2009. Elsholzia argyi,Androsace ncana and Potentilla bifurc in the two years and Salsola collina Pall in 2008 haven't showed life-history strategies significance, Salsola collina Pall tended towards the stress tolerant (S) strategy in 2009;
3. With the variety of the ascendancy environment factors, life-history strategies according to change, that is, characteristics of life history respond to ecological attribute, so plant functionality have move in C-R-S axis of Grime model. Fagopyrum dibotrys tended towards a mixed stress tolerant-ruderal(S-R) strategy, Convolvulus arvensis tended towards a mixed competitor-stress tolerant(C-S) strategy in annual variety from 2008 to 2009;
4. In a word, Corispermum declinatum tended towards competitor-stress tolerant (CS) strategy, Chenpodium glaucumtended towards the ruderal (R) strategy, Setaia viridis tended towards the ruderal (R) strategy,Elsholzia argyi took evasive strategy, so it haven't showed life history strategies, Stipa breviflora tended towards the ruderal (R) strategy, Fagopyrum dibotrys tended towards the stress tolerant (S) strategy, Convolvulus arvensis tended towards the stress tolerant (S)strategy, Salsola collina Pall tended towards the stress tolerant (S)strategy Androsace incana, Potentilla bifurcs took evasive strategy, so it haven't showed life history strategies.
引文
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[2]Grime J P.Plant strategies.vegetation processes,and ecosystem properties [M].Chichester:Wiley &Ltd,2001
[3]Grime JP.The C-S-R model of primary plant strategies:origins, implications and tests. Evolutionary Plant Biology (eds Gottlieb LD and Jain SK), Chapman and Hall, London,1987:371-394
[4]Tilman D.Resource competition and community structure [M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1982
[5]Yuan Long Yi. Study on Effects of Environmental Factors on the Life-history Strategies of Sumerged Macrophytes [D].2007
[6]Pigliucci M, Schlichting C D.Ontogenic Reaction Norms in Lobelia-Siphilitica(Lobeliaceae)-Response to Shading [J]. Ecology,1995,76:2134-2144
[7]Visser R Rgf, Stoltea, Jacobsen E.Expression of a chimaericgranul-bound starch synthase-GUS gene in transgenic potato plants [J].Plant Mol Biol,1991 (17):691-699
[8]Miklos G L G,Rubin G M.The role of the genome project in determining gene function:Insights from model organisms [J].Cell,1996,86:521-529
[9]Wilson SD & Tilman D (1993). Plant competition and resource availability in response to disturbance and ertilization. Ecology,74,599-611
[10]Tilman D. Mechanisms of plant competition for nutrients:the elements of a predictive theory of competition. Perspectives on Plant Competition (eds J.B. Grace & D. Tilman), Academic Press, San Diego, California,1990,117-141
[11]Diggle P K.The Expression of Andromonoecy in Solanum-Hirtum (Solanaceae)-Phenotypic Plasticity and Ontogenic Contingency [J].American Journal of Botany,1994,81:1354-1365
[12]Keddy, Paul, Fraser. A comparative approach to examine competitive response of 48 wetland plant species. Journal of Vegetation Science,1998,9:777-786
[13]Jansen R C,Vanooijen J W.Stam P,et al.Genotype-by-Environment Interaction in Genetic-Mapping of Multiple Quantitative Trait Loci [J].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,1995,91:33-37
[14]Andalo C.Raquin C,Machon N,Godelle B,Mousseau M.Direct and maternal effects of elevated CO2 on early root growth of germinating Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings [J].Annals of Botany,1998,81:405-411
[15]Voesenek L, Blom C.Plants and hormones:An ecophysiological view on timing and plasticity [J].Journal of Ecology,1996,84:111-119
[16]Sultan S E.Phenotypic plasticity for fitness components in Polygonum species of contrasting ecological breadth [J].Ecology,2001,82:328-343
[17]Sultan S E.Phenotypic plasticity for plant development,function and life history [J].Trends inPlant Science,2000,5:537-542
[18]Kohlerc,Hennigl, Grossniklausu,et al.The Polycombgroupprotein MEDEA regulates seed development by controlling. expression of the MADS box gene Pheresl [J].Genes Dev,2003 (17):1540-1553.J].Plant Biotechnol J.2007,5 (1):84-89
[19][Sultan S E,Wilczek A M.Bell D L,et al.Physiological response to complex environments inannual Polygonum species of contrasting ecological breadth[J].Oecologia,1998,115:564-578
[20]Ye X d,AI-Babilis,Kl (O) Tia,et al. Engineering the provitamin A (β-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm[J].Science,2000,287 (2):303-305
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