砌体结构地震荷载裂缝的非线性分析
摘要
砌体结构是目前我国住宅建筑的主要结构形式之一,而在地震荷载作用下裂缝问题是其常见而又亟待解决的问题。
本文简单介绍了砌体房屋地震裂缝的分类和产生的原因。在现有的砌体结构动力作用下的试验研究成果之上,分析比较目前砌体结构各种形式的本构关系、破坏准则以及裂缝模型。
基于有限元原理,运用大型通用有限元分析软件ANSYS,对砌体结构进行地震荷载作用下的非线性有限元时程分析。建立六层砌体墙片有限元模型,分析墙体的自振特性,计算其自振频率,观察其振型,研究在地震荷载作用下墙体裂缝的整个发展过程,对应力、应变、位移等有限元计算结果做出分析。
通过分析,得出结论:砌体结构产生地震裂缝主要是由于主拉应力的剪切破坏造成的,裂缝类型一般以斜裂缝居多;在地震作用下,开洞墙体由于洞口处应力集中效应,首先出现裂缝,随后这些裂缝斜向发展,形成斜裂缝或交叉裂缝;砌体结构中的混凝土圈梁、构造柱等在地震荷载作用下能很好承担水平剪力,有效的提高墙体的抗裂性能。
The masonry structure is one of the primary structure forms of the residential buildings in our country. However, the cracks under seismic load is a problem which is common and urgently to be solved.
This article classifies the cracks in masonry structures suffering earthquake, analyses the reason which produces cracks. By analysing present achievements of dynamic experimental studies in brick masonry structures, constitutive relation, failure criterion and crack model are analysed and compared.
Based on the finite element theory, nonlinear finite element time-history analysis is used to the masonry structures which suffer earthquake. The six layers brick wall is established. Self-oscillation characteristic of the wall is analysed, self-vibration frequency is calculated and vibration type of the wall is observed. The entire developing process of cracks under seismic load in masonry structures is studied. Some results by FEM for example stress, strain and displacement are analysed.
Through the analysis, we can draw some conclusions. Firstly, the cracks under seismic load in brick masonry structures are mainly due to the shear failure of principal stress. The most common pattern is diagonal crack. Secondly, stress concentration effect is occured at the door and window openings of the brick wall suffering earthquake,and the cracks are firstly appeared here, and then these cracks expand obliquely forming diagonal crack or crossing crack. Thirdly, when the building is under the action of earthquake, the concrete circle beams and construction columns in the masonry structures can undertake the horizontal shear effectively, and enhance the crack resistance of the brick wall to a great extent.
本文简单介绍了砌体房屋地震裂缝的分类和产生的原因。在现有的砌体结构动力作用下的试验研究成果之上,分析比较目前砌体结构各种形式的本构关系、破坏准则以及裂缝模型。
基于有限元原理,运用大型通用有限元分析软件ANSYS,对砌体结构进行地震荷载作用下的非线性有限元时程分析。建立六层砌体墙片有限元模型,分析墙体的自振特性,计算其自振频率,观察其振型,研究在地震荷载作用下墙体裂缝的整个发展过程,对应力、应变、位移等有限元计算结果做出分析。
通过分析,得出结论:砌体结构产生地震裂缝主要是由于主拉应力的剪切破坏造成的,裂缝类型一般以斜裂缝居多;在地震作用下,开洞墙体由于洞口处应力集中效应,首先出现裂缝,随后这些裂缝斜向发展,形成斜裂缝或交叉裂缝;砌体结构中的混凝土圈梁、构造柱等在地震荷载作用下能很好承担水平剪力,有效的提高墙体的抗裂性能。
The masonry structure is one of the primary structure forms of the residential buildings in our country. However, the cracks under seismic load is a problem which is common and urgently to be solved.
This article classifies the cracks in masonry structures suffering earthquake, analyses the reason which produces cracks. By analysing present achievements of dynamic experimental studies in brick masonry structures, constitutive relation, failure criterion and crack model are analysed and compared.
Based on the finite element theory, nonlinear finite element time-history analysis is used to the masonry structures which suffer earthquake. The six layers brick wall is established. Self-oscillation characteristic of the wall is analysed, self-vibration frequency is calculated and vibration type of the wall is observed. The entire developing process of cracks under seismic load in masonry structures is studied. Some results by FEM for example stress, strain and displacement are analysed.
Through the analysis, we can draw some conclusions. Firstly, the cracks under seismic load in brick masonry structures are mainly due to the shear failure of principal stress. The most common pattern is diagonal crack. Secondly, stress concentration effect is occured at the door and window openings of the brick wall suffering earthquake,and the cracks are firstly appeared here, and then these cracks expand obliquely forming diagonal crack or crossing crack. Thirdly, when the building is under the action of earthquake, the concrete circle beams and construction columns in the masonry structures can undertake the horizontal shear effectively, and enhance the crack resistance of the brick wall to a great extent.
引文
[1]王铁梦,工程结构裂缝控制,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998
[2]施楚贤,砌体结构理论与设计(第二版),北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[3]朱伯龙,“混用体系”中型砌块墙片有限元弹塑性分析,同济大学学报, 1994,22(1):1-6
[4]Hillerbourg A. Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements [J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 6, Pergamon, 1976
[5]Bocca,Pietro;Carpinteri,Alberto;Valente,Silvio. Fracture mechanics of brick masonry:Size effects and snap-back analysis. Materials and Structures,Vol.22, No.131,Sept.1989:364-373
[6]Pande G N, Middleton J, Lee J S, et al. Numerical simulation of cracking and collapse of masonry panels subject to lateral loading [ A ]. Proceedings of 10th International Block/Brick Masonry Conference [C]. Calgary, 1994, 107-115
[7]A.W.Page. The Biaxial Compressive Strength of Brick Masonry. Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers,Part 2,Vol.71,Sept.1981
[8]U.Andreaus. Failure Criteria for Masonry Panels under In-Plane Loading. Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.122,No.1,January 1996:37-46
[9]蔡君馥等,唐山市多层砖房震害分析,北京:清华大学出版社,1984
[10]杨玉成,多层砖房的地震破坏和抗裂抗倒设计,北京:地震出版社,1981
[11]克拉夫R w,彭津J,结构动力学,王光远译,北京:科学出版社,1981
[12]吴从晓,汤统壁,聂一恒,江西九江地震房屋震害分析,工程抗震与加固改造,2006, 28 (1):5-9
[13]刘桂秋,施楚贤,平面受力砌体的破坏准则,2000年全国砌体结构学术会议论文集,2002,重庆
[14]王述红,唐春安,朱浮声,砌体结构开裂过程细观损伤数值模型及其分析方法,建筑结构学报,2003, 24 (2):64-69
[15]杨伟军,施楚贤,砌体受压本构关系研究成果的述评,四川建筑科学研究,1999,3:52-55
[16]王珊,武建华,砖砌体的非线性计算,重庆建筑大学学报, 2001,23(1):10-16
[17]苗吉军,顾祥林,地震作用下砌体结构倒塌反应的数值模拟计算分析,土木工程学报, 2005,38(9):45-52
[18]祝英杰,刘之洋,砼小型空心砌块砌体的非线性动力分析有限元模型,东北大学学报(自然科学版),2000,21(1):30-33
[19]蔡洁,刘开敏,灰砂砖墙体抗震性能的有限元分析,工程力学增刊,2003:145-148
[20]胡伟,赵考重,九层组合砌体结构模型动力性能实测分析,四川建筑科学研究,2000,26(2):1-4
[21]全成华,配筋砌块砌体剪力墙抗剪静动力性能研究:[博士学位论文],哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2002
[22]祝英杰,高强混凝土砌块砌体基本力学性能的试验研究及其动力分析:[博士学位论文],沈阳:东北大学,2001
[23]李春波,组合砌体结构非线性有限元分析:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2001
[24]吴文焘,砌体结构温度裂缝的研究:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2004
[25]贡忠义,砌体结构抗震措施整体作用研究:[硕士学位论文],西安:西安建筑科技大学,2003
[26]Krit Chainman, Mario M.Attard. Modeling of unreinforced masonry walls under shear and compression. Engineering Structures(2006)
[27]R.S.Olivito and P.Stumpo. Fracture mechanics in the characterization of brick masonry structures. Materials and Structures,Vol.34,May 2001:217-223
[28]中华人民共和国建设部,GB50002—2001,砌体结构设计规范,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[29]中华人民共和国建设部,GB50011—2001,建筑抗震设计规范,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[30]中华人民共和国建设部,GB50009-2001,建筑结构荷载规范,北京:中国计划出版社,2001
[31]江见鲸,陆新征,叶列平,混凝土结构有限元分析,北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[32]吕西林,金国芳,吴晓涵,钢筋混凝土结构非线性有限元理论与应用,上海:同济大学出版社,1997
[33]董哲仁,钢筋混凝土结构非线性有限元原理与应用,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002
[34]东南大学编著,建筑结构抗震设计,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999
[35]刘涛,杨凤朋,精通ANSYS,北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[36]龚曙光,ANSYS基础应用及范例解析,北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[37]任重,ANSYS实用分析教程,北京:北京大学出版社,2003
[38]龚曙光,谢桂兰,ANSYS操作命令与参数化编程,北京:机械工业出版社,2004
[2]施楚贤,砌体结构理论与设计(第二版),北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003
[3]朱伯龙,“混用体系”中型砌块墙片有限元弹塑性分析,同济大学学报, 1994,22(1):1-6
[4]Hillerbourg A. Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements [J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 6, Pergamon, 1976
[5]Bocca,Pietro;Carpinteri,Alberto;Valente,Silvio. Fracture mechanics of brick masonry:Size effects and snap-back analysis. Materials and Structures,Vol.22, No.131,Sept.1989:364-373
[6]Pande G N, Middleton J, Lee J S, et al. Numerical simulation of cracking and collapse of masonry panels subject to lateral loading [ A ]. Proceedings of 10th International Block/Brick Masonry Conference [C]. Calgary, 1994, 107-115
[7]A.W.Page. The Biaxial Compressive Strength of Brick Masonry. Proceedings, Institution of Civil Engineers,Part 2,Vol.71,Sept.1981
[8]U.Andreaus. Failure Criteria for Masonry Panels under In-Plane Loading. Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol.122,No.1,January 1996:37-46
[9]蔡君馥等,唐山市多层砖房震害分析,北京:清华大学出版社,1984
[10]杨玉成,多层砖房的地震破坏和抗裂抗倒设计,北京:地震出版社,1981
[11]克拉夫R w,彭津J,结构动力学,王光远译,北京:科学出版社,1981
[12]吴从晓,汤统壁,聂一恒,江西九江地震房屋震害分析,工程抗震与加固改造,2006, 28 (1):5-9
[13]刘桂秋,施楚贤,平面受力砌体的破坏准则,2000年全国砌体结构学术会议论文集,2002,重庆
[14]王述红,唐春安,朱浮声,砌体结构开裂过程细观损伤数值模型及其分析方法,建筑结构学报,2003, 24 (2):64-69
[15]杨伟军,施楚贤,砌体受压本构关系研究成果的述评,四川建筑科学研究,1999,3:52-55
[16]王珊,武建华,砖砌体的非线性计算,重庆建筑大学学报, 2001,23(1):10-16
[17]苗吉军,顾祥林,地震作用下砌体结构倒塌反应的数值模拟计算分析,土木工程学报, 2005,38(9):45-52
[18]祝英杰,刘之洋,砼小型空心砌块砌体的非线性动力分析有限元模型,东北大学学报(自然科学版),2000,21(1):30-33
[19]蔡洁,刘开敏,灰砂砖墙体抗震性能的有限元分析,工程力学增刊,2003:145-148
[20]胡伟,赵考重,九层组合砌体结构模型动力性能实测分析,四川建筑科学研究,2000,26(2):1-4
[21]全成华,配筋砌块砌体剪力墙抗剪静动力性能研究:[博士学位论文],哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2002
[22]祝英杰,高强混凝土砌块砌体基本力学性能的试验研究及其动力分析:[博士学位论文],沈阳:东北大学,2001
[23]李春波,组合砌体结构非线性有限元分析:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2001
[24]吴文焘,砌体结构温度裂缝的研究:[硕士学位论文],天津:天津大学,2004
[25]贡忠义,砌体结构抗震措施整体作用研究:[硕士学位论文],西安:西安建筑科技大学,2003
[26]Krit Chainman, Mario M.Attard. Modeling of unreinforced masonry walls under shear and compression. Engineering Structures(2006)
[27]R.S.Olivito and P.Stumpo. Fracture mechanics in the characterization of brick masonry structures. Materials and Structures,Vol.34,May 2001:217-223
[28]中华人民共和国建设部,GB50002—2001,砌体结构设计规范,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[29]中华人民共和国建设部,GB50011—2001,建筑抗震设计规范,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002
[30]中华人民共和国建设部,GB50009-2001,建筑结构荷载规范,北京:中国计划出版社,2001
[31]江见鲸,陆新征,叶列平,混凝土结构有限元分析,北京:清华大学出版社,2004
[32]吕西林,金国芳,吴晓涵,钢筋混凝土结构非线性有限元理论与应用,上海:同济大学出版社,1997
[33]董哲仁,钢筋混凝土结构非线性有限元原理与应用,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002
[34]东南大学编著,建筑结构抗震设计,北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1999
[35]刘涛,杨凤朋,精通ANSYS,北京:清华大学出版社,2002
[36]龚曙光,ANSYS基础应用及范例解析,北京:机械工业出版社,2003
[37]任重,ANSYS实用分析教程,北京:北京大学出版社,2003
[38]龚曙光,谢桂兰,ANSYS操作命令与参数化编程,北京:机械工业出版社,2004