同性恋的角色区分研究
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摘要
在西方、拉丁美洲以及中国同性恋群体中,性角色区分非常普遍。中国男同性恋群体中用阿拉伯数字来代表角色,角色类型主要有三种：“1”是指肛交中偏好插入角色的个体；“0”是指个体偏好接受(被插入)的角色；“0.5”指个体对插入和接受角色的偏好相当。正如男同性恋之间区分性角色一样,女同性恋之间也会有角色区分,但女同性恋的角色区分是指性行为中偏好主动给予或被动接受的角色。中国女同性恋群体中用英文大写字母来表示角色,“T”代表主动角色，“P”代表被动角色,“H”表示既可以扮演主动角色也可以扮演被动角色。
最近有研究表明同性恋角色区分不仅在性偏好方面存在差异,在某些心理变量上也存在差异。这喻示着同性恋角色区分不仅是性角色的区分,也可能与一些心理变量有关。本文主要研究同性恋角色区分与心理变量之间的关系及其影响因素。研究包括角色差异、角色结构、影响因素和角色判断四个部分。角色差异研究的目的是明确同性恋角色区分与性别有关的心理变量的关系,包括性心理、身体满意度、人格特质、性别不一致、认知和择偶偏好。角色结构部分的目的是探讨同性恋角色区分与性角色的关系,一方面从统计学角度用Deming回归检验角色区分与性角色的一致性；另一方面通过探索性因素分析探讨同性恋角色区分的结构。影响因素研究的目的是分别考察心理因素和食指与无名指相对长度(2D：4D,与出生前母体环境性荷尔蒙水平有关)各自对同性恋角色区分的影响。角色判断研究通过功能脑成像(fMRI)方法研究角色判断任务过程中,脑的激活模式。
角色差异研究结果表明同性恋角色类型在性别有关的心理变量上存在显著差异。
>在性心理方面,男女同性恋角色类型均在性偏好和性吸引上差异显著。此外,男同性恋角色类型在性驱力、社会群体内性取向和自我性满足上差异显著。
>在身体满意度方面,角色类型在年龄、身高、体重和BMI上存在显著差异,男同性恋角色类型在身体满意度上存在差异,被动角色(角色0)对自身身体满意度低于主动角色(角色1),女同性恋角色类型在身体满意度上的差异甚微。
》在人格特质方面,角色类型在自我报告的男性化、工具性和表达性上差异显著,主动角色(角色1、角色T)更偏男性化,被动角色(角色0、角色P)更偏女性化。另外，女同性恋角色类型还在大五人格的外向性、责任性和情绪稳定性上存在显著差异。
角色类型在性别不一致上的差异显著，生理性别与角色不一致者（角色0、角色T)在儿童时期性别不一致和成人期性别不一致上的得分显著高于生理性别与角色一致者（角色1、角色P)。
女同性恋角色类型在视觉空间认知能力上差异显著，男同性恋角色类型差异不显著。角色类型在系统性上差异显著，在同理心上差异不显著。角色类型在大脑类型上分布不同，主动角色类型男性化大脑者比例更高，被动型角色类型女性化大脑者比例更高。
男同性恋择偶（同性伴侣）最为注重的六种特质分别是真诚、长相、可靠、健康和身材，女同性恋择偶最为注重的六种特质分别是真诚、可靠、价值观、沟通能力和长相。主动角色更注重“外表取向”特质，被动角色更注重“成功取向”特质。男同性恋角色类型在男性面孔男性化偏好上差异显著，被动角色更偏好男性化的男性面孔，主动角色更偏好女性化的女性面孔。角色结构部分研究结果表明同性恋角色区分并不完全等同于性角色。Deming
回归方程表明同性恋角色区分和性角色并不完全一致，角色区分对心理变量的预测力大于性角色的预测力，二者的预测变量也不完全一致。通过探索性因素分析确定同性恋角色结构包括性角色、心理角色和依恋三个维度。
心理因素方面，男性化有关的变量与角色区分有关。logistic回归结果表明生理指标、性偏好以及性别有关的变量（工具性、表达性、自我报告的男性化、儿童以及成人期性别不一致、系统性、心理角色和依恋）均对角色区分有显著的预测作用。并且，这些变量通过自我报告的男性化对角色区分的中介效应均显著。将自我报告食指和无名指相对长度作为2D:4D的间接指标，结果表明其与同性恋角色区分相关，表明角色区分可能和出生前母体环境的性荷尔蒙水平有关。
角色判断的研究中，男同性恋被试判断角色和判断男性化程度的相关很高，表明角色判断过程中，男性化是非常重要的一个线索。fMRI研究结果显示，男同性恋在进行角色判断过程中，双侧梭状回激活最强。
总之，同性恋角色区分不完全等同于性角色，心理角色和依恋也是同性恋角色区分的两个因素。不同角色区分者在性别有关的变量上存在显著差异，主动角色偏男性化，被动角色偏女性化。男性化及相关变量是影响同性恋角色区分的重要心理因素，自我意识的男性化起中介作用。出生前母体环境的性荷尔蒙水平也可能和角色区分有关。
Among gay men in Western, Latin American countries, and China, distinctions are commonly made regarding preferences for insertive or receptive intercourse. In China, sex roles are labeled by Arabic numbers. Gay and bisexual men who prefer the insertive position during anal intercourse self-label as "1," those who prefer the receptive position self-label as "0," and those who equally prefer both positions self-label as "0.5." Just as sexual self-labels exist among gay and bisexual men, lesbians also use these terms, but when referring to women,"top" and "bottom" indicate one's likelihood of taking sexual initiative and one's tendency either to give or receive sexual pleasure. Among Chinese lesbians, these terms are replaced by the use of English capital letters."T," meaning a lesbian who prefers the active role,"P," meaning a lesbian who prefers the receptive role, and "H," meaning a lesbian without strong preferences for either role.
Previous studies based on gay men indicate that self-labels appear to be associated with psychological and socio-demographic variables. It impacted that self-labels among were not merely based on sex role preferences, but also associated with psychological variables. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between self-labels and psychological variables, and its mechanisms. The study consisted of self-label differences, self-label structure, mechanisms, and label judgment. Self-label differences aimed to explore the relationships between self-labels and psychological variables, including sex-related traits, body satisfaction, personality traits, gender nonconformity, cognition, and partner preferences. The aim of self-label structure study was to examine the relationship between sex role preferences and self-labels. On the one hand, the consistency between sex role preferences and self-labels were examined with Deming regression. On the other hand, the structure of self-labels was explored with exploratory factor analysis. The aim of impacted factors study were examining the influences of psychological and the ratio of index and ring finger lengths (2D:4D, is thought to be a marker of prenatal androgen exposure) on self-labels, respectively. The judgment study was aimed to examine the brain activation mode during label judgments with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
The results showed that there were self-label differences in various gender-related psychological varibales.
On sex-related traits, there were significant self-label differences on sex role preferences, and sex attractiveness among gay and lesbians. In addition, self-label differences were significant on sex drive, sociosexually, and ego-focused sexual satisfaction.
On body satisfaction, there were significant differences among the self-labeled groups with regard to age, height, weight, and BMI. There were differences among gay men self-label groups on body satisfaction. Label "0" scored lower on body satisfaction than label "1". There were minor differences among lesbians self-label groups on body satisfaction.
On personality traits, There were differences among self-label groups on self-ascribed masculinity-femininity (Self-MF), instrumentality, and expressiveness, with active labels (label1, label T) tend to be more masculine, and passive labels (label0, label P) tend to be more feminine. In addition, there were differences among lesbians self-label groups on extraversion, conscientiousness, and emotion stability of Big Five traits.
There were differences among self-label groups on gender nonconformity, with labels inconsistent with gender (label0, and label T) scored higher on childhood gender nonconformity, and adulthood gender nonconformity than labels consistent with gender (label1, and label P).
There were significant differences among self-label groups on visuospatial performance for lesbians, but not for gay men. There were significant differences among self-label groups on systemizing. There were not significant differences among self-label groups on empathizing. Labels were different in brain type. Active labels were more likely to have a male brain, passive labels were more likely to have a female brain.
The most ranked6traits of partner preferences among gay men were honesty, face attractiveness, dependable, health, and fitness. The most ranked6traits of partner preferences among lesbians were honesty, dependable, values, communication skills, and face attractiveness. Active labels pay more attention to "appearance-orientated" traits. Passive labels paid more attention to "success-orientated" traits. There were significant differences among gay self-label groups on male masculinity preferences. Label1preferred the feminized male face over the masculinized face, label0preferred the masculinized male face over the feminized face, and label0.5did not have a preference.
The results label structure shown that self-labels were not equal to sex roles among gay and lesbians. The results of Deming regression indicated that self-labels were inconsistent with sex roles. Predictions of self-labels on psychological variables were larger than sex roles on which. The results of exploratory factor analysis shown that the structure of self-labels consisted of sex roles, inner roles, and dependence.
Self-labels were related to masculinity-related variables in term of psychological aspect. The results of logistic regression indicated that sex role preferences and gender-related variables (instrumentality, expressiveness, Self-MF, childhood gender nonconformity, adulthood gender nonconformity, systemizing, inner roles, and dependence) was strongly predicted on self-labels. Self-MF served to mediate the association between self-labels and gender-related variables. Being an indirect marker of2D:4D, self-reported relative length of index finger and ring finger was associated with self-labels. It implicated that self-labels may be related to prenatal androgen exposure.
The results of label judgment indicated that lable judgment was highly related to masculinity judgment, it implicated that masculinity was a crucial clue in label judgment. The results of fMRI indicated that the most activation region was right and left fusiform gyrus in label judgment process.
Over all, self-labels were inconsistent with sex roles, inner roles and dependence were another two factors of self-label structure among gay and lesbians. Self-labels were significantly different on gender-related variables. Active labels were more likely to be masculinine, and passive labels are more likely to be feminine. Masculinity and its related variables were the most important factors related to self-labels among gay and lesbians. Self-MF served as a mediating variable. Prenatal androgen exposure may be related to self-labels.
最近有研究表明同性恋角色区分不仅在性偏好方面存在差异,在某些心理变量上也存在差异。这喻示着同性恋角色区分不仅是性角色的区分,也可能与一些心理变量有关。本文主要研究同性恋角色区分与心理变量之间的关系及其影响因素。研究包括角色差异、角色结构、影响因素和角色判断四个部分。角色差异研究的目的是明确同性恋角色区分与性别有关的心理变量的关系,包括性心理、身体满意度、人格特质、性别不一致、认知和择偶偏好。角色结构部分的目的是探讨同性恋角色区分与性角色的关系,一方面从统计学角度用Deming回归检验角色区分与性角色的一致性；另一方面通过探索性因素分析探讨同性恋角色区分的结构。影响因素研究的目的是分别考察心理因素和食指与无名指相对长度(2D：4D,与出生前母体环境性荷尔蒙水平有关)各自对同性恋角色区分的影响。角色判断研究通过功能脑成像(fMRI)方法研究角色判断任务过程中,脑的激活模式。
角色差异研究结果表明同性恋角色类型在性别有关的心理变量上存在显著差异。
>在性心理方面,男女同性恋角色类型均在性偏好和性吸引上差异显著。此外,男同性恋角色类型在性驱力、社会群体内性取向和自我性满足上差异显著。
>在身体满意度方面,角色类型在年龄、身高、体重和BMI上存在显著差异,男同性恋角色类型在身体满意度上存在差异,被动角色(角色0)对自身身体满意度低于主动角色(角色1),女同性恋角色类型在身体满意度上的差异甚微。
》在人格特质方面,角色类型在自我报告的男性化、工具性和表达性上差异显著,主动角色(角色1、角色T)更偏男性化,被动角色(角色0、角色P)更偏女性化。另外，女同性恋角色类型还在大五人格的外向性、责任性和情绪稳定性上存在显著差异。
角色类型在性别不一致上的差异显著，生理性别与角色不一致者（角色0、角色T)在儿童时期性别不一致和成人期性别不一致上的得分显著高于生理性别与角色一致者（角色1、角色P)。
女同性恋角色类型在视觉空间认知能力上差异显著，男同性恋角色类型差异不显著。角色类型在系统性上差异显著，在同理心上差异不显著。角色类型在大脑类型上分布不同，主动角色类型男性化大脑者比例更高，被动型角色类型女性化大脑者比例更高。
男同性恋择偶（同性伴侣）最为注重的六种特质分别是真诚、长相、可靠、健康和身材，女同性恋择偶最为注重的六种特质分别是真诚、可靠、价值观、沟通能力和长相。主动角色更注重“外表取向”特质，被动角色更注重“成功取向”特质。男同性恋角色类型在男性面孔男性化偏好上差异显著，被动角色更偏好男性化的男性面孔，主动角色更偏好女性化的女性面孔。角色结构部分研究结果表明同性恋角色区分并不完全等同于性角色。Deming
回归方程表明同性恋角色区分和性角色并不完全一致，角色区分对心理变量的预测力大于性角色的预测力，二者的预测变量也不完全一致。通过探索性因素分析确定同性恋角色结构包括性角色、心理角色和依恋三个维度。
心理因素方面，男性化有关的变量与角色区分有关。logistic回归结果表明生理指标、性偏好以及性别有关的变量（工具性、表达性、自我报告的男性化、儿童以及成人期性别不一致、系统性、心理角色和依恋）均对角色区分有显著的预测作用。并且，这些变量通过自我报告的男性化对角色区分的中介效应均显著。将自我报告食指和无名指相对长度作为2D:4D的间接指标，结果表明其与同性恋角色区分相关，表明角色区分可能和出生前母体环境的性荷尔蒙水平有关。
角色判断的研究中，男同性恋被试判断角色和判断男性化程度的相关很高，表明角色判断过程中，男性化是非常重要的一个线索。fMRI研究结果显示，男同性恋在进行角色判断过程中，双侧梭状回激活最强。
总之，同性恋角色区分不完全等同于性角色，心理角色和依恋也是同性恋角色区分的两个因素。不同角色区分者在性别有关的变量上存在显著差异，主动角色偏男性化，被动角色偏女性化。男性化及相关变量是影响同性恋角色区分的重要心理因素，自我意识的男性化起中介作用。出生前母体环境的性荷尔蒙水平也可能和角色区分有关。
Among gay men in Western, Latin American countries, and China, distinctions are commonly made regarding preferences for insertive or receptive intercourse. In China, sex roles are labeled by Arabic numbers. Gay and bisexual men who prefer the insertive position during anal intercourse self-label as "1," those who prefer the receptive position self-label as "0," and those who equally prefer both positions self-label as "0.5." Just as sexual self-labels exist among gay and bisexual men, lesbians also use these terms, but when referring to women,"top" and "bottom" indicate one's likelihood of taking sexual initiative and one's tendency either to give or receive sexual pleasure. Among Chinese lesbians, these terms are replaced by the use of English capital letters."T," meaning a lesbian who prefers the active role,"P," meaning a lesbian who prefers the receptive role, and "H," meaning a lesbian without strong preferences for either role.
Previous studies based on gay men indicate that self-labels appear to be associated with psychological and socio-demographic variables. It impacted that self-labels among were not merely based on sex role preferences, but also associated with psychological variables. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between self-labels and psychological variables, and its mechanisms. The study consisted of self-label differences, self-label structure, mechanisms, and label judgment. Self-label differences aimed to explore the relationships between self-labels and psychological variables, including sex-related traits, body satisfaction, personality traits, gender nonconformity, cognition, and partner preferences. The aim of self-label structure study was to examine the relationship between sex role preferences and self-labels. On the one hand, the consistency between sex role preferences and self-labels were examined with Deming regression. On the other hand, the structure of self-labels was explored with exploratory factor analysis. The aim of impacted factors study were examining the influences of psychological and the ratio of index and ring finger lengths (2D:4D, is thought to be a marker of prenatal androgen exposure) on self-labels, respectively. The judgment study was aimed to examine the brain activation mode during label judgments with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
The results showed that there were self-label differences in various gender-related psychological varibales.
On sex-related traits, there were significant self-label differences on sex role preferences, and sex attractiveness among gay and lesbians. In addition, self-label differences were significant on sex drive, sociosexually, and ego-focused sexual satisfaction.
On body satisfaction, there were significant differences among the self-labeled groups with regard to age, height, weight, and BMI. There were differences among gay men self-label groups on body satisfaction. Label "0" scored lower on body satisfaction than label "1". There were minor differences among lesbians self-label groups on body satisfaction.
On personality traits, There were differences among self-label groups on self-ascribed masculinity-femininity (Self-MF), instrumentality, and expressiveness, with active labels (label1, label T) tend to be more masculine, and passive labels (label0, label P) tend to be more feminine. In addition, there were differences among lesbians self-label groups on extraversion, conscientiousness, and emotion stability of Big Five traits.
There were differences among self-label groups on gender nonconformity, with labels inconsistent with gender (label0, and label T) scored higher on childhood gender nonconformity, and adulthood gender nonconformity than labels consistent with gender (label1, and label P).
There were significant differences among self-label groups on visuospatial performance for lesbians, but not for gay men. There were significant differences among self-label groups on systemizing. There were not significant differences among self-label groups on empathizing. Labels were different in brain type. Active labels were more likely to have a male brain, passive labels were more likely to have a female brain.
The most ranked6traits of partner preferences among gay men were honesty, face attractiveness, dependable, health, and fitness. The most ranked6traits of partner preferences among lesbians were honesty, dependable, values, communication skills, and face attractiveness. Active labels pay more attention to "appearance-orientated" traits. Passive labels paid more attention to "success-orientated" traits. There were significant differences among gay self-label groups on male masculinity preferences. Label1preferred the feminized male face over the masculinized face, label0preferred the masculinized male face over the feminized face, and label0.5did not have a preference.
The results label structure shown that self-labels were not equal to sex roles among gay and lesbians. The results of Deming regression indicated that self-labels were inconsistent with sex roles. Predictions of self-labels on psychological variables were larger than sex roles on which. The results of exploratory factor analysis shown that the structure of self-labels consisted of sex roles, inner roles, and dependence.
Self-labels were related to masculinity-related variables in term of psychological aspect. The results of logistic regression indicated that sex role preferences and gender-related variables (instrumentality, expressiveness, Self-MF, childhood gender nonconformity, adulthood gender nonconformity, systemizing, inner roles, and dependence) was strongly predicted on self-labels. Self-MF served to mediate the association between self-labels and gender-related variables. Being an indirect marker of2D:4D, self-reported relative length of index finger and ring finger was associated with self-labels. It implicated that self-labels may be related to prenatal androgen exposure.
The results of label judgment indicated that lable judgment was highly related to masculinity judgment, it implicated that masculinity was a crucial clue in label judgment. The results of fMRI indicated that the most activation region was right and left fusiform gyrus in label judgment process.
Over all, self-labels were inconsistent with sex roles, inner roles and dependence were another two factors of self-label structure among gay and lesbians. Self-labels were significantly different on gender-related variables. Active labels were more likely to be masculinine, and passive labels are more likely to be feminine. Masculinity and its related variables were the most important factors related to self-labels among gay and lesbians. Self-MF served as a mediating variable. Prenatal androgen exposure may be related to self-labels.
引文
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