城市绿地中的挡土墙设计研究
|
摘要
在我国城市建设发展的过程中,由于城市道路的扩建、小区的建设、立交桥的建设和城市公园的修建造成地形的高低变化,因而出现了大量的挡土墙。一般的挡土墙,不仅影响绿地景观的形式美,同时还留下了众多的安全隐患。本论文采用文献综合、比较分析等研究方法,结合实地调查,应用工程力学、美学、景观生态学等相关学科的理论知识对城市绿地中的挡土墙设计开展研究。主要研究结果如下：
(1)调查研究方面：通过对城市绿地中城市公园、居住小区、道路绿地中的挡土墙进行实地调查,发现存在如下问题：形式单一、缺乏多样性;功能单一缺乏景观性；植物单一、缺乏新颖性,同时还存在后期养护困难四个方面的问题。
(2)理论研究方面：本文总结城市绿地中的挡土墙景观功能、总体分类和设计理论,为城市绿地中挡土墙设计实践提供一定的理论研究基础。
(3)应用研究方面：从功能性、生态性和文化性三个层面对城市绿地景观化挡土墙的设计模式进行了的探析,总结了景观化挡土墙的设计模式。主要的设计模式有：假山式、块石式、卵石式、山水式、网格式、附石式、木廊式、彩绘式、浮雕式、马赛克贴图式、绿墙式和梯田式十二种模式。
(4)实践研究：作者提出了将功能、文化、生态三者相结合的“景观生态挡土墙”。并利用实际项目案例结合理论知识对景观生态挡土墙进行剖析,运用“理念+设计+形式”的设计方法,对景观生态挡土墙进行了浮雕文化和种植槽内植物配置的研究,论证了如何在特定的环境中和特定的范围内营造即可以满足实用的功能性,又能体现城市景观特色与生态效益的景观生态挡土墙。对此提出了景观生态挡土墙设计原则：第一、安全性原则；第二、设计理念与环境相结合原则；第三、功能性、文化性、生态性相结合原则。
通过理论与实践设计的研究,未来城市绿地中的挡土墙设计目标是：在满足基本挡土功能的前提下,突出美学价值、生态价值和视觉景观为一体的挡土墙。
In the developing process of city construction in China, a great number of retaining walls have sprouted due to the geographic shapes caused by terrain changes in the city, road expansion, community construction, flyover construction and park rebuilding. The design of current common retaining wall not only decreases the beauty of green space but also leaves a lot of security problems. In light of practical investigation, this essay concentrates on the design of retaining wall in the urban green area by utilizing such theories as applied engineering, esthetics and ecological landscape. By using the research methods of literature review and comparative analysis, this thesis has drawn up the following conclusions:
1.In terms of practical investigation, by investigating the landscape of retaining wall in the urban green areas like peaks, communities and green belts beside roads, the following problems has arised:①the current retaining wall tends to be monotonous in the form, lacking diversity;②the current retaining wall tends to be monotonous in the function, lacking landscape,③the current retaining wall tends to be monotonous in the vegetation, lacking novelty. In the meanwhile, there also exists the problem of late maintenance in the later phase.
2.In terms of theoretical study, by summarizing the theories of retaining wall in the urban space such as landscape function theory, classification theory and design theory, this paper serves as a research basis for the theoretical and practical research of retaining wall design in urban green areas.
3.In terms of appliance, this essay analyzes the design models of retaining wall in urban green space from three levels:function,ecology and culture.12 types of design models for landscape retaining wall has been promoted:rockery design, other rock type, anaglyph, green wall, landscape, terrace, nets, attached stone, scenery wall, wood corridor, creativity.
Based on the above three aspects, the landscape ecological retaining wall that combines function, culture and ecology has been put forward. By combing actual project cases with theoretical knowledge of relevant theories, the landscape ecological retaining wall has been analyzed. Following the format of "concept+design+form", this thesis demonstrates how the ecological landscape of retaining wall can meet the practical function and reflect the urban landscape characteristics and ecological benefits in specific environment and scope. Three principles for designing the landscape ecological retaining wall has been put forward:first, safety principle, second, the principle of combing design concept with the environment, thrid, the principle of combing function with culture and ecology.
Through the overal study, the design of the retaining wall in urban green areas are supposed to be excellent with aesthetic value, ecological value and visual value.
(1)调查研究方面：通过对城市绿地中城市公园、居住小区、道路绿地中的挡土墙进行实地调查,发现存在如下问题：形式单一、缺乏多样性;功能单一缺乏景观性；植物单一、缺乏新颖性,同时还存在后期养护困难四个方面的问题。
(2)理论研究方面：本文总结城市绿地中的挡土墙景观功能、总体分类和设计理论,为城市绿地中挡土墙设计实践提供一定的理论研究基础。
(3)应用研究方面：从功能性、生态性和文化性三个层面对城市绿地景观化挡土墙的设计模式进行了的探析,总结了景观化挡土墙的设计模式。主要的设计模式有：假山式、块石式、卵石式、山水式、网格式、附石式、木廊式、彩绘式、浮雕式、马赛克贴图式、绿墙式和梯田式十二种模式。
(4)实践研究：作者提出了将功能、文化、生态三者相结合的“景观生态挡土墙”。并利用实际项目案例结合理论知识对景观生态挡土墙进行剖析,运用“理念+设计+形式”的设计方法,对景观生态挡土墙进行了浮雕文化和种植槽内植物配置的研究,论证了如何在特定的环境中和特定的范围内营造即可以满足实用的功能性,又能体现城市景观特色与生态效益的景观生态挡土墙。对此提出了景观生态挡土墙设计原则：第一、安全性原则；第二、设计理念与环境相结合原则；第三、功能性、文化性、生态性相结合原则。
通过理论与实践设计的研究,未来城市绿地中的挡土墙设计目标是：在满足基本挡土功能的前提下,突出美学价值、生态价值和视觉景观为一体的挡土墙。
In the developing process of city construction in China, a great number of retaining walls have sprouted due to the geographic shapes caused by terrain changes in the city, road expansion, community construction, flyover construction and park rebuilding. The design of current common retaining wall not only decreases the beauty of green space but also leaves a lot of security problems. In light of practical investigation, this essay concentrates on the design of retaining wall in the urban green area by utilizing such theories as applied engineering, esthetics and ecological landscape. By using the research methods of literature review and comparative analysis, this thesis has drawn up the following conclusions:
1.In terms of practical investigation, by investigating the landscape of retaining wall in the urban green areas like peaks, communities and green belts beside roads, the following problems has arised:①the current retaining wall tends to be monotonous in the form, lacking diversity;②the current retaining wall tends to be monotonous in the function, lacking landscape,③the current retaining wall tends to be monotonous in the vegetation, lacking novelty. In the meanwhile, there also exists the problem of late maintenance in the later phase.
2.In terms of theoretical study, by summarizing the theories of retaining wall in the urban space such as landscape function theory, classification theory and design theory, this paper serves as a research basis for the theoretical and practical research of retaining wall design in urban green areas.
3.In terms of appliance, this essay analyzes the design models of retaining wall in urban green space from three levels:function,ecology and culture.12 types of design models for landscape retaining wall has been promoted:rockery design, other rock type, anaglyph, green wall, landscape, terrace, nets, attached stone, scenery wall, wood corridor, creativity.
Based on the above three aspects, the landscape ecological retaining wall that combines function, culture and ecology has been put forward. By combing actual project cases with theoretical knowledge of relevant theories, the landscape ecological retaining wall has been analyzed. Following the format of "concept+design+form", this thesis demonstrates how the ecological landscape of retaining wall can meet the practical function and reflect the urban landscape characteristics and ecological benefits in specific environment and scope. Three principles for designing the landscape ecological retaining wall has been put forward:first, safety principle, second, the principle of combing design concept with the environment, thrid, the principle of combing function with culture and ecology.
Through the overal study, the design of the retaining wall in urban green areas are supposed to be excellent with aesthetic value, ecological value and visual value.
引文
[1]吴家强,赵明华.重力式挡土墙的优化设计[J].中南公路工程,1998,(3)：1-4
[2]王渭漳.关于重力式挡土墙设计中安全经济问题与探讨[J].中南公路工程,1997,(1)：1-3
[3]陈金训.高档墙的优化设计实例[J].福建建筑,2000,(1)：33-35
[4]范跃武译.加筋土的应用和发展[J].公路测设资料,河南省交通规划勘察设计院,1989,(1)：137-139
[5]李燕文,周宪华,陆景富.单面加筋土挡墙的应用[J].公路,1991,(5)：18-22
[6]黄良机,姚代禄.加筋土挡墙的有限元分析[J].华东公路,1991,，(6)：58-61
[7]唐善祥.加筋土技术在我国的应用与发展[J].公路,1991,(5)：4-6
[8]范永丰,王辉.开封黄河公路大桥北引道软土地基处理及加筋土挡墙施[J].公路工程地质,1992,(1)：38-42
[9]石名磊.加筋挡墙土压力及摩阻系数的探讨[J].华东公路,1993,(4)：52-55
[10]黄晓华.公路边坡病害治理的轻型支挡结构[J].重庆交通学院学报,1999,18(3)：90-95
[11]李强,周志刚,郑建龙.土工隔栅加筋柔性桥台筋材设计方法研究[J].长沙交通学院学报,1999,15(2)：70-74.
[12]庄维健.苏州市政工程设计院.连拱空箱式挡土墙结构形式的探讨[J].公路,1 997,(6)：25-30
[13]范永丰,迟岩冰等.洛三高速公路重力式锚杆挡墙的设计与施工[J].公路,加01(9)：67-70
[14]王海波.在景观工程中挡土墙的设计形式及多功能性[J].山西建筑,2006(20)
[15]卢圣.植物造景[M].北京：气象出版社,2004：50-251
[16]陈月华.植物景观设计[M].长沙：国防科技大学出版社,2005：74-275
[17]National Conerete Masonry Association(MA).Segmental Retaining Walls-Seismic Design Manual.Hardon,VA,USA,1998.
[18]FHWA.Mechanieally Stabilized earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines. In:V.Elias and B.R.ChristoPher(eds) Federal Highway Administration(FHWA) Demenstration Project82,Washington DC,USA,1996.
[19]DV. Morris.SPecifications for Backfill of Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls. Principal Investigator:Texas Department of Transportation,1996-1998.
[20]Guidelines for the Design and Construction of Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls Using"Tensar",Geogrids.NewYork:Netlon Limited Press,1990.
[21]Specifications of Highway Earthwork Retaining Walls,Culverts and Temporary Structures.Tokyo Japan Highway Public Corporation,1999.
[22]SPecification of Struetural Design of Building Foundation. JaPan Architectural Society,Tokyo,1998.
[23]Design and Construction Manual of Geotextile-Reinforced soil Structures.Public Works Research Institute,Ministry of Construction,Tokyo,1998
[24]Design and Construction Guidelines for Reinforced soil Structures.Japan Railway Technical Research Institute,Tokyo,1998
[25]Tatsuoka,F.and Yamauchi,H.Areinforcing method for steep clay slopes using a non-woven geotextile. Geotextiles and Geomembranes,the IGS International Journal,1987,(4):241-268.
[26]Tatsuoka,F.,Murata.O.,and Tateyama,M.Permanent geosynthetic-reinforced Soil retaining walls used for railway embankment In Japan.Geosynthetic-Reinforced soil Retaining Walls(Wu ed.),Balkema,1992,101-130.
[27]Ling,H.I.,Tatsuoka,F.and Tateyama M.Simulating the performance of GRS-RW by finite element procedure.Journal of Geotechnieal Engineering, ASCE,1995, 124(4):330-340.
[28]Kianoosh Hatami.PH.P,P.Eng.Seismic analysis and design of reinforced soil retaining walls.Materials Science&Engineering,Royal Military College of Canada,1998.
[29]Bathurst RJ and Hatami K. Seismic Response Analysis of A Reinforced soil Retaining Wall.Geosynthetics International (SPeeia lissue On Earthquake Engineering), Industrial Fabrics Assoeiation International(IFAI), USA,1998,5 (1-2):127-166.
[30]Geosynthetics in Foundation Reinforcement and Erosion Control System.Reston: ASCE Press,1990.
[31]Geosynthetic Soil Reinforcement Testing Procedures.Reston:ASCE,1990.
[32]D.Humphrey and T.C.Sanford.Tire Chips as Lightweight Subgrade Fill and Retaining Wall Baekfill.In:Proceeding of the Symposium on Recovery and Effective Reuse of Discarded Materials as by-Products for Construetion of Highway Facilities.Denver,1993.
[33]Janiee KasPersen.SeulPted soil Nail Walls Blend in on Highway 92.Erosion Control Magazine,2000,SePt/oet:66-69.
[34]Lynn Merrill.Retaining Walls:Not Just Another Bloek Wall Huge highway retaining walls do more than just stand there and look Pretty.Erosion Control,USA,2001,Mareh/APril:88-92.
[35]孟兆祯,毛培琳,黄庆喜,梁伊任.园林工程[M].中国林业出版社,1998
[36]高志强.挡土墙特征性研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2009
[37]刘英锋,郭广会,李晓燕.景观与心理[J-].中国疗养医学,2005,10：330-333
[38]论南京地形与古都风貌保护规划[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002(03)
[39]王建国,城市设计[M].南京,东南大学出版社,1999
[40]米持平,钟作武,董建军等.沉排法[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社.2006,1
[41]陈占是编著.材料与园林设计初探[D].北京林业大学.2002,5
[42]刘海峰.环境友好型植物生长多孔混凝土的研究与应用[D].东南大学.2004,3.
[43]许艳玲,王汉样,何经.中日滨水景观设计的比较[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2003(12)
[44]李运远.试论园林材料的应用[D].东北林业大学,2006(4)：95
[45]邵忠,江南园林假山[J].中国林业出版社,2002：1-9
[46]周玉明.苏州古典园林水景研究[J].苏州大学学报(工科版),2003(12)
[47]夏汉平,敖惠修.百喜草——护坡草坡新秀[J].广东园林,1997,4：33-34
[48]吴魏,谷奉天.护坡卫士狗牙根[J].植物杂志,2003(01)：23
[49]金涛,杨永胜主编.现代城市水景设计与营造[M].北京：中国城市出版社,2003(08)
[50]http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/124561927.html?fr=qrl&cid=213&index=3&fr 2=query.
[51]郑伯红,汤建中.伦教巴黎河岸景观带建设的实践与经验[J].城市问题,2002(01)
[2]王渭漳.关于重力式挡土墙设计中安全经济问题与探讨[J].中南公路工程,1997,(1)：1-3
[3]陈金训.高档墙的优化设计实例[J].福建建筑,2000,(1)：33-35
[4]范跃武译.加筋土的应用和发展[J].公路测设资料,河南省交通规划勘察设计院,1989,(1)：137-139
[5]李燕文,周宪华,陆景富.单面加筋土挡墙的应用[J].公路,1991,(5)：18-22
[6]黄良机,姚代禄.加筋土挡墙的有限元分析[J].华东公路,1991,，(6)：58-61
[7]唐善祥.加筋土技术在我国的应用与发展[J].公路,1991,(5)：4-6
[8]范永丰,王辉.开封黄河公路大桥北引道软土地基处理及加筋土挡墙施[J].公路工程地质,1992,(1)：38-42
[9]石名磊.加筋挡墙土压力及摩阻系数的探讨[J].华东公路,1993,(4)：52-55
[10]黄晓华.公路边坡病害治理的轻型支挡结构[J].重庆交通学院学报,1999,18(3)：90-95
[11]李强,周志刚,郑建龙.土工隔栅加筋柔性桥台筋材设计方法研究[J].长沙交通学院学报,1999,15(2)：70-74.
[12]庄维健.苏州市政工程设计院.连拱空箱式挡土墙结构形式的探讨[J].公路,1 997,(6)：25-30
[13]范永丰,迟岩冰等.洛三高速公路重力式锚杆挡墙的设计与施工[J].公路,加01(9)：67-70
[14]王海波.在景观工程中挡土墙的设计形式及多功能性[J].山西建筑,2006(20)
[15]卢圣.植物造景[M].北京：气象出版社,2004：50-251
[16]陈月华.植物景观设计[M].长沙：国防科技大学出版社,2005：74-275
[17]National Conerete Masonry Association(MA).Segmental Retaining Walls-Seismic Design Manual.Hardon,VA,USA,1998.
[18]FHWA.Mechanieally Stabilized earth walls and reinforced soil slopes design and construction guidelines. In:V.Elias and B.R.ChristoPher(eds) Federal Highway Administration(FHWA) Demenstration Project82,Washington DC,USA,1996.
[19]DV. Morris.SPecifications for Backfill of Reinforced Earth Retaining Walls. Principal Investigator:Texas Department of Transportation,1996-1998.
[20]Guidelines for the Design and Construction of Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls Using"Tensar",Geogrids.NewYork:Netlon Limited Press,1990.
[21]Specifications of Highway Earthwork Retaining Walls,Culverts and Temporary Structures.Tokyo Japan Highway Public Corporation,1999.
[22]SPecification of Struetural Design of Building Foundation. JaPan Architectural Society,Tokyo,1998.
[23]Design and Construction Manual of Geotextile-Reinforced soil Structures.Public Works Research Institute,Ministry of Construction,Tokyo,1998
[24]Design and Construction Guidelines for Reinforced soil Structures.Japan Railway Technical Research Institute,Tokyo,1998
[25]Tatsuoka,F.and Yamauchi,H.Areinforcing method for steep clay slopes using a non-woven geotextile. Geotextiles and Geomembranes,the IGS International Journal,1987,(4):241-268.
[26]Tatsuoka,F.,Murata.O.,and Tateyama,M.Permanent geosynthetic-reinforced Soil retaining walls used for railway embankment In Japan.Geosynthetic-Reinforced soil Retaining Walls(Wu ed.),Balkema,1992,101-130.
[27]Ling,H.I.,Tatsuoka,F.and Tateyama M.Simulating the performance of GRS-RW by finite element procedure.Journal of Geotechnieal Engineering, ASCE,1995, 124(4):330-340.
[28]Kianoosh Hatami.PH.P,P.Eng.Seismic analysis and design of reinforced soil retaining walls.Materials Science&Engineering,Royal Military College of Canada,1998.
[29]Bathurst RJ and Hatami K. Seismic Response Analysis of A Reinforced soil Retaining Wall.Geosynthetics International (SPeeia lissue On Earthquake Engineering), Industrial Fabrics Assoeiation International(IFAI), USA,1998,5 (1-2):127-166.
[30]Geosynthetics in Foundation Reinforcement and Erosion Control System.Reston: ASCE Press,1990.
[31]Geosynthetic Soil Reinforcement Testing Procedures.Reston:ASCE,1990.
[32]D.Humphrey and T.C.Sanford.Tire Chips as Lightweight Subgrade Fill and Retaining Wall Baekfill.In:Proceeding of the Symposium on Recovery and Effective Reuse of Discarded Materials as by-Products for Construetion of Highway Facilities.Denver,1993.
[33]Janiee KasPersen.SeulPted soil Nail Walls Blend in on Highway 92.Erosion Control Magazine,2000,SePt/oet:66-69.
[34]Lynn Merrill.Retaining Walls:Not Just Another Bloek Wall Huge highway retaining walls do more than just stand there and look Pretty.Erosion Control,USA,2001,Mareh/APril:88-92.
[35]孟兆祯,毛培琳,黄庆喜,梁伊任.园林工程[M].中国林业出版社,1998
[36]高志强.挡土墙特征性研究[D].西安建筑科技大学,2009
[37]刘英锋,郭广会,李晓燕.景观与心理[J-].中国疗养医学,2005,10：330-333
[38]论南京地形与古都风貌保护规划[J].长江流域资源与环境,2002(03)
[39]王建国,城市设计[M].南京,东南大学出版社,1999
[40]米持平,钟作武,董建军等.沉排法[M].北京：中国水利水电出版社.2006,1
[41]陈占是编著.材料与园林设计初探[D].北京林业大学.2002,5
[42]刘海峰.环境友好型植物生长多孔混凝土的研究与应用[D].东南大学.2004,3.
[43]许艳玲,王汉样,何经.中日滨水景观设计的比较[J].武汉大学学报(工学版),2003(12)
[44]李运远.试论园林材料的应用[D].东北林业大学,2006(4)：95
[45]邵忠,江南园林假山[J].中国林业出版社,2002：1-9
[46]周玉明.苏州古典园林水景研究[J].苏州大学学报(工科版),2003(12)
[47]夏汉平,敖惠修.百喜草——护坡草坡新秀[J].广东园林,1997,4：33-34
[48]吴魏,谷奉天.护坡卫士狗牙根[J].植物杂志,2003(01)：23
[49]金涛,杨永胜主编.现代城市水景设计与营造[M].北京：中国城市出版社,2003(08)
[50]http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/124561927.html?fr=qrl&cid=213&index=3&fr 2=query.
[51]郑伯红,汤建中.伦教巴黎河岸景观带建设的实践与经验[J].城市问题,2002(01)