山西省区域生态农业发展研究
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摘要
中国农业长期以来以相对紧缺的资源承担着巨大的人口压力。全国人均耕地是世界平均的1/3;水资源更加紧缺,人均占有量为世界的1/4,人均矿产资源及能源也远低于世界平均水平。在新农村建设过程中,我国农业实行的粗放型即掠夺型的增长方式发展生产,其巨大的破坏力是任何强大的环保工作都无法弥补的,更谈不上持续发展农业。解放以来的实践已充分说明了这一点:一方面是成绩巨大,养活了13亿人民并且生活得到改善,保障了国家经济建设的需要;另一方面代价也十分巨大,环境和资源受到了很大破坏,例如山区的水土流失日益严重,北方沙漠化、西部草原荒漠化、石灰岩地区石漠化均不断加剧,水资源日益紧缺,还有工业化引起的污染、酸雨等一系列问题,阻碍着农业的持续发展,甚至威胁民族的生存和发展,形势是十分严峻的,为了扭转局势,我国农业必须解决自我保护和实现持续发展问题。为此,我国农业应该按生态经济规律办事,实现生产的良性循环和经济、生态、社会三个效益并重,做到生产、环保、资源的统一,其成功的经验和模式就是生态农业。
由于农业对特定区域的自然要素有一定的依赖性,特定区域内的农业要素又具有一定共性,所以在一定空间范围对各种要素进行组合和规划,发挥其优势,弥补其劣势,便可以有效提高区域内农业的生产效率,提升农业劳动者的经济效益,因此农业区域化就是指根据该地区条件和特点,主要生产某一种或少数几种农产品以便发挥其优势和长处,从而形成各类不同区域、不同特色的农品生产布局结构。
区域生态农业就是强调在生态系统内部生产潜力的深度开发和区域性、系统整体优化和持续发展的基础上,兼顾经济、社会、生态三大效益,在特定区域内应用生态系统的“整体、协调、循环、再生”的原理,发挥本地区的资源优势,通过对不同农户、居民、工业企业以及自然系统之间的物质、能源的输入与输出进行优化,从而在该区域内对物质和能量进行综合平衡,形成内部资源、能源高效利用,外部废物最小化排放,管理组织科学化、产品高度市场化的可持续的地域综合体。
山西省属于生态脆弱地区,即人均的自然和经济资源非常缺乏,导致农村社会和农业生产过分地依赖自然资源,对自然资源进行过度地开发利用,使生态环境遭到严重的破坏并不断的恶化,具体体现在水资源缺乏、人地矛盾日趋尖锐、以旱灾为主的自然灾害频发、农业生态环境污染严重、林草植被破坏严重5个方面。
山西自上世纪90年代开始发展生态农业,在生态农业种植面积、节水灌溉技术、林业生态建设与水土保持、林业工程建设方面取得了一定的成绩,同时也暴露出对生态农业的发展缺乏足够的认识,理论研究不够完备、技术体系不够完善、政策配套不及时、产业化水平不高、农民参与度低、服务体系落后等问题。
在山西发展区域生态农业,不应是传统生态农业的单线条农业发展,而应将区域范围内的各种要素进行整合和协调,形成纵向产品生产经线和横向产品销售纬线的全方位布局和发展,除了要做到发展传统生态农业应遵循的高效性、多样性、综合性、持续性四个基本原则外,笔者认为还应该在区域生态农业的主体、内容、形式、途径四个方面进行整合,即区域生态农业的主体实现、山西区域生态农业的区划实现、山西区域生态农业的运行模式实现、山西区域生态农业的产业化实现。
The Chinese agriculture is undertaking the huge population pressure since long by the relatively scarce resources. The national average per person farming is the world average 1/3; The water resources is scarcer, the average amount per capita for the world 1/4, the average per person mineral resource and the energy also far is lower than the world average level. In the new rural reconstruction process, the extension which our country agriculture implements is the plundering growth way growth production, its huge destructive power is any formidable environmental protection work is unable to make up, is far from the sustained development agriculture. Since the liberation practice showed this point fully: On the one hand is the result is huge, has supported 1,300,000,000 people, and lives is improved, has safeguarded the national economic construction need; On the other hand the price is also very huge, the environment and the resources have received the very holocaust, for example the mountainous area soil erosion is day by day serious, the north desertification, the western prairie desertification, the limestone area stone desert unceasingly intensifies, the water resources is day by day scarce, but also has the pollution which, the acid rain the industrialization causes and so on a series of questions, is hindering the agricultural sustained development, even threatens national the survival and the development, the situation is very stern.
In order to reverse the austere situation, our country agriculture must solve protects oneself and realizes the sustained development question. Therefore, our country agriculture should according to the ecology economic law management, realize the production positive cycle and the economy, the ecology, the social three benefits pays equal attention to, achieves the production, the environmental protection, the resources unification, its successful experience and the pattern are the ecological agriculture.
Because the agriculture has certain dependence to the specific region's physical features, in the specific region's agricultural essential factor also has certain general character, therefore carries on the combination and the plan in certain spatial scope to each kind of essential factor, displays its superiority, makes up its inferiority, then may enhance in effectively the region the agricultural production efficiency, the promotion agriculture worker's economic efficiency, Therefore agricultural regionalizing is refers to acts according to this local condition and the characteristic, mainly produces some kind or the minority several kind of agricultural products in order to display its superiority and the strong point, thus forms each kind of zones of different, the different characteristic agriculture location of production structure.
The region ecological agriculture is the emphasis in the ecosystem interiorproductive potential depth developmentand the regional characteristic, the system whole optimization and in the sustained development foundation, proper attention to both economy, society, ecology three big benefits, in specific region application ecosystem“overall, coordinated, circulation, regeneration”the principle, displays this local the resources superiority, through to between the different peasant household, the resident, the Industrial enterprise as well as the natural system's material, energy the input-output carries on the optimization, Thus carries on the overall balance in this region to the material and the energy, forms the internal resources, the energy highly effective use, the exterior waste minimum emissions, manages the organization scientific style, the product highly marketability sustainable region complex compound.
Shanxi Province belongs to the ecology vulnerable area, namely the average per person nature and the economic resource are deficient, cause the rural community and the agricultural production rely on the natural resource excessively, carries on to the natural resource develops the use excessively, causes the ecological environment to encounter the serious destruction and the unceasing worsening, manifests specifically in the water resources lacks, the human contradictory to be day by day incisive, sends, the agriculture ecological environment pollution by the disaster natural disaster frequency primarily to be serious, the Lin Cao vegetation destroys the serious 5 aspects.
Shanxi started from the 1990s to develop the ecological agriculture, at the ecological agriculture sown area, the saving water irrigation technology, the forestry ecological building and conservation of water and soil, the forestry engineering construction aspect has made certain progress, simultaneously also exposed lacks the enough understanding to the ecological agriculture development, the fundamental research is not very complete, the technical system insufficient consummation, the policy mix not prompt, the industrial production level not high, the farmer percentage participating to be low, questions and so on services structure backwardness.
In the Shanxi developed area ecological agriculture, should not be the tradition ecological agriculture agricultural development single line, but carries on area coverage's in each kind of essential factor the conformity and coordinated, forms the longitudinal product manufacturing warp and the crosswise product sale latitude parallel omni-directional layout and the development, besides must achieve highly effective which, multiple, comprehensive, the long-enduring four basic principles the development tradition ecological agriculture should follow, The author thought that should also in the region ecological agriculture main body, the content, the form, the way four aspects carry on the conformity, namely the region ecological agriculture's main body realizes, the Shanxi region ecological agriculture regionalization to realize, the Shanxi region ecological agriculture movement pattern to realize, the Shanxi region ecological agriculture industrial production to realize.
由于农业对特定区域的自然要素有一定的依赖性,特定区域内的农业要素又具有一定共性,所以在一定空间范围对各种要素进行组合和规划,发挥其优势,弥补其劣势,便可以有效提高区域内农业的生产效率,提升农业劳动者的经济效益,因此农业区域化就是指根据该地区条件和特点,主要生产某一种或少数几种农产品以便发挥其优势和长处,从而形成各类不同区域、不同特色的农品生产布局结构。
区域生态农业就是强调在生态系统内部生产潜力的深度开发和区域性、系统整体优化和持续发展的基础上,兼顾经济、社会、生态三大效益,在特定区域内应用生态系统的“整体、协调、循环、再生”的原理,发挥本地区的资源优势,通过对不同农户、居民、工业企业以及自然系统之间的物质、能源的输入与输出进行优化,从而在该区域内对物质和能量进行综合平衡,形成内部资源、能源高效利用,外部废物最小化排放,管理组织科学化、产品高度市场化的可持续的地域综合体。
山西省属于生态脆弱地区,即人均的自然和经济资源非常缺乏,导致农村社会和农业生产过分地依赖自然资源,对自然资源进行过度地开发利用,使生态环境遭到严重的破坏并不断的恶化,具体体现在水资源缺乏、人地矛盾日趋尖锐、以旱灾为主的自然灾害频发、农业生态环境污染严重、林草植被破坏严重5个方面。
山西自上世纪90年代开始发展生态农业,在生态农业种植面积、节水灌溉技术、林业生态建设与水土保持、林业工程建设方面取得了一定的成绩,同时也暴露出对生态农业的发展缺乏足够的认识,理论研究不够完备、技术体系不够完善、政策配套不及时、产业化水平不高、农民参与度低、服务体系落后等问题。
在山西发展区域生态农业,不应是传统生态农业的单线条农业发展,而应将区域范围内的各种要素进行整合和协调,形成纵向产品生产经线和横向产品销售纬线的全方位布局和发展,除了要做到发展传统生态农业应遵循的高效性、多样性、综合性、持续性四个基本原则外,笔者认为还应该在区域生态农业的主体、内容、形式、途径四个方面进行整合,即区域生态农业的主体实现、山西区域生态农业的区划实现、山西区域生态农业的运行模式实现、山西区域生态农业的产业化实现。
The Chinese agriculture is undertaking the huge population pressure since long by the relatively scarce resources. The national average per person farming is the world average 1/3; The water resources is scarcer, the average amount per capita for the world 1/4, the average per person mineral resource and the energy also far is lower than the world average level. In the new rural reconstruction process, the extension which our country agriculture implements is the plundering growth way growth production, its huge destructive power is any formidable environmental protection work is unable to make up, is far from the sustained development agriculture. Since the liberation practice showed this point fully: On the one hand is the result is huge, has supported 1,300,000,000 people, and lives is improved, has safeguarded the national economic construction need; On the other hand the price is also very huge, the environment and the resources have received the very holocaust, for example the mountainous area soil erosion is day by day serious, the north desertification, the western prairie desertification, the limestone area stone desert unceasingly intensifies, the water resources is day by day scarce, but also has the pollution which, the acid rain the industrialization causes and so on a series of questions, is hindering the agricultural sustained development, even threatens national the survival and the development, the situation is very stern.
In order to reverse the austere situation, our country agriculture must solve protects oneself and realizes the sustained development question. Therefore, our country agriculture should according to the ecology economic law management, realize the production positive cycle and the economy, the ecology, the social three benefits pays equal attention to, achieves the production, the environmental protection, the resources unification, its successful experience and the pattern are the ecological agriculture.
Because the agriculture has certain dependence to the specific region's physical features, in the specific region's agricultural essential factor also has certain general character, therefore carries on the combination and the plan in certain spatial scope to each kind of essential factor, displays its superiority, makes up its inferiority, then may enhance in effectively the region the agricultural production efficiency, the promotion agriculture worker's economic efficiency, Therefore agricultural regionalizing is refers to acts according to this local condition and the characteristic, mainly produces some kind or the minority several kind of agricultural products in order to display its superiority and the strong point, thus forms each kind of zones of different, the different characteristic agriculture location of production structure.
The region ecological agriculture is the emphasis in the ecosystem interiorproductive potential depth developmentand the regional characteristic, the system whole optimization and in the sustained development foundation, proper attention to both economy, society, ecology three big benefits, in specific region application ecosystem“overall, coordinated, circulation, regeneration”the principle, displays this local the resources superiority, through to between the different peasant household, the resident, the Industrial enterprise as well as the natural system's material, energy the input-output carries on the optimization, Thus carries on the overall balance in this region to the material and the energy, forms the internal resources, the energy highly effective use, the exterior waste minimum emissions, manages the organization scientific style, the product highly marketability sustainable region complex compound.
Shanxi Province belongs to the ecology vulnerable area, namely the average per person nature and the economic resource are deficient, cause the rural community and the agricultural production rely on the natural resource excessively, carries on to the natural resource develops the use excessively, causes the ecological environment to encounter the serious destruction and the unceasing worsening, manifests specifically in the water resources lacks, the human contradictory to be day by day incisive, sends, the agriculture ecological environment pollution by the disaster natural disaster frequency primarily to be serious, the Lin Cao vegetation destroys the serious 5 aspects.
Shanxi started from the 1990s to develop the ecological agriculture, at the ecological agriculture sown area, the saving water irrigation technology, the forestry ecological building and conservation of water and soil, the forestry engineering construction aspect has made certain progress, simultaneously also exposed lacks the enough understanding to the ecological agriculture development, the fundamental research is not very complete, the technical system insufficient consummation, the policy mix not prompt, the industrial production level not high, the farmer percentage participating to be low, questions and so on services structure backwardness.
In the Shanxi developed area ecological agriculture, should not be the tradition ecological agriculture agricultural development single line, but carries on area coverage's in each kind of essential factor the conformity and coordinated, forms the longitudinal product manufacturing warp and the crosswise product sale latitude parallel omni-directional layout and the development, besides must achieve highly effective which, multiple, comprehensive, the long-enduring four basic principles the development tradition ecological agriculture should follow, The author thought that should also in the region ecological agriculture main body, the content, the form, the way four aspects carry on the conformity, namely the region ecological agriculture's main body realizes, the Shanxi region ecological agriculture regionalization to realize, the Shanxi region ecological agriculture movement pattern to realize, the Shanxi region ecological agriculture industrial production to realize.
引文
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②沃辛敦M.K.:《生态农业及有关农业技术》,农业出版社,1984
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